长江流域极端降水过程事件的年内分布特征

基于1960-2016年乌江流域41个气象站的逐日降水观测资料,利用线性倾向估计、滑动平均、累积距平等方法计算趋势系数和气候趋势,分析了研究时段内乌江流域年暴雨等级面雨量、年平均最大日降水量、年平均极端持续强降水次数和对应降水量的时空分布特征,分析表明：（1）乌江流域年暴雨等级面雨量和日数呈显著增加趋势（均通过α=0.05显著性水平检验）,而暴雨强度呈不显著性增加趋势;5-10月各旬暴雨等级面雨量及日数变化基本一致,5月中旬至8月上旬呈单峰型分布,暴雨强度呈波动增减分布。（2）近57 a乌江流域年平均最大日降水量年代际变化比较明显。（3）乌江流域发生极端持续强降水年平均次数呈不显著的减少趋势,但极端持续强降水量呈不显著的增加趋势。采用耿贝尔极值Ⅰ型分布法计算了乌江流域5个代表站不同重现期日最大降水量值,发现不同站点日极端最大降水量重现期水平差异明显,重现期时间尺度存在临界点,约为50 a。

     

中国近50 a极端降水事件变化特征的季节性差异

强降水极易造成暴雨灾害,尤其是突发性强的短时强降水,动态监测、影响评估和风险预估是灾害防御的重要手段。但目前气象服务业务中,强降水的定量评估和风险预估还是以天为单位,现代气象服务精细化的需求迫切要将时间分辨率提升至小时尺度。本文利用1951-2018年国家气象观测站小时降水观测资料,从小时尺度界定站点、大区域、小区域降水过程的辨识方法。基于改进的降水过程综合强度评估方法,在概率密度分布的基础上,重新划分了极端、特强、强、较强、中等五个等级的降水过程综合强度指数。检验论证显示,基于小时分辨率降水过程的自动提取和评估方法合理,具有可操作性,能够对过程性降水、短时降水过程动态评估和预评估,可实时支撑气象服务业务,提升气象防灾减灾能力,也为后续开展短时强降水影响评估和风险预估建立基础。

     

Climate change scenarios of precipitation extremes in Central Europe from ENSEMBLES regional climate models

The study examines future scenarios of precipitation extremes over Central Europe in an ensemble of 12 regional climate model (RCM) simulations with the 25-km resolution, carried out within the European project ENSEMBLES. We apply the region-of-influence method as a pooling scheme when estimating distributions of extremes, which consists in incorporating data from a ‘region’ (set of gridboxes) when fitting an extreme value distribution in any single gridbox. The method reduces random variations in the estimates of parameters of the extreme value distribution that result from large spatial variability of heavy precipitation. Although spatial patterns differ among the models, most RCMs simulate increases in high quantiles of precipitation amounts when averaged over the area for the late-twenty-first century (2070–2099) climate in both winter and summer. The sign as well as the magnitude of the projected change vary only little for individual parts of the distribution of daily precipitation in winter. In summer, on the other hand, the projected changes increase with the quantile of the distribution in all RCMs, and they are negative (positive) for parts of the distribution below (above) the 98% quantile if averaged over the RCMs. The increases in precipitation extremes in summer are projected in spite of a pronounced drying in most RCMs. Although a rather general qualitative agreement of the models concerning the projected changes of precipitation extremes is found in both winter and summer, the uncertainties in climate change scenarios remain large and would likely further increase considerably if a more complete ensemble of RCM simulations driven by a larger suite of global models and with a range of possible scenarios of the radiative forcing is available.     

