Relationship between the anomalies of temperature and air pressure over the ocean

This paper considers the relationship between multi-year air temperature and pressure fluctuations over the ocean, based on an approximate solution of the problem on the determination of large-scale seawater temperature anomalies from the conditions predominating at the sea surface. The dependence derived is numerically analysed using observations made in the North Atlantic. It is shown that the variability of annual mean air temperature anomalies is largely controlled by the air pressure field which has taken place during the preceding long-term period. The dependence derived may be applied to generate long-term forecasts of the ocean's hydrometeorological regime.Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

我国华南近海赤潮发生发展的温、压演变模式

通过分析,归纳出3种赤潮发生前后水温、气温和气压的演变模式,并论述各种演变模式与赤潮发生发展的关系。通过数理统计,归纳了华南近海赤潮发生前后阶段水温、气温和气压的变化范围以及演变特征,说明了升温降压天气过程、温压稳定过程以及相对于多年月平均值偏暖的年份或时段均有利于赤潮的发生发展。     

黄海月平均风、气压、气温场季节与年际变化时空模态

根据1973年至2016年黄海沿岸风、平均海平面气压与气温观测资料,采用旋转经验正交函数(REOF)、调和分析和延迟相关分析等方法,研究了黄海月平均风应力、风速、平均海平面气压、气温场季节与年际变化时空模态.月平均风应力、风速场主要有4种时空模态,风应力模态空间分量分布与风速模态不完全相同,风应力、风速模态季节周期分量多数为不稳定,风应力、风速场强度年际变化显著线性减弱,对黄海环流以及物理、化学要素场季节与年际变化有显著影响.月平均气压、气温场季节循环与年际变化主要有2种时空模态,气压、气温模态季节周期分量的位相均为准稳定季节变化;振幅为不稳定季节变化.气压模态为准平衡态年际变化,大尺度气压系统季节与年际变化是黄海气压场模态的主要影响因素.气温模态为显著线性升温趋势年际变化,海气、陆气热交换作用对黄海气温场模态季节与年际变化有显著影响.     

海表温度与海表气温位相关系

采用1982-2012年NOAA最优插值海表温度(第二版)数据资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析海表气温数据资料,利用均方差分析法,分析海表温度和海表气温的年际变化特征。将31年数据按照El Nin軌o/La Nin軌a事件分为a,b,c 3组,利用超前/滞后相关性分析法,将中低纬度海域海表温度异常(SSTA)与海表气温异常(SATA)做超前/滞后相关分析,得到每个格点SSTA与SATA之间相关性最显著的时间,从而确定SSTA与SATA之间的超前/滞后相关关系。研究结果表明:中纬度海域以SATA超前SSTA为主,SATA滞后SSTA主要分布在20°S-20°N的热带海域。SATA与SSTA超前/滞后天数统计结果均呈现双峰型分布,SATA超前峰值出现在10 d左右,SATA滞后峰值出现-7 d左右。El Nin軌o/La Nin軌a事件的出现,对海气超前/滞后相关关系具有一定影响。     

A deep sea temperature and pressure sensor for tidal measurement

With ever increasing information being collected by the offshore continental shelf tide gauges, it became inevitable that researches into ocean tides would require instrumentation to collect tidal data in the deep oceans.This paper briefly describes the temperature and pressure sensors developed, and used by the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences (Wormley), in response to this requirement. Also described are the techniques and equipment used to calibrate these sensors.The deep sea tide gauges, each of which include two pressure and one temperature sensor, have now been operationally deployed on four occasions at pressures up to 300 bars (3000 m) providing well over 100 days of tidal data. In an international exercise to evaluate the performance of existing deep sea pressure sensors, results show that the unit described in this paper compares favourably with the other sensors. For example, the amplitude of the semi-diurnal components were within 1% of the average value, determined by all the sensors. The temperature sensor has an operational range within the limits — 1° and + 40°C and exhibiting a stability of the order 8 milli°C/month.     

