琼东南盆地崖北凹陷构造特征及其对油气成藏的影响

在对崖北凹陷地震资料精细解释的基础上,重新认识了凹陷结构和断裂发育特征。研究认为,受5号断裂控制,崖北凹陷整体呈北断南超的构造格局,凹陷可划分为陡坡带、深洼带和缓坡带。2号断裂控制的陵水低凸起对崖北凹陷崖城组煤系烃源岩发育有重要影响。继承性发育的伸展构造是崖北凹陷的主要构造样式,断层型圈闭是该地区发育的主要圈闭类型。崖北凹陷南部、东南部低角度缓坡带圈闭落实,并发育有匹配的煤系烃源岩,是崖北凹陷的有利勘探区域。     

琼东南盆地松东凹陷断裂发育特征

松东凹陷位于琼东南盆地东北部,是受琼东南盆地6号断裂控制、总体呈南断北超的新生代凹陷。松东凹陷断裂复杂,理清断裂的发育特征有助于加深对琼东南盆地区域构造演化的认识,具有重要油气地质意义。基于近几年新采集的地震资料,结合区域地质背景,从剖面上和平面上多方位对松东凹陷的各种类型断层进行了系统解释和厘定,分析了断裂的组合样式、活动期次、发育规律及展布特征。结果表明:松东凹陷单条断层剖面上多呈犁式、平直式,多条断层组合常呈复合"Y"字形、羽状、帚状和网状;平面上单条断层多为弧形、直线形,多条断层组合常呈帚状、斜交式和平行式;松东凹陷断层按期次可划分为始新世NE向、渐新世近EW向和中新世NWW向三组,NE向断层控制松东凹陷的边界及其内部次级构造,渐新世近EW向断层和中新世NWW向断层组合形成六组断裂带成排分布,并伴有多条近SN向走滑断层发育;松东凹陷不同期次断裂的发育是区域应力场伸展方向随时间发生顺时针旋转的结果。结合松东凹陷的断裂发育特征和成因机制分析,最终认为该区断裂对油气成藏起到控烃源、控运移和控圈闭的作用,SN向走滑断层周缘以及构造变换带是油气成藏有利位置。     

琼东南盆地崖南凹陷崖13-1构造与崖21-1构造成藏条件的比较

中国的最大气田--崖13-1气田位于崖南凹陷西缘,位于崖南凹陷东南缘的崖21-1构造就目前几口钻井显示成藏条件并不理想.总体来说,崖21-1构造烃源条件差、储层条件差、区域能量条件差.崖13-1气田天然气主要来自于琼东南盆地的崖南凹陷和莺歌海盆地埋深分别大于4 450 m和4 700 m的崖城-陵水组烃源岩.崖21-1构造的主要源岩为乐东凹陷,其浅海A型和浅海B型源岩的发育条件均很差.据沉积相的研究,崖21-1构造的陵水组为滨海相沉积,相对于崖13-1构造来说,粒度变细,以细砂岩为主.两构造的能量场配置和流体活动也有明显的不同,崖13-1构造盖层发育超压,储层为常压,为侧向流体充注,反映了能量场的黄金配置;而崖21-1构造储层和盖层均为超压,为垂向流体泄放.通过对2个构造的成藏条件的比较说明了崖21-1构造目前未能成藏的原因.     

琼东南盆地崖南凹陷海湾扇三角洲体系沉积构成及演化模式

本文以琼东南盆地崖南凹陷陵水组三段扇三角洲体系为例，详细讨论了进积于海湾背景环境下扇三角洲体系的岩性相、成因相及其空间配置关系。研究区海湾扇三角洲体系自下而上潮汐作用越来越强，其垂向演化可划分为三个阶段，早期为以河流作用占优势阶段，中期为河流和潮汐混合作用阶段，晚期为以潮汐作用占优势逐渐过渡为以潮汐作用占优势。     

