工业CT在复合材料孔隙率分析中的应用

目的：研究应用高分辨率工业CT系统对陶瓷基复合材料的孔隙率进行分析的方法，材料和方法：采用俄罗斯INDINTRO公司的BT－50高分辨工业CT系统对陶瓷基复合材料试样进行CT扫描，用自行编制的后处理软件对得到的CT图像进行分析，得出材料的孔隙率，结果：通过此方法得出的结果与超声检测结果相符，说明用高分辨率工业CT系统测定复合材料的孔隙率是可行的，同时对材料进行缺陷检测，密度分析等。     

Discrete crack modelling for dynamically loaded,unreinforced concrete structures

The dynamic response of unreinforced concrete structures is studied taking account of initiation, extension, closing and reopening of so-called discrete cracks. The computational procedure is based on the finite-element method and is at present restricted to two-dimensional situations. The discrete cracks are simulated by separation of originally adjacent finite elements. An equivalent tensile-strength criterion is used for the initiation and extension of the cracks which are assumed to propagate perpendicularly to the principal tensile stress. If this direction does not coincide with the interelement boundaries of the finite-element mesh, the latter is automatically altered. Between elements being separated by a crack special ‘crack elements’ are introduced, which take account of the stress transfer by aggregate interlock. The equations of motion are integrated numerically using an explicit formulation. The procedures outlined are demonstrated on a simplified cross-section of a concrete gravity dam subjected to horizontal earthquake excitation.     

地震断层作用下的埋地管道等效分析模型

地震作用下,活动断层附近的埋地管道易发生强度屈服、局部屈曲或整体失稳等形式的破坏,建立准确、高效的埋地管道在断层作用下的计算模型,对管道的抗震设计和震后安全状态评估具有重要的实用价值。本文采用非线性弹簧模拟远离断层处埋地管道的反应,基于管土之间小变形段管道处于强化阶段,提出一种改进的管土等效分析模型,进一步减小了管土之间大变形段的分析长度,从而提高了有限元分析效率。该模型采用ALA推荐的方法计算管土间的滑动摩擦力,可以考虑土体种类的影响;用Kennedy方法确定管道的计算长度。通过与精确模型比较,验证了管土等效模型的合理性和有效性。     

P波入射时含圆柱形空腔板弹性波散射与动应力集中

采用波函数展开法给出了板的横截面处孔洞在平面P波入射下动应力集中问题的解。本文使用大圆弧假定法来满足板中的自由表面的边界条件。数值结果表明,上表面和孔洞间的距离与下表面和孔洞间的距离都对结果有影响。如果孔洞半径相对板的厚度很小,解近似等于孔洞全空间解。所给出的解是半解析解。因此能被用来验证诸如BEM,FEM,FDM等数值法。     

考虑地基土液化影响的高层建筑地震反应分析

为了研究地基土液化对高层建筑地震反应的影响，本文简要介绍了分时段等效线性有效应力动力分析方法，且将其中的等效线性化方法改进为逐步迭代非线性方法，并利用ANSYS程序的参数化设计语言将这一分析方法并入ANSYS程序中，最后分析了考虑液化时桩基-高层建筑体系的地震反应。认为对于单层砂土-桩基-高层建筑体系来说，砂土的液化对上部结构地震反应有较大的影响；而对于本文采用的上海土-桩基-高层建筑体系来说，砂土层的液化未对上部结构的地震反应产生明显的影响。     

交通荷载作用红层填料道路沉降细观模拟

为研究G6京藏高速兰州—海石湾段红层路基填料导致的沉降问题,建立二自由度路基路面耦合离散元模型。通过迭代运算,得到各层材料的细观参数,编写Fish函数,用冲击荷载及半正弦荷载模拟交通荷载作用,在此基础上分析荷载作用下路基路面各层颗粒的位移和应力时程曲线。研究表明：基层与红层填料交界面处出现位移分层现象,基层受水平拉应力作用,是裂缝发展的高风险区,在公路运营过程中应定期重点监测该区域裂缝的发生。PFC模型实现了路基土体及路面结构层在离散元软件中协同变形的耦合,为不良路基地区道路的病害问题及沉降变形计算提供研究思路,为该地区后续的路基病害整治奠定理论基础。     