温度梯度场对电声脉冲法空间电荷测量波形的影响

电力设备运行中的温升现象严重影响绝缘的使用寿命,因此高温下的空间电荷测量引起了许多学者的关注.但温度升高时,聚合物材料的声阻抗、Young模量、密度、声波在其中传播的速度、衰减特性均发生变化,因此无法准确测量出介质中的空间电荷特性.而对于温度梯度场下的绝缘介质(如电缆发热场)的空间电荷测量,温度的梯度分布对介质的声阻抗、弹性模量、密度、声速及声波衰减的影响将更为复杂.本文基于电声脉冲测量方法中声波的传播特性和温度对聚乙烯材料特性的影响,分析了温度梯度场对空间电荷测量结果的影响并进行了波形恢复.     

The application of automated recognition techniques to side-scansonar imagery

The rapid identification of ocean-bottom toxic-waste deposits has grown in importance due to worldwide industrialization and the expense of proper disposal. Acoustic surveys with a side-scan sonar provide a cost effective means of locating such damaging deposits. Here we describe an automatic image recognizer that can serve to prescreen volumes of data and alert a human operator. This recognizer operates using features and rules drawn from operator experience to establish candidate detections in amplitude-segmented imagery. The algorithm is described, performance examples are given, and applications are discussed     

Effect of air-sea temperature difference on the momentum exchange between air and sea for fetch-limited cases

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Regional air temperature maxima and the possibility of their simple energy-balance estimates

The record high temperatures during the summer of 2010 in the central part of the European territory of Russia (ETR) raised great interest in the question of whether these temperatures are the maximum possible ones and whether these maxima can be estimated from energy-balance considerations. The gigantic anticyclone was long lasting and stable, allowing the maximum air temperatures to be estimated with the help of simple energy-balance considerations. This situation can be considered an equilibrium state if a stable meteorological situation persists for quite a long time. In this case these equilibrium temperatures can be estimated using energy-balance equations in the atmosphere and on the Earth’s surface. The simple energy-balance estimates presented in this paper show that the maximum daytime air temperatures recorded in the summer of 2010 in the central part of the ETR are close to the maximum theoretically possible values.     

日气温变化下杭州湾水温的数值模拟

杭州湾内水温在不同时间尺度下均存在变化,这对河口生态等会产生影响。由于昼夜气温变化大,空气和海水的热量交换较为频繁。另外,随着气温的逐日下降,水温也随之降低。为研究日气温变化下杭州湾内的水温变化,建立了三维数学模型,通过考虑水面和空气的热交换通量,复演了日气温变化下湾内水温特征。经过和实测潮流数据比较,本文模型很好地模拟出了杭州湾内大、中和小潮期间水流的变化。在综合考虑太阳辐射、长波辐射和水气感热交换下,模型成功再现了日气温变化下水温的变化过程。研究结果一方面有助于认识强潮河口湾内水温变化特征,另一方面将为研究温度对泥沙运动的影响提供前期基础。     

Algorithm of automated recognition of oceanic temperature fronts

The recognition of fronts when describing the ocean’s circulation has been long appreciated. The advent of satellite oceanography led to developing methods for automated front detection using satellite composite SST data. In this work, we present an algorithm for front detection based on gradients-isotherms analysis. The algorithm detects a front as a sequence of isotherms having some special characteristics. This approach makes it possible to detect individual fronts (for instance, a slope water edge or the northern edge of the Gulf Stream) directly without preliminary detection of all the fronts in the system. The algorithm combines simplicity of implementation and high computational efficiency with good accuracy and high reliability.     

基于动量自适应BP神经网络的鸢乌贼模式识别

近年来, 计算机模式识别技术因其识别结果准确、快速, 而不断被用于生物判别邻域。本文利用MATLAB软件实现动量自适应BP神经网络(back propagation neural networks)对西北印度洋、中东太平洋和南海3个海区的鸢乌贼角质颚及其胴长进行模式识别。研究结果显示, 训练成型的神经网络收敛误差仅为4.416×10^-2, 加入动量和自适应学习率的BP神经网络对鸢乌贼地理种群的识别率有显著提高。3个海区的正确识别率分别为100%、88.89%和94.12%, 总成功率为 93.24%, 说明角质颚外部形态和胴长可用于鸢乌贼地理种群的区分。而BP神经网络的其他学习算法, 如梯度下降法、单一动量法和单一自适应法的总识别率分为74.32%, 77.03%和87.84%。本研究的识别效果稳定, 对于大样本训练集的识别率也高达92.77%, 为头足类的种群判别提供了新的方法和思路。     