琼东南盆地断裂活动性定量计算及其发育演化模式

在地震剖面解释的基础上,运用断层活动速率法和位移-距离法对琼东南盆地主要断裂系统的活动性进行了定量计 算。结果表明,断裂的活动性与盆地的演化阶段相对应,同时可以在同裂陷阶段划分出始新世-早渐新世裂陷幕和晚渐新 世断坳转换幕,这两幕裂陷控制了盆地深部的基本构造格局。单条断层在早渐新世至晚渐新世期间断裂主要活动中心存在 由东向西迁移的过程,盆地断裂系统活动中心在晚渐新世至早中新世也存在由东向西迁移的过程,盆地内规模较大的复合 断裂带具有区段式活动的特征。将盆地内断裂系统发育模式总结为两种：以6号和11号断裂带为代表的简单生长模型,断裂 系统发育演化过程中表现为单一区段断层独立生长的特征,断层简单地由中间向两侧生长,断层位移距离曲线自始至终为 半椭圆型,且最大位移大致位于断层中部;以2号和5号断裂带为代表的生长连通型生长模式,断裂带由多条区段式活动的 断层生长连接形成,其生长发育过程表现为沿断层面纵向上最大滑移量由各个区段的中心向各个区段交汇处迁移,由此各 个区段断端破裂扩展,最终相互连接而形成一条大型断裂带。     

南海北部琼东南盆地深水区陵水凹陷南部油气成藏条件

勘探已证实陵水凹陷浅层新近系发育中央峡谷莺歌海组—黄流组有效天然气成藏组合。渐新统崖城组煤系是陵水凹陷的主力气源岩,也可为陵水凹陷南部提供烃源。渐新统上部陵水组一段—中新统下部三亚组二段发育扇三角洲、浊积水道、海底扇砂岩储层,砂体富集的主控因素是凹陷边界断裂转换带、断阶带及构造坡折。陵水凹陷南部具有晚期成藏的特点,陵水凹陷生成的烃类通过断裂、砂体向南侧发生垂向与侧向运聚。综合储层、运移及圈闭条件等因素,优选出陵南斜坡反向断阶构造带为有利勘探区带。     

琼东南盆地2号断裂东带发育特征及形成机理

本文通过2号断裂陵水带、松南带基本结构及特征分析了它自新生代以来特别是古近纪的活动史和构造-沉积发育史。并发现,2号断裂松南带发育比陵水带更加复杂的结构样式,在此基础上,结合该断裂带的深部切片和地震资料,运用断层传播连接热点理论剖析了这种结构的成因,认为2号断裂松南带以L1023测线为界在成因上存在较大差异,这种差异是由早期断陷和所控充填方式都不同的两条断裂交叉连接而成,而且指出了这种成因断裂在油气勘探中应该注意的问题和意义。     

琼东南盆地岩石圈特征的构造模拟约束

琼东南盆地是晚始新世时期发育于南海北缘的伸展性盆地。本文在利用盆地内区域2D地震资料构造解释的基础上,运用基于弹性梁模型和挠曲均衡原理的2D构造模拟软件对琼东南盆地岩石圈结构特征进行模拟。研究发现:琼东南盆地地区的有效弹性厚度在1～5km,最佳取值为3km;拉张因子在1.3～1.5,其中裂后阶段反演模拟的拉张因子为1.5,裂陷阶段正演模拟的拉张因子为1.3左右。最后对红河断裂新生代的活动以及南海扩张运动对模拟产生的可能影响进行了分析与讨论。     

琼东南盆地崖北凹陷崖城组煤系烃源岩发育环境及控制因素

依据沉积环境控制烃源岩发育理论,研究了琼东南盆地崖北凹陷崖城组煤系烃源岩的发育环境及主控因素,并建立了研究区崖城组煤系烃源岩的发育模式。崖城组煤系烃源岩主要形成于半咸水、还原-弱还原的扇三角洲平原河道间泥炭沼泽环境和半咸水、弱还原-弱氧化的潮坪潮上带-潮间带泥炭沼泽环境。沉积环境、古气候条件、相对海平面变化以及古构造控制煤系烃源岩的发育,其中沉积环境控制着煤系烃源岩中有机质类型、有机质丰度、显微组分及煤层的厚度,古气候条件提供了煤系烃源岩发育的物质基础,相对海平面变化影响着煤系烃源岩的展布及保存条件,古构造则是聚煤盆地形成、演化的主要控制因素。崖城组煤系烃源岩有两种发育模式,一是在扇三角洲平原河道间泥炭沼泽环境中水体的还原性起主导作用,二是在潮坪潮上带-潮间带泥炭沼泽中高生物生产率起主导作用。     

