积水采空区瞬变电磁响应微分解释方法

瞬变电磁(TEM)视电阻率早、晚期计算公式在求取时进行了简化近似,造成部分地电信息的失真.瞬变电磁响应信号衰减过程与介质的电性特征有关,由此引入瞬变电磁响应微分衰减速度和二阶微分衰减速度两个解释参数,力图避开视电阻率计算,以衰减速度表示瞬变电磁探测结果的电性特征.首先研究了不同导电均匀半空间与低阻目标体地电模型瞬变电磁响应微分衰减速度在时间上的变化特征,在此基础上对瞬变电磁响应二阶微分衰减速度进行了分析,通过绘制TEM二阶微分衰减拟断面图实现了低阻目标体地电模型的电性层划分.研究结果表明:电性分界面与二阶微分衰减的"0"等值线相对应,可以用"0"值等值线作为电性分界面的划分依据,即瞬变电磁微分解释方法能够区分不同地电断面,可以用于瞬变电磁探测成果解释.     

线源瞬变电磁法在熊耳山区多金属找矿中的应用研究

通过理论研究和野外试验,总结了线源瞬变电磁法在熊耳山区深部勘查时使用的装置参数,并把该装置应用到龙门店矿K9矿脉的深部勘查中.线源瞬变电磁法装置最主要的参数是偏离距和线源的长度.理论上偏离距的大小只影响到瞬变衰减曲线首支幅值的高低和衰减的快慢.但在野外试验时发现当偏离距为500 m时,该方法产生了强激发极化效应,当偏离距为1000 m时,激发极化效应减弱.说明强激发极化效应仅在收发距较小时产生,实测表明偏离距大于840 m可以有效压制激发极化干扰.线源AB长度一般取1000~2000 m,当信噪比大时取小值.该装置在龙门店矿区的应用表明,线源瞬变电磁法装置轻便灵活,探测深度大,分辨率高,可多台接收机同时工作,经济快速,适合山区深部有色金属地质勘查工作.     

电性源瞬变电磁B场全程视电阻率计算

在传统电性源瞬变电磁资料解释中,常常采用Bz/T求取视电阻率值,由此带来Bz/T计算全程视电阻率多解性.而Bz随电阻率变化是单值函数,由Bz计算全程视电阻率具有减少多解性的优势.为了研究接地源瞬变电磁B场全程视电阻率,文中首先研究了接地源瞬变电磁法Bz和Bz/T响应值随电阻率的变化特性,然后设计不同的地电模型,采用二分搜索算法对B场全程视电阻率进行计算,结果表明全程视电阻率对电性目标体分辨率高,分层能力强,能较好地反映地电断面的信息;另外,全程视电阻率仅与地层的电性结构有关,与收发距无关,便于野外进行接地源瞬变电磁近源测量.在实际应用中,通过把观测的二次感应电压转换成磁场微分数据,再对磁场微分数据进行积分,求取B场数据,并进而求取视电阻率,取得了较好的应用效果.     

高温超导磁强计在瞬变电磁法中的应用研究

通过对高温超导磁强计的不断完善,研制出了适合在瞬变电磁法中使用的高温超导磁强计,实现了在瞬变电磁法中直接测量磁场的目的.同时开展了瞬变电磁法感应磁场的数据处理与解释技术研究,开发了瞬变电磁法感应磁场的电性成像软件,可以对使用高温超导磁强计作传感器测得的瞬变电磁感应磁场数据进行处理与电性成像.野外实验表明:高温超导磁强计工作稳定,在瞬变电磁法中使用高温超导磁强计比使用感应线圈做传感器提高了勘探深度.     

接地源短偏移瞬变电磁法研究展望

开展第二深度空间(500~2000 m)矿产资源精细探矿,已成为一项紧迫和长期的任务,研究瞬变电磁探测新方法、新技术,是完成大深度、高精度找矿任务的途径之一.针对电性源瞬变电磁法的优越性,本文提出采用接地源短偏移瞬变电磁法解决深部目标矿体精细探测这一问题.从探测装置、探测深度、数据处理、资料解释等方面对这种方法进行讨论.通过对短偏移装置探测能力、对地形影响、静态效应、偏移成像等几个关键技术问题的分析,认为这种方法可以实现大深度、高精度探测目标.接地线源短偏移瞬变电磁法是一种适合深部探矿并值得推广的方法.     