Stability analysis of a slope subject to real accelerograms by finite elements. Application to San Pedro cliff at the Alhambra in Granada

The dynamic stability analysis of slopes is often conducted by the traditional method of slices, using pseudo-static calculations. However, the response of a geotechnical structure subjected to seismic loads can be studied through a dynamic finite element analysis, which can be considered one of the most complete available tools, as information about the stress distribution and the deformations can be obtained. The dynamic analysis of the stability of San Pedro cliff at the Alhambra in Granada is studied in this paper. The results have been compared with pseudo-static calculations worked out with the method of slices. Real accelerograms have been selected for the dynamic tests. Thorough in situ and laboratory tests have been conducted in order to properly characterize the cliff. The soil constitutive model is also explained in this paper. Finally, the influence of the sources of energy dissipation has been studied through the material damping, the integration scheme and the boundary conditions.     

A comparison of material damping measurements in resonant column using the steady-state and free-vibration decay methods

The study reports results associated with the small to medium strain range material damping of quartz sand. The experiments were conducted in a fixed-free type resonant column and the samples were subjected to torsional mode of vibration at their first natural frequency. A comparison between the derived damping values using two different methods is presented: the steady-state vibration method (SSV) and the free-vibration decay method (FVD). Within the scatter of the data the two different methods in measuring material damping provided comparable results with a scatter, in most cases, of less than ±15% for the working strain range of the resonant column method. The damping values derived from the FVD and SSV methods were also compared with proposed models in the literature by means of stiffness degradation–damping increase correlation.     

A modified normalized input-output minimization （Mod-NIOM） method for seismic wave propagation modeling

A new method for wave propagation modeling is introduced in this paper. By using the constraint optimization (Lagrange multiplier) method, the sum of weighted squared Fourier amplitudes is minimized when subjected to a constraint. The sum of the maximum amplitudes obtained from all output models is normalized to unity and is taken as a constraint. In this method, all the actual time histories are considered as outputs and dealt with equally. Independently of the combinations of time histories (or the first ...     

软件ABAQUS在饱和土体动力响应分析中的应用

研究表明:地震作用下土体的动力特性及变形特性与超静孔隙水压力的发展变化密切相关,因此,在土体动力分析过程中考虑孔隙水压的影响是非常必要的。本文通过对基本方程的推导,借助于大型有限元软件ABAQUS,进行了饱和土体在动力作用下孔隙水压变化的数值模拟。计算结果表明,ABAQUS完全适用于此类问题的数值模拟,并且稳定性和收敛性较好。     

Surface waves in restricted Hadamard materials

Summary The propagation of waves of small amplitude in an elastic medium composed of Hadamard material, satisfying also the Ordered Forces condition and the Strong Ellipticity condition, and subjected to a large homogeneous biaxial stress, is investigated in detail. Consideration is given to the existence and general properties of Rayleigh waves on the surface of a semi-infinite medium, and to the propagation of plate waves in a medium of finite thickness.     

Variation of the intensity of the Earth’s magnetic field in Portugal in the 1st millennium BC

The study of magnetization of the ceramic material from 21 archeological monuments of Portugal (the Evora province), dated archeologically from the Bronze Age to the end of the Iron Age has been carried out. For the purpose of more detailed timing of the material from the monuments the method of ceramic age dating on the basis of its porosity has been used. In order to take into account the distorted factors in the determination of the parameters of the ancient geomagnetic field with the aim of the maximal approximation to the actual values the diagnostic features of magnetite weathering have been considered and the level of weathering of the magnetic fraction in the ceramics from archeological monuments has been determined. The data of geomagnetic field-strength variation in the time interval of the 12th century BC to the beginning of the Common Era have been obtained. The field-strength at this time interval varied in the range of 60–90 micro Tesla with the maximal values in the 9th, 8th, and the second half of the 5th to the beginning of the 4th century BC. In addition, the timing of the ceramic material from the urns of the megalithic complex Monte de Tera of the Evora province has been clarified.     