琼东南盆地松南低凸起古近系构造-沉积演化特征与天然气成藏

为了明确松南低凸起区构造沉积演化特征及对天然气成藏的意义.基于区域长剖面精细解释,利用最新的钻井、测井、地震资料,分析了松南低凸起及围区古近系构造格局、斜坡类型及演化特征、沉积特征及与天然气成藏的关系.结果表明,松南低凸起主要受北部2号、12号断裂,南部11号、10号断裂活动控制,古近纪经历了:“（1）差异翘倾抬升,西高东低;（2）加速翘倾抬升,向东抬升”这2个阶段,并以发育旋转掀斜斜坡为主.古地貌具有“隆凹相间”与“西高东低”的特征.断裂活动及翘倾抬升作用控制了物源区的分布、缓坡沉积格局及输砂通道,在东突起上发育了缓坡带扇三角洲沉积.大面积分布的扇三角洲发育了优质的储集体,构造活动形成了多种类型的圈闭,天然气生、运、聚时空匹配良好,松南低凸起古近系有望成为琼东南盆地下一个千亿方级的天然气聚集区.      

新构造运动在南黄海盆地的表现及其对油气成藏的影响

在精细地震资料构造解释基础上,认为上新世-第四纪是南黄海盆地新构造运动的主要活动期,对应南黄海盆地第二个阶段的断裂活动期。垂向上,新构造运动具有早晚构造响应差异：早期南北向弱挤压背景下以张性正断层为主,晚期东西向两幕挤压背景下以逆断层和褶皱为主;平面上,新构造运动影响亦具有差异：北部坳陷活动强烈、正断层发育、逆断层少量,而南部坳陷活动较弱。新构造运动与北部坳陷烃源岩的生排烃时期吻合,断裂带是重要输导体系,也是重要的潜在成藏区。     

Gravity Flow on Slope and Abyssal Systems in the Qiongdongnan Basin, Northern South China Sea

The study of new seismic data permits the identification of sediment gravity flows in terms of internal architecture and the distribution on shelf and abyssal setting in the Qiongdongnan Basin (QDNB). Six gravity flow types are recognized: (1) turbidite channels with a truncational basal and concordant overburden relationship along the shelf edge and slope, comprising laterally-shifting and vertically-aggrading channel complexes; (2) slides with a spoon-shaped morphology slip steps on the shelf-break and generated from the deformation of poorly-consolidated and high water content sediments; (3) slumps are limited on the shelf slope, triggered either by an anomalous slope gradient or by fault activity; (4) turbidite sheet complexes (TSC) were ascribed to the basin-floor fan and slope fan origin, occasionally feeding the deep marine deposits by turbidity currents; (5) sediment waves occurring in the lower slope-basin floor, and covering an area of approximately 400?km2, were generated beneath currents flowing across the sea bed; and (6) the central canyon in the deep water area represents an exceptive type of gravity flow composed of an association of debris flow, turbidite channels, and TSC. It presents planar multisegment and vertical multiphase characteristics. Turbidite associated with good petrophysical property in the canyon could be treated as a potential exploration target in the QDNB.     

