连续暴雨过程中的中-β尺度大暴雨的成因分析

利用常规资料、多普勒雷达等资料，对威海市2004年8月4日夜间到6日早上连续3天暴雨大暴雨降水过程进行了分析，重点分析了5日夜间的中-β尺度大暴雨过程，发现此次降水是发生在副高边缘的高能量堆积区，冷空气的侵入是前期强降水的主要原因，而地面辐合是导致强降水再次出现的主要触发机制，充沛的水汽输送、聚集的对流有效能量为暴雨中尺度系统发生发展提供了必要的物理机制。     

鄂东北地区两次大暴雨过程中尺度对流系统特征分析

利用快速同化系统LAPS资料,结合卫星、雷达、GPS和地面逐小时加密观测资料,对比分析了2012年7月12—13日鄂东北地区连续两次大暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统特征。结果表明:鄂东北地区两次大暴雨过程发生的强迫机制明显不同,分别为热力因子主导的暖平流强迫和动力因子主导的锋生强迫。在两种不同动力机制条件下,第一次大暴雨过程对流云团呈不对称分布,强回波伸展高度较高,强降水主要位于黑体亮温(Temperature of Black Body,TBB)梯度大值区,产生的降水强度较大,并伴有强雷电活动;第二次大暴雨过程对流云团呈对称分布,强回波伸展高度较低,强降水主要位于TBB大值中心,表现为明显的暖云降水。但在两种动力机制下,两次大暴雨过程均形成了长时间的降水,一方面由于边界层冷池的冷出流与南风入流在对流系统后侧交汇,形成后向传播,强降水单体传播和移动相互抵消,从而使对流系统稳定维持;另一方面由于对流系统移动方向与引导气流方向一致,强降水单体依次经过同一地点,产生较大的累积降水。     

湖北一次大暴雨过程两个强降水时段的诊断分析与数值模拟

根据NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、常规观测和加密观测站资料以及FY-2C TBB资料,对2008年8月28-30日湖北暴雨过程两个强降水时段的大尺度环流背景和中尺度对流系统进行诊断分析。在此基础上,利用中尺度数值模式WRF的模拟结果对影响大暴雨过程两个强降水时段的中尺度对流系统和其他物理量场深入分析。结果表明：湖北大暴雨过程存在明显的两个降水增强阶段,它们发生与结束的时间近乎一致,并且第二阶段的强降水要比第一阶段强度更大;强降水第一阶段是由低涡切变与地面暖湿气流影响造成的,强降水第二阶段是由低涡切变、中低纬短波槽和地面冷空气共同影响造成的。两个强降水时段逐小时的降水与云团特征表明,雨团与云团的活动规律一致,其增幅均出现在晚上到凌晨时段。同时表明,β中尺度对流云团与此次暴雨过程关系密切;暖切变线自南向北影响第一时段降水增幅,西南涡中伸展出的冷切变线自西向东影响第二时段降水增幅,模式结果表明由冷切变线引起的第二时段降水增幅更大;两个强降水时段雨区上空均有较强的能量,强的水汽通量辐合贯穿整个降水过程,地面降水中心与其上空湿位涡大值中心有较好的对应关系。     

鲁西南2020年两次区域性大暴雨过程形成机制分析

利用常规地面、高空观测和ERA5再分析数据,对鲁西南2020年7月22日（简称“7〖DK〗·22”过程）和8月6—7日（简称“8〖DK〗·6”过程）两次区域性大暴雨及伴随的短时强降水形成机制诊断分析。结果表明：“7〖DK〗·22”过程是一次地面气旋降水过程,大暴雨主要出现在气旋中心至移向右前部的倒槽内,短时强降水是对流不稳定触发后,惯性不稳定的增强造成。“8〖DK〗·6”过程是一次副高边缘暖区降水过程,大暴雨主要出现在低空急流的前端、地面辐合线附近,短时强降水由对流不稳定的触发和释放造成。“7〖DK〗·22”过程暖湿急流较强,水汽通量散度和动力条件显著强于“8〖DK〗·6”过程,超低空强辐合区、水汽通量散度辐合大值区、水平动能大值区边缘的强锋生区以及湿位涡MPV大值区边缘的|MPV2|小值区对短时强降水的出现区域指示较好。两次过程分析均表明垂直上升运动和深厚湿区的配合对短时强降水的出现时间指示较好。     

两次陕北暴雨过程热力动力机制诊断

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP FNL分析资料（水平分辨率为1°×1°,时间分辨率为6 h）,对2013年7月21-22日和2014年7月8-9日两次陕北暴雨过程成因进行热力动力诊断,结果表明:两次陕北暴雨与高低空急流关系密切,暴雨带位于低空急流左侧的水汽辐合区,“0721”过程低空急流更强,在高低空急流耦合的强上升运动区（延安）出现大暴雨。降水前期,两次过程大气均存在对流不稳定,切变线触发对流,产生强降水,而其释放的凝结潜热加热形成中低层大气的热力不连续面,湿斜压性及锋生增强,造成整层饱和大气的抬升,维持强降水。“0721”过程前期对流降水的潜热释放更大,由此反馈的低空急流及锋生更强,出现大暴雨天气。广义对流涡度矢量垂直分量很好地描述了两次暴雨过程高低空急流耦合作用以及凝结潜热释放增强的锋生作用,其变化趋势能够反映降水的发展和减弱过程。暴雨出现在湿热力平流参数垂直积分大值中心及南侧的高梯度区,大值中心出现后约6 h会产生强降水,这对于强降水落区的预报有一定指示意义。     