欠阻尼中心回线瞬变电磁效应

瞬变电磁法经过近百年的发展,在各行各业都有广泛的应用,常规的瞬变电磁法对于天线的选择都尽可能选取临界阻尼天线,以减少过渡过程的影响.基于地震波检波器原理的启发,地震波检波器采集震动信号的过程,实质上是震动衰减转换为电磁振荡阻尼过程,欠阻尼瞬变电磁接收回线采集电磁波的过程,其实质也是电磁振荡衰减过程,两者接收都是感应电压信号,因此,欠阻尼中心回线的采集原理和地震检波器相同.本文利用欠阻尼中心回线研究探测砼结构的瞬变电磁效应,同时和过阻尼天线进行对比,说明欠阻尼天线在特点条件下探测结构体具有较强的探测能力及较高的异常分辨能力,其拟地震波图谱显示便于对异常体形状的判译.这种装置将揭开瞬变电磁法在混凝土结构探测中新的应用方向.     

井中瞬变电磁旁测范围初探

为查明井中瞬变电磁旁测能力,从室内数值模拟和野外勘查实例两个角度开展了井中瞬变电磁旁测范围研究.在室内,以单边长度100 m、厚度10 m、电导率为100 S/m的水平板体为研究对象,通过建立相同工作参数、不同空间位置的地电模型,分析其理论响应认为:当目标体埋深小于1500 m时,其与钻孔距离在200 m以内时能够被井中瞬变电磁所识别;且随着深度变浅,井中瞬变电磁旁测范围扩大.在野外,利用大官厂地区的井中瞬变电磁实测,准确识别钻孔南西方位约71 m、埋深约652 m的隐伏火山口一处.室内数值模拟及野外现场实测表明,井中瞬变电磁具备在深部发现井旁低阻地质异常体的能力,其旁测范围甚至可达井旁200 m,可推广应用于我国的深部找矿工程.     

瞬变电磁法理论的探测深度问题

本文在给出了瞬变电磁法理论探测深度的定义和考虑了各种干扰等因素的基础上,用电位异常方法计算了瞬变电磁法中的理论探测深度,分析了瞬变电磁法中理论探测深度与线框边长、供电电流和干扰感应电压之间的关系.研究结果表明,如果使用中心回线装置,只考虑发射线框边长发生变化,而其它因素不变时,理论探测深度首先会随着线框边长的增大而增大,当线框增大到在某一值时,理论探测深度达到最大.再增大线框时,理论探测深度反而会减小.     

内蒙古地区深部水源瞬变电磁法探测

在干旱少雨,地表水资源紧缺的地区,寻找深部水资源已经成为经济可持续发展首要解决的问题,而如何快速、准确的实现深部水源的定位探测却鲜有文章涉及.本文利用瞬变电磁法在煤矿水文地质勘探中取得的探测经验,通过总结该探测方法的关键性技术,应用拟MT反演技术对探测资料进行解释,在内蒙古酸刺沟煤矿工业广场附近成功探测到两处深部低阻异常区,经过钻探验证,出水量均达到80m3/h,实现了深部水源的定位探测,为该煤矿水源井工程的建设提供了可靠的供水水源,解决了该煤矿生产、生活用水的问题.说明:采用瞬变电磁法探测技术探测深部水源,是一种较为理想且有效的探测方法,可以在地表水资源匮乏的地区推广应用.     

从瞬变电磁响应中提取IP信息的研究(英文)

在对浙江省某铜矿进行瞬变电磁勘查时,由于感应激发极化效应的影响,造成瞬变电磁晚期测道的数据发生倒转。采用常规的瞬变电磁数据处理方法难以处理,造成晚期测道数据不可用,影响TEM的探测深度及精度。针对这个情况,采用Cole.Cole模型分析了均匀半空问模型中直流电阻率、充电率、时间常数以及频率相关系数对磁性源瞬变电磁响应的影响规律。利用奇异值分解法(The Singular Value Decomposition,简称SVD)对实测TEM数据进行分析及反演,并且从瞬变电磁响应数据中分离出勘探区瞬变电磁测量数据Cole—Cole模型的各参数,将分离出来的参数用于探测结果的辅助解释。经过分析得出充电率和频率相关系数对瞬变电磁响应的影响较大,而直流电阻率和时间常数对其影响较小的结论。通过常规方法和奇异值分解法对实测数据分别进行处理,发现后者视电阻率断面图的异常更加突出,从而较准确的圈定了铜矿体地范围,此结论得到_『钻孔的验证,与实际地质情况吻合较好。     