琼东南盆地现今地层温度分布特征及油气地质意义

温度状态是决定油气形成与保存的关键因素，精准的深部地层温度预测对盆地油气资源战略评价和勘探开发具有重要意义。琼东南盆地是我国当前深水油气资源勘探的重点区块，揭示盆地深部地层温度分布格局及主控因素是深水油气勘探研究的一项基础工作。结合钻孔实测温度和系统的岩石热物性参数，文章揭示了琼东南盆地现今深部地层温度分布特征。研究表明，琼东南盆地的优势储层温度为90~150℃ （数据占比>70%），高于国外学者提出的储层“黄金温度带”（60~120℃），推测与南海北部大陆边缘盆地高地热背景有关。此外，盆地T30—T70 界面处的估算温度均表现为“西高东低”的特征，高温区域位于西部的崖南凹陷；深部温度分布格局与地层的埋深、热导率结构以及因区域拉张程度不同引起的基底热流差异等诸因素有关。成果为琼东南深水油气勘探开发及钻井工艺设计提供了坚实的地热学依据。     

琼东南盆地陆坡体系发育特征及其控制因素

琼东南盆地位于南海北部大陆边缘,是发育于前古近系基底之上的裂陷盆地,自中新世以来进入裂后沉降期。10.5Ma以来,随着盆地演化进入加速沉降阶段,盆地水深迅速增大,陆坡体系开始发育。根据陆坡体系的外部形态及其内部沉积构成特征,在空间上自西向东可以将其划分为3段,盆地西部陆坡以快速进积的陆坡楔状体为主要特征;盆地中部陆坡以陡倾的陆坡角度,大量的陆坡峡谷、沟谷和大规模的沉积物重力流等陆坡沉积为特征;盆地东部陆坡以宽缓的陆坡形态为主要特征。研究表明,沉积物供给和断裂活动对陆坡体系的发育都具有重要的控制作用;同时,陆坡发育时期所经历的沉积过程、古地貌形态和相对海平面变化对陆坡体系的发育也具有一定的控制作用。     

Controls of faulting on synrift infill patterns in the Eocene PY4 Sag,Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China Sea

Tectono-stratigraphic analysis of the Eocene PY4 Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, reveals that the evolution of normal faulting exerted an important control on the basin infill patterns. Seismic, well log and core data jointly indicate the Eocene Wenchang Formation can be subdivided into four third-order sequences that are related to early rift (WSQ1), rift climax (WSQ2–3) and late rift (WSQ4) stages. During the early rift stage, the PY4 Sag was defined by three, small-sized depocentres; it was related to low tectonic subsidence and likely overfilled by footwall-derived fan-delta deposits. The isolated depocentres coalesced and formed a larger and more uniform depocentre during the rift climax stage. Significantly increased tectonic subsidence during the rift climax WSQ2 sub-stage gave rise to prominent deep lake deposition including nearshore subaqueous fans, turbidite fan deposits and good source rocks. Two sediment infill patterns adjacent to boundary fault are developed during the rift climax WSQ3 sub-stage: (i) a more likely sediment balance-filled pattern controlled by the low-angled fault and (ii) a sediment under-filled pattern adjacent to the relatively high-angle boundary fault. The late rift stage was characterised by a waned displacement on the NE-striking fault but an increase in displacement on E-striking rift-related faults; this non-synchronous faulting has led to the sediment overfilled pattern observed in the South Sub-sag but a more sediment balance-fill on the South-western Slope. The variability in the basin infill patterns is suggested to have resulted from the different fault displacement patterns, which are closely linked to the boundary fault angles and possible stress field transitions during the basin evolution. This study may provide potential implications for basin infill evaluations in the Eocene Pearl River Mouth Basin and other similar rift systems.     

Deep-water Depositional Features of Miocene Zhujiang Formation in Baiyun Sag,Pearl River Mouth Basin

