含铁闪锌矿热容的实验测定与分析

利用美国ＤｕＰｏｎｔ公司的９９００型差示扫描量热仪对３个含铁闪锌矿样品的热容进行了实验测定,并讨论了定压摩尔热容实验值与实验温度的关系。实验结果表明,在实验条件下,含铁闪锌矿的定压摩尔热容与纯闪锌矿的定压摩尔热容存在显著差异,Ｆｅ置换Ｚｎ是造成这种差异的主要原因。     

AWI-1 SBO-1, PRI-1, AND DWA-1, Belgian Sedimentary Rock Reference Materials

A series of five Belgian sedimentary rock reference samples (shale AWI-1, schist SBO-1, psammite PRI-1, limestone CCH-1 and dolomite DWA-1) have been prepared for collaborative studies on their chemical composition. Tables of results compiled from 18 laboratories are presented for about 60 major, minor and trace elements. These data are summarized into means, associated standard deviations, medians and ranges. The values received from the participating laboratories are also listed.
Cinq échantillons de roches sédimentaires belges (argilite AWI-1, schiste SBO-1, psammite PRI-1, calcaire CCH-1 et dolomie DWA-1) ont été préparés comme étalons géochimiques. Des valeurs provisoires sont proposés pour 60 éléments majeurs, mineurs et en traces basées sur les données analytiques de 18 laboratoires ayant participé' cette étude coopérative. Les résultats communiqués sont intégralement présentés. Les laboratoires intéressés sont invités à contribuer aux données analytiques sur ces étalons.     

西藏阿里地区火山岩的岩石系列及特征

西藏阿里地区冈底斯构造带分布有早白垩世的玄武岩-安山岩-英安岩系列及晚白垩—第三纪的玄武岩-安山岩-流纹岩系列,它们分别属于拉斑玄武及钙碱性系列。前者主要由地幔导源的玄武岩浆经分离结晶作用形成,而钙碱性系列主要由混合作用及同化作用形成。此外其岩浆房的fO_2与fH_2O高,液相线温度偏低并与地壳导源的岩基活动有密切的关系.     

STUDY OF ERUPTIONS AND EARTHQUAKES ORIGINATING FROM VOLCANOES (PART 1 OF 3)

Reports of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes originating from volcanoes indicate that seismic activity preceding the eruption is related not only to eruption magnitude and structure of the volcano, but also to viscosity of the lava at the time of eruption. This follows, since lava of higher viscosity meets greater resistance as it ascends from the magma chamber to the earth's surface and, consequently, greater stress will be produced within and beneath the volcano. The writer gives a condensed statistical breakdown of earthquakes and explosive eruptions of Asama Volcano. The Asama earthquakes treated in the report are mainly those of rather low magnitude (T = 1. 0 sec, V = 350) at the Asama Volcano Observatory, situated 4. 2 km east of the center of the summit crater. This investigation showed that most of the explosive eruptions were preceded by an increase in micro-earthquakes. In addition, an experimental formula for predicting volcanic eruptions, based on the statistical relation between frequency of earthquakes originating from Asama and its explosive eruptions. The forthcoming report (Part II) will discuss the same problem based on seismic observations by more sensitive instruments set nearer the summit crater. — A. Eustus     

改进GM(1,1)模型在路基沉降预测中的应用

GM(1,1)模型是沉降预测中应用较为广泛的模型之一,在实际应用当中发现其预测效果有时候较差甚至完全失效。为此从传统GM(1,1)预测模型建模原理出发,分析存在的理论缺陷,指出在形成预测公式时规定 , 0.5为已知条件是不合理的,应当根据实际情况选用其他数据。通过引入平均斜率来计算 序列,并利用MATLAB程序进行数据处理,寻找最合适的 以及最佳维数区。某高速公路实测沉降数据计算表明,新方法有满意的拟合和预测效果,为提高建模精度提供了新的途径。     

Paleoceanographic evolution and chronostratigraphy of the Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE1a) to oceanic red bed 1 (ORB1) in the Gorgo a Cerbara section (central Italy)