Climate change scenarios for precipitation extremes in Portugal

Precipitation indices are commonly used as climate change indicators. Considering four Climate Variability and Predictability-recommended indices, this study assesses possible changes in their spatial patterns over Portugal under future climatic conditions. Precipitation data from the regional climate model Consortium for Small-Scale Modelling–Climate version of the Local Model (CCLM) ensemble simulations with ECHAM5/MPI-OM1 boundary conditions are used for this purpose. For recent–past, medians and probability density functions of the CCLM-based indices are validated against station-based and gridded observational dataset from ENSEMBLES-based (gridded daily precipitation data provided by the European Climate Assessment & Dataset project) indices. It is demonstrated that the model is able to realistically reproduce not only precipitation but also the corresponding extreme indices. Climate change projections for 2071–2100 (A1B and B1 SRES scenarios) reveal significant decreases in total precipitation, particularly in autumn over northwestern and southern Portugal, though changes exhibit distinct local and seasonal patterns and are typically stronger for A1B than for B1. The increase in winter precipitation over northeastern Portugal in A1B is the most important exception to the overall drying trend. Contributions of extreme precipitation events to total precipitation are also expected to increase, mainly in winter and spring over northeastern Portugal. Strong projected increases in the dry spell lengths in autumn and spring are also noteworthy, giving evidence for an extension of the dry season from summer to spring and autumn. Although no coupling analysis is undertaken, these changes are qualitatively related to modifications in the large-scale circulation over the Euro-Atlantic area, more specifically to shifts in the position of the Azores High and associated changes in the large-scale pressure gradient over the area.     

On the linkage between changes in cloud cover and precipitation extremes over Central India

In this study, linkage between changing characteristics of precipitation extremes and cloud covers over Central India is explored during summer monsoon period using Satellite data (1998–2015). This is a first attempt to relate the changes in cloud cover to the changes in precipitation extremes. Non-rainy cirrus clouds are excluded from this study. Results show that heavy rainfall (≥ 60 mm/day) is associated with cold cloud tops (Tb≤220 K) while moderate rainfall (<60 mm/day and ≥20 mm) occurs mostly with middle clouds (Tb>220 K and ≤245 K). Low level clouds (Tb> 245 K) are responsible for light rainfall (<20 mm/day). Increases in top 20%, 10%, 5% and 1% heavy precipitation relate well with the increases in very deep convective, deep convective and convective cloud cover. Among these relations, increase in top 5% heavy precipitation relates best with increase in very deep convective cloud cover. Decrease in bottom 30% low precipitation relates with decrease in low level cloud cover. The results reported in this study fit into the framework of how weather extremes respond to climate change.     

Observed and projected changes in temperature and precipitation extremes based on CORDEX data over Iran

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Due to increasing greenhouse gases, Iran is experiencing changes in patterns and trends of extreme climate events. Future climate extremes are one of the...     

Compound summer temperature and precipitation extremes over central Europe

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Reliable knowledge of the near-future climate change signal of extremes is important for adaptation and mitigation strategies. Especially compound extremes,...     

Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in the CMIP5 ensemble

Twenty-year temperature and precipitation extremes and their projected future changes are evaluated in an ensemble of climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), updating a similar study based on the CMIP3 ensemble. The projected changes are documented for three radiative forcing scenarios. The performance of the CMIP5 models in simulating 20-year temperature and precipitation extremes is comparable to that of the CMIP3 ensemble. The models simulate late 20th century warm extremes reasonably well, compared to estimates from reanalyses. The model discrepancies in simulating cold extremes are generally larger than those for warm extremes. Simulated late 20th century precipitation extremes are plausible in the extratropics but uncertainty in extreme precipitation in the tropics and subtropics remains very large, both in the models and the observationally-constrained datasets. Consistent with CMIP3 results, CMIP5 cold extremes generally warm faster than warm extremes, mainly in regions where snow and sea-ice retreat with global warming. There are tropical and subtropical regions where warming rates of warm extremes exceed those of cold extremes. Relative changes in the intensity of precipitation extremes generally exceed relative changes in annual mean precipitation. The corresponding waiting times for late 20th century extreme precipitation events are reduced almost everywhere, except for a few subtropical regions. The CMIP5 planetary sensitivity in extreme precipitation is about 6 %/°C, with generally lower values over extratropical land.     