浅海瞬变电磁全波形响应特征及探测能力分析

瞬变电磁法在浅海工程勘探等领域受到了越来越多的关注.目前浅海瞬变电磁仍处于应用初期,相关研究少且未有成熟装备问世,有必要研究其探测能力并为观测系统选取最佳观测参数.本文以几种典型发射波形为例,采用褶积算法细致分析了不同发射波形条件下浅海瞬变电磁on-/off-time响应受海底介质电导率、磁导率及发射波形脉宽等参数的影响特征与规律;通过三维正演并设定极限探测深度阈值,进一步分析不同发射波形on-/offtime期间浅海瞬变电磁探测能力及对典型三维目标体的极限探测深度.基于本文研究成果,可为浅海瞬变电磁探测装置设计、观测系统的参数选取及试验参数的选取等提供了一些有价值的理论借鉴.     

Tsunami–tide interactions: A Cook Inlet case study

First, we investigated some aspects of tsunami–tide interactions based on idealized numerical experiments. Theoretically, by changing total ocean depth, tidal elevations influence the speed and magnitude of tsunami waves in shallow regions with dominating tidal signals. We tested this assumption by employing a simple 1-D model that describes propagation of tidal waves in a channel with gradually increasing depth and the interaction of the tidal waves with tsunamis generated at the channel's open boundary. Important conclusions from these studies are that computed elevations by simulating the tsunami and the tide together differ significantly from linear superposing of the sea surface heights obtained when simulating the tide and the tsunami separately, and that maximum tsunami–tide interaction depends on tidal amplitude and phase. The major cause of this tsunami–tide interaction is tidally induced ocean depth that changes the conditions of tsunami propagation, amplification, and dissipation. Interactions occur by means of momentum advection, bottom friction, and variable water flux due to changing total depth and velocity. We found the major cause of tsunami–tide interactions to be changing depth. Secondly, we investigate tsunami–tide interactions in Cook Inlet, Alaska, employing a high-resolution 2-D numerical model. Cook Inlet has high tides and a history of strong tsunamis and is a potential candidate for tsunami impacts in the future. In agreement with previous findings, we find that the impacts of tsunamis depend on basin bathymetries and coastline configurations, and they can, in particular, depend on tsunami–tide interactions. In regions with strong tides and tsunamis, these interactions can result in either intensification or damping of cumulative tsunami and tide impacts, depending on mean basin depth, which is regulated by tides. Thus, it is not possible to predict the effect of tsunami–tide interaction in regions with strong tides without making preliminary investigations of the area. One approach to reduce uncertainties in tsunami impact in regions with high tides is to simulate tsunamis together with tidal forcing.     

电性源地-井瞬变电磁法全分量响应特性与探测能力分析

结合地面电性源瞬变电磁法（TEM）探测深度大和地-井TEM探测精度高的优点,本文提出对电性源地-井TEM进行研究.基于一维正演理论,本文对电性源在地下激发的六个电磁场分量的扩散、分布特性和探测能力进行分析研究.研究结果表明地下瞬变场各分量的分布特征与地面情况类似,但是对地层的探测能力与地面情况存在较大差别.各分量的探测能力与它们的扩散特性有关,其中受积累电荷作用,垂直电场E_z和水平磁场Ḣ_x分量对目标层的反映最为明显,E_x和Ḣ_y分量在地下扩散时受"返回电流"的影响会出现变号现象,使得异常体带来的影响被掩盖,不易被分辨.本文研究结果为发展电性源地-井TEM的施工技术、数据处理与解释,建立了相应的理论基础,获得了对该方法的初步认识.     