On the application of finite-element techniques to problems concerning potential distribution and stress analysis in the earth sciences

Summary The elastic response (i.e., displacement fields, strain and stress distributions) has been determined by structural matrix analysis for a homogeneous rock layer subjected to two-dimensional distributions of vertical displacement applied along a basal boundary. The results obtained compare favorably with biharmonic function solutions obtained bySanford [42]²) and the authors. The analysis was then extended: the effects of different magnitudes of superposed gravitationally-induced stresses, release of a constrained side boundary, and introduction of pronounced heterogeneity were each quantitatively evaluated. Each of these changed conditions effected important alterations in response characteristics, e.g., in configuration of stress trajectories, predicted locations and configurations of initial fracture surfaces, shear stress distributions, and displacement fields.These results are cited as an example of the utility of finite-element analysis (originally developed for evaluation of aeronautical structural components) for solutions of boundary value problems of a geological/geophysical nature. The breadth of specific physical problems succeptible to evaluation by this method is large and includes (i) behavior of rocks under static/dynamic loading, (ii) seismic response, (iii) heat and fluid flow, and (iv) distribution of potential. Most of the fundamental problems in geophysics, structural geology, geohydrology, geomorphology, glaciology, and engineering geology involve the above categories either directly or otherwise. The finite-element approach to these problems if bound to have enormous significance, for unlike classical mechanics, it can be readily adapted to solution of systems characterized by non-linear, anisotropic, heterogeneous material properties, of any exterior configuration, containing structural discontinuities, and subjected to any viable combinations of load/displacement boundary conditions.     

深水连续刚构桥地震响应分析

本文探讨连续刚构桥在深水中地震响应的特性.首先建立了地震作用下深水桥梁的运动方程,简要阐述了该运动方程的求解方法,应用该运动方程,对一座桥墩淹没水深168m的连续刚构桥进行了地震响应分析,考察了在纵向、横向激励作用下桥墩的内力响应和位移响应特征,探讨了矩形空心截面桥墩内域水、外域水对桥墩地震响应的影响,结果表明,由于墩-水相互作用,桥墩的位移和内力响应均有明显增大,对于矩形空心墩,内域水和外域水的影响应同时计入.     

Seismic design and experiment of single and coupled corner gusset connections in a full‐scale two‐story buckling‐restrained braced frame

A gusset plate is subjected to forces induced from a buckling‐restrained brace (BRB) and frame action. In this study, a performance‐based design method of the gusset connections incorporating a BRB and frame actions is investigated. The force demands resulting from the BRB axial force are computed from the generalized uniform force method. The force demands induced from the frame action effects primarily result from beam shear. A conservative method, which considers the beam axial force effect and the thereafter reduced beam flexural capacity possibly developed at the gusset tips, is adopted in estimating the maximum beam shear. An improved equivalent strut model is used to represent the gusset plate subjected to the frame action effect. The total force demands of the gusset connection are combined from the BRB force and the frame actions. For design purposes, the stress distributions on the gusset interfaces are linearized. The maximum von Mises stress combining the normal and shear stresses is considered as the demand for the gusset plate design. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed design method, experiments on a two‐story full‐scale buckling‐restrained braced frame (BRBF) were performed. The chevron and single diagonal brace configurations were arranged in the second and the first stories, respectively. Two different corner gusset connection configurations including one single corner gusset and one coupled corner gusset connection, where two braces in adjacent stories joined at the same beam‐to‐column joint, were tested. The BRBF specimen was subjected to cyclically increasing lateral displacements with a maximum frame drift of 0.04 rad. The maximum story drifts reached 0.035 and 0.061 rad. in the first and the second stories, respectively. At the end of the tests, no fractures were observed on any of the gusset interfaces. Along the gusset interfaces, the normal and shear stress distributions computed from the proposed design procedures and the FEM analysis correlated well with the experimental results. This paper concludes with the procedure and recommendations for the performance‐based design of gusset connections. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wing walls for enhancing the seismic performance of reinforced concrete frame structures