We performed a detailed study of the stratigraphic transition of Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE1a) to oceanic red bed 1 (ORB1) from the classic Gorgo a Cerbara section in the Umbria region of central Italy. We focused on a 25.5-m-thick stratigraphic succession, from which we analyzed 305 samples for total organic carbon (TOC), CaCO₃, magnetic susceptibility, diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry and the stable carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of both bulk samples and organic matter. In the Gorgo a Cerbara section, the Selli Level of OAE1a (∼1.81 m thick) consists of laminated to bioturbated dark gray to black mudstones and shales with medium to dark gray radiolarian-rich silty to sandy layers and a maximum TOC content of 20.22%. The carbon isotopic values show a negative excursion (C3 stage, ∼0.14 m) at the base of the Selli Level, followed by a stepwise positive excursion (C4–C6 stages, ∼1.67 m) in the upper part of the Selli Level. The transition from OAE1a to ORB1 (∼3.19 m thick) is characterized by bioturbated greenish gray cherty limestones and marly limestones with subordinate marls, corresponding to stable carbon isotopic C7 stage and lasts for ∼0.75 Ma. The ORB1 interval (∼13.15 m) consists of reddish marly claystones, dark-red marlstones, red marly limestones and red calcareous shales which indicate a highly oxic environment. Our results reveal a stepwise transition from a predominantly mesotrophic and dysoxic to anoxic environment at the time that the OAE1a black shales were deposited to an oligotrophic and oxic environment during the transitional interval and finally to highly oxic conditions during the ORB1 interval. The nannoconid crisis occurs at the top of the C2 stage, just 0.34 m below the negative excursion in δ¹³C isotopic values. The massive CaCO₃ dissolution phase occurs 0.25 m above the negative excursion; it persisted for 0.85 Ma and probably resulted from excess CO₂, ocean acidification, and carbonate compensation depth (CCD) shoaling. Deposition of massive black shales occurs at the base of the C6 stage and lasted for 0.4 Ma.     

Improvements in Digestion Protocols for Trace Element and Isotope Determinations in Stream and Lake Sediment Reference Materials (JSd-1, JSd-2, JSd-3, JLk-1 and LKSD-1)

Total dissolution is a critical step in geochemical analysis. Despite the number of published protocols, this issue still draws attention for sediment samples, which are particularly difficult to dissolve due to the common occurrence and high abundance of refractory phases such as zircon. We present tests of different chemical digestion procedures carried out on reference materials (RM) of stream (JSd-1, JSd-2 and JSd-3) and lake (JLk-1 and LKSD-1) sediments from the Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) and the Canadian Certified Reference Material Programme (CCRPM). We demonstrate that the fusion technique is not appropriate for our studies as not all elements of interest were recovered and blank levels were too high to permit further Sr and Pb isotopic composition measurements. Similarly, conventional HF+HNO₃ dissolution methods were not efficient enough for detrital samples. Our preferred method involved using high pressure Teflon® vessel bombs in association with HClO₄. This protocol ensured a complete dissolution of the powder, as well as a complete recovery of trace elements. Moreover, blank levels were sufficiently low that Sr or Pb isotope compositions could be measured from the same mother solution. We also tested the homogeneity of RM powders by performing tests on various amount of powder.     

白果园黑色岩系型银（钒）矿床沉积古环境与银（钒）初始富集

白果园银（钒）矿产于震旦系陡山沱组黑色色岩系中。矿床的地球化学和有机地球化学研究表明，黑色页岩含丰富以低等海生生物为主的腐泥型有机质，黑色页岩形成于局限的滞留海盆。     

Two New Polish Geological-Environmental Reference Materials: Apatite Concentrate (CTA-AC-1) and Fine Fly Ash (CTA-FFA-1)

World-wide intercomparison runs has made possible the certification of two new Polish geological-environmental reference materials for multi-element trace analysis: Apatite Concentrate (CTA-AC-1) and Fine Fly Ash (CTA-FFA-1). "Recommended values' are established for 25 (CTA-AC-1) and 40 (CTA-FFA-1) elements respectively. In addition, "information values' are assigned for 12 elements in CTA-AC-1 and 10 elements in CTA-FFA-1. Our method of data evaluation has been further improved and a modified version of criteria for assigning recommended and information values is proposed.     

Sr and Pb isotopic composition of five USGS glasses (BHVO-2G, BIR-1G, BCR-2G, TB-1G, NKT-1G)

Sr isotopic compositions and Rb / Sr ratios of three USGS glasses (BHVO-2G, BIR-1G, BCR-2G) are identical to those of the original USGS reference materials. NKT-1G and TB-1G give values of 0.70351 and 0.70558, respectively. Pb isotopic ratios were measured by the standard-sample bracketing technique on an MC-ICP-MS, which give results that are comparable in accuracy and reproducibility to double spike analyses. However, assessment of the reproducibility of the technique is hampered by inhomogeneous contamination of all USGS reference materials analysed. This contamination is likely to be the reason why the USGS glasses do not all have the same Pb isotopic composition as their unfused originals. Powdered glasses, distributed for characterisation of the glasses by bulk analytical techniques, do not all have the same Pb isotopic compositions as the solid glass material, and can therefore not be used for this purpose.     

