利用高光谱红外探测资料反演大气参数

文章介绍了红外高光谱的卫星探测技术以及利用现有的机载和星载高光谱资料的反演方法，着重讨论了美国NASA地球观测系统上携带的大气红外探测仪AIRS的反演方法。     

青藏高原上空甲烷的时空分布特征及其夏季高值形成机制分析

利用搭载在美国Aqua卫星上的大气红外探测仪(AIRS)观测资料反演的全球甲烷(CH_4)产品和NCEP再分析资料,分析了2003~2014年青藏高原上空CH_4的时空变化特征,探讨了夏季CH_4高值变化与季风的关系。研究结果表明:就青藏高原整体而言,CH_4浓度随高度增加递减;对流层中高层CH_4含量季节变化较为明显,其平均浓度在7~9月处于高值,6月、10月次之,其余月份处于低值。2003~2014年CH_4含量呈逐年上升趋势,年增长率约为4.66ppb(10-9)。高原上空CH_4空间分布分析显示,高原北部CH_4浓度高于南部地区。夏季风期间,随着高原上的强对流输送和上空南亚高压的阻塞,对流层中高层CH_4浓度明显增加并不断积累,在8月底至9月初出现最大值。在分析季风指数的基础上发现,夏季季风影响下的强对流输送是高原对流层中高层CH_4高值形成的主要原因之一,对流层中高层CH_4浓度最大值出现时间较季风指数的峰值滞后约半至一个月,随着夏季风的撤退,CH_4浓度高值迅速降低。     

Validation of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder Retrieval Products over China and Their Application in Numerical Mode

The atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) instrument onboard Aqua Satellite is a high spectral resolution infrared sounder. In recent years, AIRS has gradually become the primary method of atmospheric vertical observations. To examine the validation of AIRS retrieval products (V3.0) over China, the AIRS surface air temperature retrievals were compared with the ground observations obtained from 540 meteorological stations in July 2004 and January 2005, respectively. The sources of errors were considerably discussed. Based on the error analysis, the AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products were systemically corrected. Moreover, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile retrievals were compared with T213 numerical forecasting products. Because T213 forecasting products are not the actual atmospheric states,to further verify the validation, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile products were assimilated into the MM5 model through the analysis nudging. In this paper, the case on February 14, 2005 in North China was simulated in detail. Then, we investigated the effects of AIRS retrievals on snowfall, humidity field,vertical velocity field, divergence field, and cloud microphysical processes. The major results are: (1) the errors of AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products are largely systematic deviations, for which the influences of terrain altitude and surface types are the major reasons; (2) the differences between the AIRS atmospheric profile retrievals and T213 numerical prediction products in temperature are generally less than 2 K, the differences in relative humidity are generally less than 25%; and (3) the AIRS temperature and humidity retrieval products can adjust the model initial field, and thus can improve the capacity of snowfall simulation to some extent.     

Validation of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder Retrieval Products over China and Their Application in Numerical Model

The atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) instrument onboard Aqua Satellite is a high spectral resolution infrared sounder. In recent years, AIRS has gradually become the primary method of atmospheric vertical observations. To examine the validation of AIRS retrieval products (V3.0) over China, the AIRS surface air temperature retrievals were compared with the ground observations obtained from 540 meteorological stations in July 2004 and January 2005, respectively. The sources of errors were considerably discussed. Based on the error analysis, the AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products were systemi-cally corrected. Moreover, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile retrievals were compared with T213 numerical forecasting products. Because T213 forecasting products are not the actual atmospheric states, to further verify the validation, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile products were assimilated into the MM5 model through the analysis nudging. In this paper, the case on February 14, 2005 in North China was simulated in detail. Then, we investigated the effects of AIRS retrievals on snowfall, humidity field, vertical velocity field, divergence field, and cloud microphysical processes. The major results are: (1) the errors of AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products are largely systematic deviations, for which the influences of terrain altitude and surface types are the major reasons; (2) the differences between the AIRS atmospheric profile retrievals and T213 numerical prediction products in temperature are generally less than 2 K, the differences in relative humidity are generally less than 25%; and (3) the AIRS temperature and humidity retrieval products can adjust the model initial field, and thus can improve the capacity of snowfall simulation to some extent.     

青藏高原夏季中尺度强对流系统的时空分布

利用1994年6～8月GMS-4红外展宽数字资料，统计和分析了青藏高原上293个中尺度强对流系统（s-MCS）的活动。结果表明，它们在高原上活动频繁，并且其生命史、水平尺度及强度具有较典型的中-β尺度系统特征；它们的形成和发展主要是由于地形热力效应；它们的移动方向与300～200 hPa间的平均气流方向大体一致，并且极少移出高原。     