海水温盐深剖面测量技术综述

温盐深是反应海洋物理学特性的重要参数,是海洋水文观测的基本要素。CTD剖面仪(Conductivity-Temperature-Depth profiler)是进行海水温盐剖面观测的主要仪器,利用CTD剖面仪可精确测得水下不同深度上海水的温度和电导率参数,进而能够推算出海水盐度、密度、声速等相关信息,对于海洋经济开发、海上国防建设、海洋环境保护等都具有非常重要的意义。本文介绍了温盐深剖面测量技术的基本原理与发展现状,对几种典型的温盐深测量设备及各种海洋观测平台中搭载的CTD传感器进行了介绍,论述了CTD传感器的标定和测试技术,并对其发展趋势进行了分析。     

On pressure forcing techniques for numerical modelling of unidirectional nonlinear water waves

A method of incorporating pressure forcing into a nonlinear potential flow wave model is presented. A semi-analytical pseudo-spectral method is used to calculate dynamic response of a water body exposed to evolving local pressure distribution. Surface slope coherent and slope proportional pressure functions are directly applied through a pressure term appearing in the dynamic free-surface boundary condition of a formulated initial boundary-value problem. First, a monochromatic pressure distribution is used to generate steady regular waves of permanent form. The pressure-induced wave motion exhibits stable harmonic structure for deepwater, transitional water and shallow water waves. In the next step, a more complex pressure system is used to initiate multi-component wave propagation. It is demonstrated that the proposed method provides well-posed initial conditions for studying various water wave scenarios within a framework of nonlinear potential flow solutions.     

A multi-parameter extension of temperature/salinity diagram techniques for the analysis of non-isopycnal mixing

The technique of water mass analysis based on temperature-salinity curves is extended to more than three water masses (or water masses defined by temperature-salinity curves rather than points) by including one or more additional parameters and solving the equations of linear mixing without additional assumptions. The oceanographical significance of the result is studied by means of examples. It is shown that the method is particularly useful for investigations of mesoscale mixing as observed in frontal zones where interleaving and intrusions are commonly observed, and that it can be used for obtaining bulk estimates of the impact of non-isopycnal, small-scale mixing events on the mesoscale fields. Possible parameters are discussed and sources of errors reviewed. Examples are used to show that major nutrients can be used as parameters to detect non-isopycnal mixing although limitations in the historical data and low data accuracy lead to considerable error bounds at present. It is argued that introduction of continuous flow analysis techniques and continuous vertical profiling in marine chemistry will greatly improve the potential of the method.     

Measurements of vertical air temperature gradients with dipmeter

By means of measuring the dips of horizon with a Pulfrich dipmeter, vertical air temperature gradients near the sea surface were obtained with an accuracy of ca. ±0.01°C/m, much better than a conventional method with an array of temperature sensors. The additional advantage of this technique was that the measurements were made on board a ship underway, consequently data from wide oceanic areas could be accumulated rather quickly and easily. From the results of dip measurements at 125 stations on two cruises of the T/V Oshoro Maru of the Hokkaido University, extending from the Bering Sea to the south of Australia, the temperature gradients were computed with a new formula with an assumption that the refractive index of air varied with a height only. It was found that, in the northern North Pacific Ocean, vertical air temperature gradients were positive, while in the subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean both the negative and positive gradients were observed. Generally, in the same sea region, the temperature profiles had the similar form, irrespective of air-sea temperature differences.     

渤海冰面积与营口气温的关系

通过对2000～2004年连续5年冬季渤海逐日冰面积与营口日均气温积温的相关分析,发现二者相关关系较好,同时获得了逐日冰面积与营口日均气温积温的线性回归方程,并用此方程对2005～2006年冬季渤海的冰面积进行了预报试验,试验结果证明该方程具有一定的预报能力.