Occurrence of winter air temperature extremes in Central Spitsbergen

The occurrence of daily air temperature extremes in winter in Central Spitsbergen in the period 1975–2008 was analysed. The mean winter temperature was found to be increasing by approximately 1.65°C per decade. Negative extremes were becoming less frequent, decreasing at a rate of approximately 5 days per decade, whereas the frequency of positive extremes showed a small (2 days per decade) but insignificant positive trend. Furthermore, circulation patterns responsible for positive and negative temperature extremes were analysed. Composite maps of the sea level pressure (SLP) and 500-hPa geopotential heights (z500 hPa) means and anomalies were constructed for the days with positive and negative extremes. Circulation patterns causing extremely warm winter days are characterised by a cyclonic centre or a low pressure trough over the Fram Strait. Cyclones located west of Spitsbergen with a warm sector over the archipelago bring warm air masses from the southern quadrant. On extremely cold days, the cyclone centres are usually located over the Barents Sea. This SLP pattern implies airflow from the north and northeast that brings cold Arctic air to the North Atlantic. Another factor in the occurrence of the temperature extremes in Central Spitsbergen is the sea-ice cover. Negative temperature extremes usually occur together with a high concentration of sea ice, particularly in the middle and end of winter.     

Impacts of changes in land cover and topography on a heavy precipitation event in Central Asia

Future variations in precipitation due to the effects of topography and possible trends in land-use change in Central Asia are evaluated by utilizing numerical experiments based on a case study. Considering possible changes in land cover, oasification leads to a 0.23 mm increase in regional-averaged precipitation, accounting for 3.0% of the total. Meanwhile, desertification and urbanization decrease precipitation, by about ?5.3% and ?4.7% proportionally, mainly through changing the near-surface humidity and thermal environment and related upward transport of heat fluxes in the boundary layer. Relatively, varied terrain height produces a more prominent impact on precipitation (up to ?13.1% and ?24.9% in the 1/2 and 1/4 original terrain height runs), mainly via varying the wind field and microphysical processes (low-level jet and cloud). Furthermore, the heavier rainfall happens over the mountains, while the more sensitive response of precipitation to varied topography and land use occurs over the plains. As the main microphysical conversion pathways of the rainwater budget, the greater peaks of PSMLT (snow melting into raindrops) and PGMLT (graupel melting into raindrops) present over the mountains but not the plains are responsible for the difference in precipitation between the mountains and plains. However, the more sensitive response of plain rainfall might be related to the rapid transit of rainfall over the plains but prolonged mountainous precipitation lasting together with relatively slowly varying microphysical conversion processes when airflows climb the mountains. The findings of this study have important strategic significance for improving the environment of ecosystems and strengthening the capacity for disaster prevention.摘要本研究利用数值试验方法, 定量评估了地形效应和土地利用类型的变化对中亚降水事件的影响. 考虑到可能的地表覆盖变化趋势, 绿洲化, 沙漠化和城市化可改变近地表湿热环境和边界层向上热通量, 导致区域平均降水增加3.0%, 减少5.3%和4.7%; 相对而言, 地形效应对降水的影响更为显著 (1/2和1/4原始地形高度时, 降水减少13.1%和24.9%), 主要影响途径是风场和微物理过程 (低空急流和云) 的变化. 以上研究结果对改善生态环境, 加强防灾能力具有重要战略意义.     