利用葵花8号(Himawari-8)高时空分辨率的红外亮温资料估计台风莫兰蒂的短时强降水及其演变

为探究高时空分辨率卫星资料在我国登陆台风降水预报中的作用,本文针对2016年14号超强台风莫兰蒂,采用Himawari-8亮温资料通过定量降水估计(quantitative precipitation estimation,QPE)方法估算降水强度,并利用国家气象信息中心全国综合气象信息共享系统(China Integrated Meteorological Information Sharing System,CIMISS)提供的台站降水资料进行质量评估。结果表明:(1)卫星估算与地面实测的降水落区有较好的对应关系,但是卫星高估了弱降水,而低估了强降水(尤其在高海拔地区);(2)卫星估算与地面实测的降水强度并非同位相变化,而是实测降水滞后于卫星估算的降水,该滞后时间在台风登陆后的移动区较长(约2～2. 5 h);(3)整体而言,卫星估算的某时刻降水强度与未来一段时间内(约2～2. 5 h)该地区的实际总降水量有很强相关性,说明Himawari-8卫星估算的降水可在台风降水的预警预报中提供指示作用。     

中国东部大陆和邻近海域暖云特性时空分布及其与气象条件的关系

基于2003~2016年MODIS/Aqua（MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）云产品资料（MYD08_D3）,分析了中国东部大陆及其邻近海域云量（CF）、云滴有效半径（CER）、和液水路径（LWP）的空间分布以及季节变化,并结合同期ERA-Interim再分析资料的850 hPa垂直速度（ω_850hPa）、低对流层稳定度（LTS）、以及MODIS/Aqua水汽产品中的大气可降水量（PWV）资料,分析了云宏微观物理量与动力、热力及水汽条件之间的关系。从空间分布来看,夏季由日本海至中南半岛存在一个东北西南走向的云量高值区,覆盖我国东部地区,冬季云量高值区位于我国南方地区和东部海域上空;云滴有效半径冬、夏分布类似,均为由东南洋面至西北内陆递减;夏季液水路径分布较为均一,冬季空间差异很大,30°N是明显的高低值分界线,这与冬季水汽的分布密切相关。陆地和海洋上云量均呈冬高夏低的变化趋势,陆地大于海洋,而云滴有效半径和液水路径则为夏高冬低,海洋大于陆地。总体来说,云量与PWV和LTS均表现为正相关、与ω_850hPa呈负相关,表明低层的上升运动有利于水汽向上输送、凝结形成云,但稳定的大气层结又会阻碍云进一步向上发展,使其被限制在底层空间,由于本文的研究对象为暖云,多为中低云,因而云量较高;云滴有效半径和液水路径均与LTS、ω_850hPa表现为负相关,但是对PWV的变化不是很敏感,表明水汽并不是影响云滴尺度和液水路径的主导因素,其主要受动力、热力抬升作用的影响;以上关系在不同区域、不同季节的表现存在一定差异。     

ETKF初值扰动方法中真实观测及扰动调节因子研究

目前国家气象中心业务GRAPES区域集合预报系统中集合变换卡尔曼滤波（ETKF）方法采用的是模拟观测信息，为进一步完善ETKF方法，拟对ETKF初值扰动通过引入真实探空观测资料，使扰动场能够代表真实观测的不确定信息，改善区域集合预报技巧。真实观测资料的引入会使得每日的观测数目和分布发生变化，这对ETKF方法而言可能会引起扰动振幅的不稳定，因此在引入真实观测资料的基础上设计了新的扰动振幅调节因子，通过格点空间中离散度和均方根误差关系来对初值扰动振幅进行自适应调整。从初值扰动结构、概率预报技巧以及降水预报效果等方面对比分析了基于模拟观测、真实观测以及真实观测结合新型调节因子的ETKF方案的差异，结果表明:真实探空资料能够有效应用于GRAPES区域集合预报系统中，真实观测资料与模拟观测资料相比较为稀疏，可以获得更大量级的初值扰动振幅；真实观测资料有助于提高区域集合的离散度，但对集合预报准确度以及概率预报结果的提高有限，对于降水预报效果提高也有限；新型的扰动振幅调节因子可以有效获得稳定的初值扰动振幅，并保持ETKF扰动结构，真实观测资料与扰动振幅自适应调节因子相结合，可以有效提高区域集合的概率预报结果，并有效提高降水预报效果。     

利用静止气象卫星红外通道遥感监测中国沙尘暴

气象卫星的红外窗区通道 (8~12 μm) 对于通常大气气溶胶几乎没有响应, 但对于较大颗粒且浓度较强的沙尘气溶胶, 尤其是沙尘暴有明显的信号反应。空气中的沙尘在红外分裂窗通道表现出两个特征:一是对地表发射到空间的红外信号产生衰减, 造成卫星探测到的地气系统亮温降低, 这就是所谓的红外差值沙尘指数IDDI; 二是沙尘粒子在红外分裂窗两个通道的比辐射率不同, 11 μm比12 μm的比辐射率低, 从而造成这两个通道的亮温差是负值。基于这两个特征和沙尘多通道光谱聚类法, 针对静止气象卫星观测数据进行了沙尘暴卫星遥感监测业务算法开发, 输出沙尘暴监测产品和红外差值沙尘指数产品, 这一算法不仅用于已经退役的GMS-5卫星, 而且应用于正在运行的静止气象卫星FY-2C, 它还为沙尘暴的定量或半定量遥感提供参考借鉴。