A building retrofitted with wing walls in the bottom story, which was damaged during the 2008 M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in China, is introduced and a corresponding 1/4 scale wing wall-frame model was subjected to shake table motions to study the seismic behavior of this retrofitted structural system. The results show that wing walls can effectively protect columns from damage by moving areas that bear reciprocating tension and compression to the sections of the wing walls, thus achieving an extra measure of seismic fortification. A ‘strong column-weak beam' mechanism was realized, the flexural rigidity of the vertical member was strengthened, and a more uniform distribution of deformation among all the stories was measured. In addition, the joint between the wing walls and the beams suffered severe damage during the tests, due to an area of local stress concentration. A longer area of intensive stirrup is suggested in the end of the beams.     

Calculated geochronology and stress field orientations along the Hawaiian chain

A new method has been discovered for calculating ages of the main shield building stages of volcanoes along the Hawaiian chain from Kilauea to the Hawaiian-Emperor bend. The method is based on a graphical technique for hypothetical subtraction of distance intervals that theoretically represent regions of simultaneous volcanism along adjacent or nearly en-echelon loci of volcanism. Distances along the chain, measured from Kilauea, when progressively foreshortened by the distances of hypothetical “collapse” and plotted versus existing age data are found to give linear age-distance relationships. A calibration graph is presented that agrees closely with the measured ages in 17 of the 20 existing dated volcanoes. The criterion for simultaneous activity on different loci is based on the concept of equal azimuths of synchronous volcanic propagation within coeval segments of the chain. This is the predicted relationship when magmatic fluids inject the lithosphere along directions normal to a nearly horizontal least principal stress. It appears that the Pacific plate has been subjected to oscillatory, but principally clockwise, rotations of horizontal stress components during the last 40 m.y.     

Finite element analysis and experimental verification of the scrap tire rubber pad isolator

A new base isolation system using scrap tire rubber pads (STRP) has been introduced for seismic mitigation of ordinary residential buildings. The rubber and the steel reinforcing cords used in manufacturing the tire are the alternative materials of the proposed base isolation system. The steel reinforcing cords represent the steel plates used in conventional laminated rubber bearings. These steel reinforcing cords shall prevent the lateral bulging of the rubber bearing. The proposed base isolation system has no bonding between the superstructure and the foundation beam which allows for rollover deformation. In the first part of the study, the STRP layers were just stacked one on top of another without applying the adhesive. This paper presents loading test as well as finite element analysis (FE analysis) of strip STRP isolators that are subjected to any given combination of static vertical and lateral loads. The results of the static vertical and horizontal loading test conducted on STRP isolators were used to calculate the mechanical properties of the isolators, including stiffness and damping values. The load–displacement relationship of STRP isolators were compared between experimental and FE analysis results and the results were found to be in close agreement. The stress state within the STRP isolators was also analyzed in order to estimate the maximum stress demand in the rubber and steel reinforcing cords. These STRP isolators have several advantages over conventional laminated rubber bearings including superior damping properties, lower incurred cost, light weight and easily available material. This study suggests that using the STRP as low cost base isolation device for ordinary residential buildings is feasible.     

SH waves in stressed elastic plates

Summary A theoretical study is made of the propagation ofSH waves of small amplitude in an infinite elastic plate subjected to a primary normal stress. It is shown that the effect of the stress may be represented by a re-scaling of the plate thickness, provided that one elastic constant is also redefined suitably.     

Forced wave motion in an unbouded space surrounding a lined,spherical cavity

Summary This investigation considers the point-symmetric response of an unbounded, elastic medium. A spherical cavity in the unbounded medium is lined by an elastic, spherical shell attached to the surrounding medium. The shell liner is subjected to specified time-varying surface stress acting upon its internal surface. A detailed evaluation of the shell liner shielding characteristics is presented.