Eleven lithofacies and five lithofacies associations were indentified in the Miocene Zhujiang Formation on the basis of detailed core analysis.It could be determined that three depositional types developed,namely submarine fan,basin and deep-water traction current.Six microfacies were further recognized within the fan,including main channels in the inner fan,distributary channels in the middle fan,inter-channels,levees and the outer fan.The lower Zhujiang Formation,mainly sandstone associations,was inner fan and inner-middle fan deposits of the basin fan and the slope fan. The middle part,mainly mudstone associations,was outer fan deposits.With the transgression,the submarine fan was finally replaced by the basinal pelagic deposits which were dominated by mudstone associations,siltstone associations,and deep-water limestone associations.During the weak gravity flow activity,the lower channels,the middle-upper outer fans and basin deposits were strongly modified by the deep-water traction current.The identification of the deep-water traction deposition in Miocene Zhujiang Formation would be of great importance.It could be inferred that the deep-water traction current had been existing after the shelf-break formation since the Late Oligocene (23.8 Ma) in the Baiyun sag,influencing and controlling the sediment composition,the distribution, and depositional processes.It would provide great enlightenment to the paleo-oceanic current circulation in the northern South China Sea.     

琼东南盆地现今地层温度分布特征及油气地质意义

温度状态是决定油气形成与保存的关键因素,精准的深部地层温度预测对盆地油气资源战略评价和勘探开发具有重要意义。琼东南盆地是我国当前深水油气资源勘探的重点区块,揭示盆地深部地层温度分布格局及主控因素是深水油气勘探研究的一项基础工作。结合钻孔实测温度和系统的岩石热物性参数,文章揭示了琼东南盆地现今深部地层温度分布特征。研究表明,琼东南盆地的优势储层温度为90~150℃ （数据占比>70%）,高于国外学者提出的储层“黄金温度带”（60~120℃）,推测与南海北部大陆边缘盆地高地热背景有关。此外,盆地T30—T70 界面处的估算温度均表现为“西高东低”的特征,高温区域位于西部的崖南凹陷;深部温度分布格局与地层的埋深、热导率结构以及因区域拉张程度不同引起的基底热流差异等诸因素有关。成果为琼东南深水油气勘探开发及钻井工艺设计提供了坚实的地热学依据。     

珠江口盆地的沉积充填与珠江的形成演变

沉积物元素地球化学分析表明,南海北部地区沉积物渐新统与中新统明显不同,两者之间存在物源突变事件。这一沉积地质事件在时间上与南海扩张轴发生跳跃、滇西高原以及东喜马拉雅构造结的快速隆升等一系列地质构造事件十分吻合,是珠江以及珠江口盆地搬运—沉积—充填演化史上一次重大的转变。Ca/Si、CIA以及Al₂O₃等参数变化显示,珠江侵蚀区极有可能由渐新世近源硅酸盐为主的华南沿海地区拓展为中新世远达青藏高原东麓的云贵高原碳酸盐为主的地区,流域范围突然扩大。同时伴随沉积物供给增大,造成珠江口盆地从渐新世富砂为主的沉积堆积体系转变为中新世以来以泥为主的沉积堆积体系,显示出珠江的发育演化以及中新世以来的青藏高原隆升在南海北部的沉积充填演变中扮演了重要角色,对南海北部地区油气藏的形成影响深远。     

Thermodynamic Modeling of Fluid-Bearing Natural Gas Inclusions for Geothermometer and Geobarometer of Overpressured Environments in Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

It is a very difficult problem to directly determine fluid pressure during hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in sedimentary basins. pVt modeling of coupling hydrocarbon fluid inclusion of its coeval aqueous fluid inclusion provides a powerful tool for establishing the relationship of formation pressure evolution with time. Homogenization temperature of fluid inclusion can routinely be measured under microthermometric microscopy. Crushing technique has been employed to obtain the composition of fluid inclusions, and the commercial software VTFLINC easily and rapidly completes the construction of p-t phase diagram. The minimum trapping pressure of hydrocarbon fluid inclusion would be then determined in the p-t space. In this paper, three samples of YC21-1-1 and YC21-1-4 wells at YC21-1 structural closure, Qiongdongnan basin, South China Sea, were selected for the pVt modeling practice, and the formation pressure coefficient (equals to fluid pressure/hydrostatic pressure) changing trend with time has primarily been established. The modeling results also indicate that the reservoirs of Lingshui and Yacheng formations in YC21-1 structure are within a very high potential system and would have undergone a discharging of thermal fluids through top seal rupture, which depicts that there is a very high risk for natural gas exploration in this area.