Summer mean daily air temperature extremes in Central Spitsbergen

Summer mean daily temperature extremes in Svalbard Lufthavn (Central Spitsbergen) in the period 1975–2010 and daily pressure patterns and directions of air circulation conducive to their occurrence were analyzed. Positive (negative) extremes of daily mean temperatures in the summer were determined as higher (lower) than or equal to the value of the 90th (10th) percentile. The annual number of selected days shows a great year-to-year variability, although the annual number of extremely low mean daily temperature (≤1.3 °C) was decreasing in the 1976–2010 period, with a rate of about 4 days per decade. At the same time, the number of days with extremely high mean daily temperatures (≤8.2 °C) was increasing with a rate of about 2 days per decade. The summer pressure patterns and the air circulation conditions have an impact on the occurrence of the air mean daily temperature extremes. Namely, anticyclones spreading east to the Svalbard Archipelago, accompanied by the Icelandic Low, cause the air inflow from the southerly direction and positive mean daily temperature extremes. A cyclonal system spreading east or southeast towards the archipelago, together with a high-pressure ridge over the North Atlantic, indicates the northern air flow and negative mean daily temperature extremes in summer. The results obtained in this study prove that the summer air temperature in the Atlantic region of the Arctic is partly controlled by air circulation, and despite the intensity and stability of the summer cyclones and anticyclones being weaker than in the winter, their position strongly determines the occurrence of mean daily temperature extremes in the summer.     

CMIP6模式对亚洲中高纬区极端温度变化的模拟及预估

利用观测的亚洲中高纬区逐日最高、最低气温和CMIP6计划中28个全球气候模式资料,系统评估了CMIP6模式对亚洲中高纬区日最高温(TXx)和日最低温(TNn)的模拟性能,并对其未来演变趋势进行了科学预估.主要结论如下:1)CMIP6大部分模式能合理地模拟亚洲中高纬区TXx和TNn自南向北、自西到东逐渐降低的空间分布特征...     

Application of Archimedean copulas in the analysis of the precipitation extremes: effects of precipitation changes

Due to the influence of changing environment and intensifying human activities, hydrometeorological changes are becoming common. This study derives a bivariate joint distribution of total precipitation and precipitation days with daily precipitation exceeding the 75th percentile and falling below the 25th percentile. Chang points in the precipitation series are detected with more than one statistical method. Results indicate that (1) for P75 and D75, Kendal’s τ does not change significantly even when the existence of change points is taken into account. The selection of a copula is greatly impacted by the existence of a change point; (2) for P25 and D25, τ varies much, while the precipitation variations have no evident effects on the selection of a copula. Therefore, a copula should be selected after the detection of change points to avoid possible bias in results or conclusions. This study is of some merits in terms of risk evaluation based on copula-based probability analysis with available change points.     

中亚干旱地区降水异常及其影响机制研究

中亚地区位于欧亚大陆内部,地处西风控制关键区。在近年全球加速变暖的背景下,观测和模拟均展现出中亚地区的暖湿化趋势。北大西洋的海温异常激发大气的涡度异常,通过罗斯贝波列的方式传播影响中亚地区的大尺度环流和垂直运动的异常,从而导致中亚地区的降水异常。同时,赤道太平洋和北印度洋的海温异常,引起阿拉伯半岛向中亚地区的水汽输送异常,以及西风-季风协同作用、丝绸之路遥相关相位转换、地表类型和局地环流的变化等均不同程度地贡献和加速了中亚地区的暖湿化进程。本文意在总结近20年关于中亚地区降水异常的主要影响因子及其背后机理,并在现有研究基础上提出了未来的研究展望。     

近50a华东地区夏季极端降水事件的年代际变化

利用中国华东地区90站点1960--2009年夏季（6—8月）逐日降水资料,分析了近50a来华东地区各类极端降水事件的强度和发生频次的年代际变化。结果表明：华东地区极端降水事件年代际变化特征明显。近20a来,不论是极端降水事件的平均强度还是发生次数都要明显高于前30a;1990年代是极端事件多发且强度较强的年代;华东区域极端强降水过程事件的连续降水日数多在9d以下,而极端连续降水日数事件基本在9d以上;较之华东地区其他区域,福建地区存在更多的强度大、持续久的降水过程;华东地区最大极端降水量出现在江西北部与安徽南部的交界区域。极端降水事件频发带存在南北摆动的年代际变化,这一特征在极端日降水事件和极端强降水过程事件上表现得更为明显。同时,存在两个极端事件频发带,分别位于长江流域附近。在后3个年代,这两个频发带呈现出分一合一分的年代际变化特征。