BLOCK ROTATIONS AT THE NORTHERN EDGE OF INDIA (SPITI,N-INDIA) AND THEIR CONTINUATION TO THE EAST (MALARI, N-INDIA)-REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE TETHYAN HIMALAYAS

BLOCK ROTATIONS AT THE NORTHERN EDGE OF INDIA (SPITI,N-INDIA) AND THEIR CONTINUATION TO THE EAST (MALARI, N-INDIA)-REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE TETHYAN HIMALAYAS1　AppelE ,MuellerR ,WidderRW .GeophysJInt ,1991,10 4:2 5 5～ 2 6 6 . 2　AppelE ,PatzeltA ,ChoukerC .GeophysJInt ,1995 ,12 2 :2 2 7～ 2 42 . 3　BagatiTN .J .Himal.Geol,1990 ,(1) :35～ 47. 4　BesseJ ,CourtillotV .JGeop…     

Cretaceous Phytoplankton Assemblages from Songke Core-1,North and South(SK-1,N and S) of Songliao Basin,Northeast China

Abstract: Cretaceous phytoplankton from the newly completed core hole (SK-1, N&S) in the central Songliao Basin was studied. The target interval is from the upper Quantou Formation of Upper Cretaceous to Mingshui Formation. Twelve genera of dinoflagellates, six of acritarcha and three of chlorophyta were identified in 588 samples from the 2300-m deep core. Ten phytoplankton assemblages have been classified: Tetranguladinium-Subtilisphaera-Botryococcus, Botryococcus-Pediastrum, Pediastrum, Dinogymniopsis-Chlamydophrella-Vesperopsis bifurcate, Dinogymniopsis minor-Balmula, Pediastrum-Botryococcus, Schizosporis-Campenia, Kiokansium-Dinogymniopsis-Botryococcus, Dinogymniopsis-Granodiscus-Filisphaeridium and Granodiscus. According to the findings mentioned above, the age of the upper Qantou Formation is Cenomanian, the Qingshankou Formation belongs to upper Cenomanian-Turonian, the Yaojia Formation to Coniancian-Santonian age, the Nenjiang Formation is of Campanian age, and Sifangtai-Mingshui formations are referred to Maastrichtian stage. The ecology of phytoplankton is closely related to water salinity. Each type of phytoplankton is within a certain living water mass whose evolution type reflects salinity change of the Songliao Lake. The assemblages from the SK-1 indicate that water salinity changes with the cycle of freshwater–slight brackish water–brackish water–slight brackish water–freshwater in the lake.     

TERTIARY BLOCK ROTATIONS AND PYRRHOTITE/ MAGNETITE GEOTHERMOMETRY IN THE TETHYAN HIMALAYA(SHIAR KHOLA,CENTRAL NEPAL)

TERTIARY BLOCK ROTATIONS AND PYRRHOTITE/ MAGNETITE GEOTHERMOMETRY IN THE TETHYAN HIMALAYA(SHIAR KHOLA,CENTRAL NEPAL)1　AppelE ,M櫣ｌｌｅｒＲ ,WidderRW .PalaeomagneticresultsfromtheTibetanSedimentarySeriesoftheManangarea (northcentralnepal) [J].GeophysJInt ,1991,10 4:2 5 5～ 2 6 6 . 2　AppelE ,PatzeltA ,ChoukerC .SecondarypalaeoremanenceofTethyansedimentsfromtheZanskarRange (NWHimalaya)[J].GeophysJInt,1995 ,12 2 :2 2 7～ 2 42 . 3　B…     

Sequence stratigraphy of a carbonate-evaporite succession (Zechstein 1, Hessian Basin, Germany)

