海带微卫星引物对裙带菜群体分析适用性的初步研究

为获得用于裙带菜种质结构和遗传多样性研究的微卫星标记,采用近缘物种转移法分析了15个海带微卫星引物在裙带菜中的应用情况。对38个裙带菜个体进行多样性分析,结果显示:标记SSR002和SSR115不能扩增裙带菜基因组,位点SSR194能扩增,但不具有多态性,其他12个标记均能扩增裙带菜DNA,且都具有检出多态性,其中9个符合哈迪-温伯格平衡。这9个海带微卫星标记检出的等位基因数为34个,从3～5个不等,平均每个位点扩增得到3.8个等位基因。观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)及多态性信息含量值(PIC)的范围分别为0.238～1.000、0.500～0.692、0.413～0.780,9个位点提供的多态性较高,适用于裙带菜遗传学研究。     

珠江口3种鲸豚的MHC-I基因多态性研究

旨在了解珠江口栖息的中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)、宽脊江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)和点斑原海豚(Stenella attenuate)免疫相关基因MHC-I(Major Histocompatibility Complex)的多态性及其表达情况,以期为这3种鲸豚的保育工作提供基础资料。通过克隆测序的方法,首次证实MHC-I基因在这3种鲸豚体内表达。选择压力分析,表明MHC-I基因在这3种鲸豚中均受到强烈的正选择作用,提示其具有重要的免疫功能。3种鲸豚的MHC-I基因在系统发育树上相互混杂在一起,表明MHC-I基因存在跨物种多态性。结合选择压力分析和跨物种多态性,发现MHC-I基因受到平衡选择作用。珠江口3种鲸豚MHC-I基因多态性可能由平衡选择维持。     

凡纳滨对虾α-淀粉酶基因PCR-RFLP多态性与生长性状的相关分析

采用PCR-RFLP法对379尾凡纳滨对虾α-淀粉酶基因(AMY)多态性进行检测,并分析AMY基因多态性与生长性状的相关性.结果表明:引物AMY-5与AMY-6扩增片段均具多态性,引物AMY-5扩增产物有CC,CT和TT 3种基因型,AMY-6扩增产物有AA,AB和BB 3种基因型.AMY基因AMY-5引物位点TT基因...     

海南地区溶藻弧菌遗传多样性的RAPD分析

以来源于泰国的菌株TG06003作对照,对采自海南地区的27株溶藻孤菌（Vibrio alginolyticus）环境菌株进行了随机扩增多态性DNA标记（RAPD）分析,其中6株为毒力菌株,另外22株为非毒力菌株。实验共得到70个多态性条带,多态性比率（PP13）为98．6％。基因多样度的算术平均数和加权平均数分别为0...     

泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)基因组SSR和EST-SSR的开发及比较研究

采用SSPHunter软件在泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)磁珠富集文库和454转录组文库中搜索核心序列长度12bp以上的2—6核苷酸重复序列,根据富集文库所得基因组SSR侧翼序列设计47对引物,可成功扩增17对且均为多态性引物,多态率100%,平均等位基因数(Na)、观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、多态性信息含量(PIC)分别为6.8、0.468、0.785、0.733。11344条EST序列中得到1683个SSR位点,检出率14.83%,平均每3.85kb出现1个位点。根据部分EST序列设计120对引物,62对可扩增出目的片段,其中29个位点具有多态性,多态率为46.77%,平均Na、Ho、He、PIC分别为4.2、0.372、0.554、0.500,均低于基因组SSR。双变量相关性分析的结果表明,46个多态性SSR位点的核心序列长度与其Na、Ho、He、PIC极显著正相关,Spearman相关系数分别为0.632、0.387、0.657、0.6640     

海产经济贝类壳色多态性的研究进展

海产贝类的贝壳颜色是一个对生产、育种有重要意义的可遗传性状.滨螺、海湾扇贝、皱纹盘鲍、牡蛎、蛤类及珍珠贝等贝类的壳色多态性的遗传研究及壳色选择育种的角度综述了目前海产贝类壳色性状遗传机制的研究进展及壳色多态性在育种中的应用,为进一步开展壳色遗传机制和选择育种研究提供理论基础.     