THREE DIMENSIONAL MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN ESTUARINE REGIONS -A CASE STUDY OF THE HAIHE RIVER MOUTH

1 INTRODUCTIONUnderstanding the flow characters in open channel or other water area, whether natufal water bodies(such as rivers and estuaries) or man-made strUctures (such as navigational channels, harbors), isimportant for addressing numerous hydraulic engineering problems. These include the selechons ofsuitable waste disposal sites, contndnant transport, sediment transport and other ecological problems.The major difficulty for solving these problems is that it often requires an optimal…     

航空瞬变电磁法对地下典型目标体的探测能力研究

航空电磁法的探测能力受飞行高度、发射波形、发射磁矩和发射基频等因素的影响,致使不同分量间的勘探能力存在差异.航空电磁如对所有磁场和磁感应分量、on-和off-time数据进行观测和解释,不仅数据量大、耗时长,而且出现大量冗余数据.目前国内针对此问题尚无系统解决方法.本文针对吊舱式直升机航空电磁系统,采用积分方程法求解频率域响应,经汉克尔变换转换到时间域,计算了地下三维目标体的B和dB/dt时间域响应.利用异常体响应与背景场响应作比值,并通过设定响应阀值定义最大勘探深度,进而分析不同发射波形、不同分量以及on-和off-time期间的航空电磁系统的探测能力.基于本文分析手段,可根据实际勘探目标,确定一套探测能力较强的航空电磁最佳参数组合,为野外测量和数据处理提供技术指导,高效完成勘探任务.     

Morphological controls in sandy estuaries: the influence of tidal flats and bathymetry on sediment transport

The morphodynamics of shallow, vertically well-mixed estuaries, characterised by tidal flats and deeper channels, have been investigated. This paper examines what contributes to flood/ebb-dominant sediment transport in localised regions through a 2D model study (using the TELEMAC modelling system). The Dyfi Estuary in Wales, UK has been used as a case study and, together with idealised estuary shapes, shows that shallow water depths lead to flood dominance in the inner estuary whilst tidal flats and deep channels cause ebb dominance in the outer estuary. For medium sands and with an artificially ‘flattened’ bathymetry (i.e. no tidal flats), the net sediment transport switches from ebb-dominant to flood-dominant where the parameter a/h (local tidal amplitude ÷ local tidally averaged water depth) exceeds 1.2. Sea level rise will reduce this critical value of a/h and also reduce the ebb-directed sediment transport significantly, leading to a flood-dominated estuarine system. A similar pattern, albeit with greater transport, was simulated with tidal flats included and also with a reduced grain size. This suggests that analogous classifications for flood/ebb asymmetry of the tide in estuaries as a whole may not represent the local sediment transport in sufficient detail. Through the Dyfi simulations, the above criterion involving a/h is shown to be complicated further by augmented flow past a spit at the estuary mouth which gives rise to a self-maintaining scour hole. Simulations of one year of bed evolution in an idealised flat-bottomed estuary, including tidal flow past a spit, recreate the flood/ebb dominance on either side of the spit and the formation of a scour hole in between. The erosion rate at the centre of the hole is reduced as the hole deepens, suggesting the establishment of a self-maintaining equilibrium state.     

瞬变电磁法深度探测正演模拟研究

针对当前瞬变电磁法探测能力有限的问题,利用一次磁场理论公式,分析相同磁矩下、不同发射线圈一次磁场分布及衰减规律,从而确定其信号深度影响范围;对水平层状介质相同磁矩下、不同发射线圈的二次场进行数值模拟,采用Guptasarma和Singh滤波算法及余弦变换法,利用均匀半空间解析公式进行验证,并对不同正演模型结果进行分析,总结发射磁矩决定探测深度大小。对磁矩相同条件下产生的结果数据进行拟合,得出有效探测深度与线圈边长2倍相当的结论,可为野外矿井生产与工程勘探提供施工布置与定量解释的指导依据,从而提高野外工作效率。     

The importance of crustal structure in explaining the observed uncertainties in ground motion estimation

In this short article, the possible reduction in the standard deviation of empirical ground motion estimation equations through the modelling of the effect of crustal structure is assessed through the use of ground-motion simulations. Simulations are computed for different source-to-site distances, focal depths, focal mechanisms and for crustal models of the Pyrenees, the western Alps and the upper Rhine Graben. Through the method of equivalent hypocentral distance introduced by Douglas et al. [(2004) Bull Earthquake Eng 2(1): 75–99] to model the effect of crustal structure in empirical equations, the scatter associated with such equations derived using these simulated data could be reduced to zero if real-to-equivalent hypocentral distance mapping functions were derived for every combination of mechanism, depth and crustal structure present in the simulated dataset. This is, obviously, impractical. The relative importance of each parameter in affecting the decay of ground motions is assessed here. It is found that variation in focal depth is generally more important than the effect of crustal structure when deriving the real-to-equivalent hypocentral distance mapping functions. In addition, mechanism and magnitude do not have an important impact on the decay rate.