气候平均状况的变化对气候极值出现概率的影响

在概率统计理论的基础上，建立符合正态分布和г分布的气候要素分布模型来讨论极值事件对各个参数的敏感性，得出尺度参数对极端事件概率的影响力最大，进而研究了平均值或标准差的变化对极端事件的影响，为气候极值预测和气候模式设计提供了借鉴。     

极值统计理论的进展及其在气候变化研究中的应用

着重论述极值统计分布在极端天气气候事件和重大工程设计中的重要意义,综述该领域国内外研究进展。例如,基于超门限峰值法（POT）的广义帕累托分布（GPD)和基于单元极大值法（BM）的广义极值分布（GEV）及其参数间的理论关系;采用极值分布模型与多状态一阶Markov链相结合构建降尺度模型模拟局地极端降水事件,推算一定重现期的极端降水量的分位数;探讨极值分布模型分位数估计误差问题,多维极值分布理论及其应用等问题。     

新疆阿勒泰地区冬季极端低温事件特征分析

利用阿勒泰地区7个测站1961～2011年冬季(11月到翌年3月)逐日最低温度资料,采用百分位定义法给出各站发生冬季极端低温事件的阈值。采用气候趋势系数和气候倾向率、Gumbel分布函数及R/S分析等多种统计方法分析阿勒泰地区各站冬季极端低温事件的气候特征。结果表明:阿勒泰地区各站冬季极端低温事件发生阈值为-26～-36℃。阿勒泰地区冬季极端低温事件频次倾向率均呈减少趋势,强度倾向率均呈减弱趋势。50 a一遇冬季极端低温事件极值东部较低,西部较高。阿勒泰地区西部地区冬季极端低温强度<-50℃的概率较小,东部地区冬季极端低温事件强度<-50℃概率较大。根据R/S分析,阿勒泰地区冬季极端低温事件未来发生频次可能会有所增多,冬季极端低温事件未来发生强度可能会有所增强。     

广义极值分布理论在重现期计算的应用

在气候统计学上,常用Weibull、Gumbel、Frechet统计分布函数对极端气候要素的分布进行拟合,广义极值分布理论综合了以上三种极值分布模型,在气候分析中得到了广泛应用。以南昌市年汛期日最大降水量为例,利用广义极值分布理论对其分布进行拟合,并对重现值及其置信区间进行计算,为气候要素极值的统计分析提供了一种新的手段。     

极端气候对平均气候变化的非线性响应及其敏感性试验

平均气候与极端气候两者发生的概率具有密切联系.从理论和观测事实两方面证明一地平均气候与其极端气候的对应概率存在着明显的非线性关系.假定气候变量有对称概率分布和非对称概率分布两种状况,从理论上证明,平均气候变化前后所对应的极端气候概率具有非线性变化;通过对若干个代表站及气候场资料的平均值与所对应极值概率计算结果,证明理论符合观测事实.进一步借助于数值试验考察了概率分布模式的各个参数之变化对极端气候概率的影响.根据观测事实的举例,也表明了不同概率分布条件下,基本上都有如此变化规律.     

极端气温频率与强度的统计模拟试验

本文借助于平稳时间序列的极值分布理论，对南京地区异常低温事件频次和强度建立统计模型。模拟该地区极端低温的频数分布，给出不同水平下低温事件发生次数的估计及平均强度，平均日期及其方差的推算值。试验结果表明，该类模型可以广泛地应用于气象极值规律研究，为能源，经济等部门提供应用气候参考依据。     

未来情景下南水北调中线工程水源区极端降水分布特征

利用南水北调中线工程水源区9个气象站点1961-2008年的日降水资料和IPCC第四次评估报告多模式数据结果,抽取逐年的最大日降水量序列样本,运用广义极值分布（GEV）和广义帕累托分布 (GPD）两种极值统计模型对样本进行拟合,遴选出描述流域最大日降水量分布规律的最优概率模型,推算重现期对应的降水量值,并预估该流域极端降水事件在未来气候变化情景下的响应。研究表明：南水北调中线工程水源区降水极值均符合GEV和GPD分布,但GPD模型更适合用于描述该流域降水极值分布;未来气候变化情景下用GPD分布拟合的降水极值优于使用GEV分布;A2情景下极端降水事件的发生将更频繁、更强烈,A1B情景下次之,B1情景下相对较小,表明未来高排放气候情景对极端降水事件的影响比中、低排放情景大。     

基于动态重现期的极端高温气候评估方法研究

利用全国754站逐日最高气温观测序列,在论证极端温度概率分布与非平稳性关系的基础上,构建和比较了多种非平稳广义极值模型,定义了极端高温的动态重现期和重现水平,提出了一种极端高温事件的新型评估思想和方法,并将其应用于极端气候变化研究。通过该方法可以更好地解释极端事件的真实极端性,有效地增强极端事件之间的可比性,从而保留更多历史极端气候事件的信息。动态重现期的变换运用可对当前极端事件发生的真实状态和趋势提出更准确评估。该方法的提出可有效澄清学术领域和公共舆论对于多年一遇极端事件的理解上长期混淆重现期的绝对值和概率性这一分歧和谬误。     

气候变化背景下新疆北部2009/2010年冬季雪灾

利用新疆北部43个气象观测站资料,引用异常气候事件和极端气候事件的判别标准,定量分析了2009/2010年冬季新疆北部的异常气候特征,总结了这一阶段的降水、气温的极端事件特征。分析表明,新疆北部2009/2010年冬季降水量大,积雪厚,积雪时间长,气温变化幅度大,多种表征降水和积雪的气象要素突破历史极值;极端事件发生频次高、范围广,极端冷事件与暖事件并存。在全球气候变暖的大尺度背景下出现降雪如此大、积雪如此厚、灾害如此重的极端气候事件,在新疆实属罕见,这也凸显了极端气候事件的多元性和复杂性。     

利用二维极值分布模拟我国几个代表站的强降水概率特征

基于中国6个代表站5-9月的逐日降水资料,利用二维Gumbel-Logistic分布,研究了中国不同区域的过程降水量和日最大强降水雨量的联合概率特征。结果表明,各代表性台站的过程雨量和强降水雨量的联合分布均符合二维Gumbel分布。强降水雨量与过程降雨量联合分布所描述的极端事件是更小的小概率事件。相同强降水雨量条件下,过程雨量越大,重现期越长当强降水雨量增大时,同一过程雨量的重现期也延长。在同级强降水雨量出现的条件下,各地过程降雨量往往是愈往南方其条件概率愈大,而其出现的过程雨量也随之增大。这为研究强降水极端状况的全方位特征做出了新的试验．也曼加客观地揭示了极端气候事件的多方面概率特征．     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.