基于Illumina HiseqTM 2000高通量转录组测序的里氏拟石磺SSR 标记开发

为给石磺科贝类系统进化研究和资源保育工作提供更有效的分子标记,使用Illumina Hiseq TM2000高通量测序技术对里氏拟石磺进行转录组测序,以所得的拼接序列为基础,利用MISA和SSR Hunter1.3软件进行微卫星序列的查找,对选出的51个微卫星位点进行引物设计,经PCR扩增得到单一清晰扩增条带的位点24个,研究湛江里氏拟石磺群体扩增。结果表明,其中14个位点表现多态性。14个多态性位点得到的等位基因数为2~4,其中观测杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)分别为0.031 3~0.714 3和0.031 3~0.708 4,多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.089 5~0.640 5,14个位点中的2个位点表现为高度多态性(PIC0.5),10个位点表现为中度多态性(0.5PIC0.25),另外2个位点表现为低度多态性(PIC0.25)。经Sequential Bonferroni校正的Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验,9个位点不偏离平衡(P0.05)。开发的SSR标记可用于里氏拟石磺群体遗传学和石磺科贝类间的系统发生研究,并为里氏拟石磺的群体种质保护提供数据支持。     

贝类种群壳形态性状多态性研究进展

贝类壳形态具有丰富、复杂的多态性。壳形态作为贝类重要的数量性状是一种环境适应的进化,是不同生理功能适应其生活方式的结果,受环境和遗传因素影响,与贝类的生长、存活、代谢及繁殖等生态、生理行为密切相关。通过贝类可量可数性状建立的壳形态数值分类学方法已在贝类种群形态学比较及群体亲缘关系研究中广泛应用。本文对贝类种群壳形态性状的多态性研究进行了综述,并对壳形态分析方法在贝类种质资源评估（种群识别）及遗传育种（壳宽型/深凹型品系选育）中的应用提出展望,旨在为研究者较全面了解壳形态性状的多态性和分析方法提供参考。     

人工育珠对三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)遗传基因影响的初步研究

采用酚-氯仿和试剂盒两种提取法对三角帆蚌怀珠群与非怀珠群各6个个体进行基因组DNA的提取,然后在优化RAPD(随机扩增多态性DNA)检测条件基础上,从80个随机引物中筛选出12个扩增较好且多态性强的引物进行RAPD扩增,产物通过水平板琼脂糖凝胶电泳和垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳两种方法进行检验并对DNA的多态性进行分析。结果显示在怀珠群和非怀珠群检测到的位点数、多态位点比例、平均Shannon多态性信息指数、平均Nei's基因多样性指数、群体内个体间平均遗传相似率和平均遗传距离分别为100、33%、0.1927、0.1324、0.904、0.096,95、47.37%、0.2711、0.1879、0.861、0.139,群体间的平均遗传距离为0.821,非怀珠群的变异性大于怀珠群;本研究还获得了两群体各自的特异扩增谱带及两群体间表达差异较大谱带,这些位点很可能是由人工育珠所引起。根据MEGA4.0软件的UPGMA和NJ程序构建的分子系统树可直观地将两群体分开。     

核酸分析技术在红藻分子系统学研究中的应用

在红藻的分子系统学研究中,核酸分子数据的获得和应用日益显得重要,因为核酸序列是进化的重要单元,通常以点突变来体现种间/种内的差异,因此能反映物种进化过程的频率.目前,在红藻分子系统学研究中,核酸标记技术有：限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）、随即扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）、扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP） 和简单重复序列间扩增（ISSR）;相关核酸分析技术涉及到的序列有：内转录间隔区（ITS）、18S和26S rRNA,核糖体大、小亚基（LSU和SSU）,Rubisco基因及大、小亚基.其在红藻品种鉴定、种群遗传、分类和系统进化的研究中起重要的作用.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.