The evaporitic Hessian Zechstein Basin is a sub‐basin of the Southern Zechstein Basin, situated at its southern margin. Twelve facies groups were identified in the Zechstein Limestone and Lower Werra Anhydrite in order to better understand the sequence‐stratigraphic evolution of this sub‐basin, which contains economically important potassium salts. Four different paleogeographic depositional areas were recognized based on the regional distribution of facies. Siliciclastic‐carbonate, carbonate, carbonate‐evaporite and evaporite shallowing‐upward successions are developed. These allow the establishment of parasequences and sequences, as well as correlation throughout the Hessian Basin and into the Southern Zechstein Basin. Two depositional sequences are distinguished, Zechstein sequence 1 and Zechstein sequence 2. The former comprises the succession from the Variscan basement up to the lowermost part of the Werra Anhydrite, including the Kupferschiefer as part of the transgressive systems tract. The highstand systems tract is defined by the Zechstein Limestone, in which two parasequences are developed. In large parts of the Hessian Basin, Zechstein sequence 1 is capped by a karstic, subaerial exposure surface, interpreted as recording a type‐1 sequence boundary that formed during a distinct brine level fall. Low‐lying central areas (Central Hessian Sub‐basin, Werra Sub‐basin), however, were not exposed and show a correlative conformity. Topography was minimal at the end of sequence 1. Widely developed perilittoral, sabkha and salina shallowing‐upward successions indicate a renewed rise of brine level (interpreted as a transgressive systems tract), because of inflow of preconcentrated brines from the Southern Zechstein Basin to the north. This marks the initiation of Zechstein sequence 2, which comprises most of the Lower Werra Anhydrite. In the Central Hessian Sub‐basin, situated proximal to the brine inflow and on the ridges within the Hessian Basin, physico‐chemical conditions were well suited for sulphate precipitation to form a thick cyclic succession. It consists of four parasequences that completely filled the increased accommodation space. In contrast, only minor sulphate accumulation occurred in the Werra Sub‐basin, situated further southwards and distal to the inflow. As a result of substantially different sulphate precipitation rates during increased accommodation, water depth in the region became more variable. The Werra Sub‐basin, characterized by very low sedimentation rates, became increasingly deeper through time, trapping dense halite brines and precipitating rock salt deposits (Werra Halite). This ‘self‐organization’ model for an evaporitic basin, in which depositional relief evolves with sedimentation and relief is filled by evaporite thereafter, contradicts earlier interpretations, that call upon the existence of a tectonic depression in the Werra area, which controlled sedimentation from the beginning of the Zechstein.     

藏北班戈、申扎地区志留纪和泥盆纪珊瑚及其意义

本文描述了藏北志留纪和泥盆纪皱纹珊瑚6属,7种,其中3个新种;床板珊瑚5属,7种,其中有4个新种;日射珊瑚1属1种,并讨论了本区志留纪和泥盆纪地层的发育特征和沉积类型。     

Carbon isotope records of the early Albian oceanic anoxic event (OAE) 1b from eastern Tethys (southern Tibet,China)

The early Albian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE), i.e., OAE1b, is well documented in western Tethys and in the primary North Atlantic Ocean, but has not yet been reported from eastern Tethys. In this paper, we present bulk carbon isotope data of hemipelagites to examine if it was recorded in eastern Tethys. Samples were taken from the upper Chuangdepu Member (nannofossil zone CC8) of the lower Gyabula (former Shadui) Formation at the Bangbu section, Qonggyai, southern Tibet of China. The δ¹³C values mainly range from −0.6‰ to 1.8‰ with a maximum of 1.87‰ and a minimum of −0.69‰. Three stages of carbon isotope evolution were distinguished with three boundaries. By the constraint of the stratigraphic sequence and nannofossil biostratigraphic zone CC8, the rapid δ¹³C change and correlation with western Tethys and Atlantic Ocean together suggest that these three boundaries of the carbon isotope evolution probably correspond to three subevents of the early Albian OAE1b, and the subevent levels of upper Kilian, Paquier, and Leenhardt are recorded in eastern Tethys (southern Tibet). The fact that the amount of δ¹³C shift is less by ∼1.5–2.0‰ in eastern Tethys than in western Tethys and Atlantic Ocean is interpreted as a result of possible cool sea surface (∼14–16 °C) of the southeastern Tethys (northern Indian passive margin of Greater India), which was probably located in a medium–high latitude during the Albian, leading to low primary productivity. The recognition of OAE-1b from Tethys Himalaya can improve our understanding of the Tethys and global paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic changes during the mid-Cretaceous.     