2020年6月5-9日暖区持续性强降水特点和预报检验

利用Micaps、广东省天气雷达拼图资料和自动站观测资料,对2020年6月5-9日龙舟水期间持续大暴雨过程的降水特点、环流特征和环境条件、雷达演变特点等进行了分析,并对各主要模式的预报结果进行了评估,结果表明:6月5-9日广东省出现了强降水过程,多地降水突破当地历史纪录.过程期间南亚高压稳定,广东上空辐散强,孟加拉湾水...     

铜仁市2014年5月25日致灾大暴雨天气过程雷达特征分析

利用常规天气图资料和多普勒雷达资料,从天气形势、回波演变、回波垂直结构和回波速度产品4个方面对2014年5月24日—25日贵州省铜仁市致灾大暴雨天气过程进行分析,结果表明:1500 h Pa高层副热带高压持续,贵州北部处于副高外围,配合中低空低涡切变及低空急流,地面抬升,产生了铜仁自西向东的大暴雨天气过程。2混合型降水回波内部有多个尺度不等的对流回波形成"列车效应",造成持续性暴雨,而对流单体在较短时间内消失则造成了短时强降水。3VIL数值大的区域出现大的降水过程的可能性较大。4PPI径向图像上,低层辐合高层辐散的风场配置,有利于降水持续或加强。短历时强降水出现在逆风区边缘地带、径向速度辐合最大的区域。5风廓线(VWP)产品不同时期特殊结构特征对降水的前夕、发展及降水末期均有较好的指示作用。     

利用TRMM卫星资料对"07.7"川南特大暴雨的诊断研究

利用TRMM卫星探测结果,结合多普勒雷达风廓线资料,研究了2007年7月9日发生于四川盆地南部的一次特大暴雨过程在不同阶段的降水粒子风廓线、潜热和降水结构特征。结果表明：（1）大暴雨区存在低层辐合、高层辐散的典型垂直环流结构。（2）强降水系统由一个主降水云团和多个零散降水云团组成;降水系统中对流降水所占面积比层云降水面积小,但对流降水具有很强的降水率,对总降水量的贡献超过层云降水。（3）降水发展旺盛阶段,强对流降水的雨顶高度可达17 km,强降水主体中垂直方向和水平方向均存在非均匀的降水强度分布;减弱阶段,强降水雨顶高度仅10 km左右,且其层云降水有清晰亮度带。     

鲁西北西部一次大暴雨过程成因诊断分析

利用常规资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料和卫星云图资料对2013-07-26鲁西北西部一次大暴雨天气过程进行分析,结果表明:副高边缘的暖式切变线是产生此次大暴雨的主要影响系统;偏南气流输送了充足的水汽和不稳定能量,建立了不稳定层结,冷空气触发对流,引发不稳定能量释放,导致强降水产生;大暴雨发生在水汽通量高值区右侧的密集带偏西位置及暖湿空气沿着冷空气爬升的能量锋上;强降水发生在中尺度对流系统发展强盛到成熟阶段,降水落区位于强冷云顶的后侧,短时强降水发生在云顶亮温梯度最大处。     

青岛市一次局地大暴雨天气成因和逆风区特征分析

利用地面和探空气象观测数据、雷达探测资料以及ECMWF（ERA5）0.25°×0.25°全球再分析数据,分析了2016年8月19日青岛市环胶州湾一次局地大暴雨过程的环流形势、环境条件及逆风区演变特征。结果表明:副热带高压边缘的地面冷锋进入倒槽,冷空气向地面辐合线的暖区渗透触发对流天气是此次过程的形成机制。此次大暴雨过程与地形关系紧密,主要分布在低层暖湿气流和山脉抬升作用形成的迎风坡前位涡大值区,该区域中低空垂直上升运动和相对湿度配合较好。大暴雨区站点的强降水时段与垂直上升运动时段吻合,小时最大雨量出现在垂直上升运动强度的跃增阶段。过程降水开始前,0℃层高度和近地面层比湿变化不大,CAPE值、K指数以及垂直风切变等各项不稳定指数均较08时明显增强。雷达产品分析显示,造成大暴雨的对流单体呈暖区对流特征,强降水前20~30min垂直风切变增强。此次降水过程产生的4处逆风区均出现在对流单体生成之后,为对流单体下沉气流产生的与环境风相反方向的辐散气流。其中2处低层相对湿度大值区的逆风区能得到发展增强,而逆风区的发展则进一步促进了对流增强,此演变特征对本次大暴雨过程的临近预报预警有较好的指示作用。      

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.