Determination of the REE in Geological Reference Materials DTS-1 (Dunite) and PCC-1 (Peridotite) by Ultrasonic and Microconcentric Desolvating Nebulisation ICP-MS

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry is well suited for the precise, accurate and rapid determination of rare earth elements in most geological samples. However, determination of rare earth elements in certain mantle-derived materials, without applying preconcentration techniques, remains problematical due to low natural concentrations (generally < 1 ng g⁻¹). Consequently, USGS reference materials DTS-1 (a dunite) and PCC-1 (a partially serpentinized harzburgite) have only suggested rather than recommended values for the rare earth elements in reference material compilations. We compared results obtained using two ICP-MS instruments: a U-5000AT ultrasonic nebuliser coupled to a PQ2+ quadrupole ICP-MS and an ELEMENT sector field ICP-MS equipped with a MCN-6000 microconcentric desolvating nebuliser, with the suggested literature values for these two reference materials. Precision and accuracy of analytical methods employed by both instruments were demonstrated by excellent relative standard deviations (< 2%) and inter-laboratory agreement (< 5%) for numerous analyses of BHVO-1 and BIR-1, which are well established with rare earth elements contents at the μg g⁻¹ level. Repeat analyses of DTS-1 and PCC-1 at each laboratory indicate that each method is generally precise to better than 5% at sub-g g⁻¹ levels. Furthermore, values from both instruments generally agree to within 10%. Our DTS-1 and PCC-1 values agree reasonably well with selected data reported in the literature (except for Ce and Sm in DTS-1) but exhibit poorer agreement with reported compilation values. With the demonstrated level of precision and accuracy, we contend that these new values for DTS-1 and PCC-1, generated by two different instruments, are the best estimates of the true whole-rock composition of these samples reported to date.     

Cleiothyridina obmaxima McChesny的个体发育、生态特征及进化途径

本文通过对Cleiothyridina obmaxima在同一化石点产出的大量个体的统计研究,讨论了该种个体发育的阶段及其种群动力学特征,并做出了相应的解释。同时根据该种个体形态的特征及其在个体发育不同阶段的变化,结合其所赋存的群落及其围岩特征,讨论了其个体生态学及其环境意义,进而探讨了该种的演化途径。     

直脉蝎蛉科(昆虫纲长翅目)3个异物同名和1个种的修正

1996年,张海春发表<新疆准噶尔盆地中生代直脉科(昆虫纲)昆虫化石>一文[古生物学报,35(4):442-494],共有5个新种和5个老种,其中1个老种定为Mesopanorpa obscura(Martynov,1927),包含3个标本:①NIGP126378(92-T-22/K1),②NIGP126377(58SKl5/K3),③NIGPl26376(92-T-Z2/K3).另1个标本NIGPl26379(93-HE-2K1,2)定为Protorthophlebia latipennis Tillyard,1933.笔者在研究长翅目化石的过程中,发现张的4个标本系异物同名,前3个标本即:①NIGP126378号标本勉强修订为1个近似种P(Protorthophlebia)aft.obscura(Martynov,1925)Martynov,1927;②NIGP126377号标本修订为新名种Protorthophlebia(Protorthophlebia)badouwanica nom.nov.;③NIGP126376号标本,由于这个标本脉序结构与副蝎蛉科Parachoristidae Tillyard,1937的脉序特征相同,已被修订为另一个属、种Junggarochorista tuzigouensis Hong,2009~([13]),已转移归入该科.④另1个标本NIGP126379号标本被修订为新名种P.(Protonhoptdebia)karamayiensis nom.nov..上述被修订后的新名属、种在本文中作为必要的重新描述.修订的标本,都根据张海春论文中原标本照片显示的脉纹特征和文字描述.所修订学名的原标本均按原文的记录保存在中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所.     

中国北方保德期庙梁亚期动物群的特征与分布

庙梁亚期代表着距今７－５Ｍａ期间的地质时期可归这一亚期的动物群有陕西腐谷庙梁动物群、甘肃武都龙家沟动物群、河南新安各地点动物群、山西保德地区部分地点的动物群,以及榆社马会组所含动物群等。庙梁亚期动物群的组成已与保德早中期的有很大区别,其特征是鹿类大量出现并高度分异,三趾马马Ｈｉｐｐａｒｉｏｎ ｐｌａｔｙｏｄｕｓ为主,Ｃｈｉｌｏｔｈｅｒｉｕｍ基本不再出现。各地央梁亚期动物群均典型森林型动物群,广泛分布在我国北部的山西、陕西、河南及甘肃等地。