金价潮起潮落之奥妙

自 198 0年以来 ,世界各地的黄金市场掀起一次又一次售金热潮 ,黄金这个历史上的“宠儿”正日益丧失为其至尊无上的货币功能 ,而黄金本身的价格也一跌再跌。人们自然会关切地问 ,金价潮起潮落的奥妙何在呢 ?人们知道 ,黄金在 70年代的地位曾显赫一时 ,不少货币与黄金挂钩 ,投资组合中亦必然会有相当的黄金比重。然而好景不长 ,自从 1980年以来 ,通货膨胀呈两位数 ,美元贬值 ,一盎司的黄金价值高达 85 0美元。联邦采取措施消除了通货膨胀后 ,金价则一下滑至 30 0美元左右 ,使得这一最为贵重的金属身价一落千丈。特别在 1997年美国中央银行出…     

国际金价走势及对策

在世界金矿资源勘查、黄金生产、黄金储备和黄金消费资料分析的基础上,作者就金价下跌、我国金价与国际全面接轨对我国特别是对地勘行业的黄金勘查和生产状况的影响进行了分析。作者认为,世界巨量黄金储备约目前国际黄金价格的主要因素,但在黄金价格已拉近或低于生产成本的情况下,金价的下跌幅度有限,亦不会长久。我国的黄金企业只有采取规模经营和苦炼内功等,方能降低生产成本,提高经营效益,才有资格参与国际竞争。     

显微-次显微态自然金中Fe存在形式的初步认识

金是人类使用历史最长的贵金属,具有众所周知的货币保值作用,而近年来,随着科学技术的发展,金的工业应用逐渐成为黄金需求的重要领域。另一方面,矿产金资源的相对不足以及人类对黄金的需求居高不下,使得黄金价格不断高涨,导致了对矿产金资源勘探开发的热潮。对黄金资源的成矿规律、成矿预测研究和对黄金选冶技术的研发已成为重要的研究领域,吸引了众多     

近期黄金价格有望升高

近日,世界黄金协会发布的《2 0 0 4年黄金年鉴》指出,2 0 0 3年的平均价格为每盎司36 3.32美元,比上一年平均价格上涨了17.3% ,2 0 0 3年全年金价的波动幅度是1990年以来最大的。在供应量受到限制而需求增加的情况下,金价上涨的可能性更大,2 0 0 4年金价很有可能越过每盎司4 30美元,因此,金价上涨极有可能持续到2 0 0 5年。近期黄金价格有望升高     

2001年世界黄金供需形势

2001年受美国经济放缓,尤其是"9·11"事件的影响,世界黄金需求下降2 6%,金价低迷,以271 04美元 盎司的年均金价再次刷新了1978年以来的最低价位。持续恶劣的价格环境,促进了黄金矿业公司间的相互兼并,以此降低经营成本,提高国际竞争能力。受金价下跌的影响,金矿勘查费用再次下降。尽管如此,2001年黄金仍是全球固体矿产勘查投资最多的矿种,是全球勘查开发热点,黄金储量和储量基础仍保持增长态势,金资源保证程度增加。金产量并未因金价下跌而减少。     

近年世界黄金勘查开发的进展与动向

文章分析研究了近年世界黄金勘查开发投资的变化趋势,在固体矿产勘查投资中所占比例的变化,发现的重要金矿床,以及世界主要国家和地区黄金投资预算情况.     

五大黄金生产国“争上游”

2009年是全球黄金产量开始复苏的一年,世界产金量实现9年来首增,而2008年全球黄金产量为12年最低水平。由于资金、技术、矿床等条件各异,各国情况也大不相同。最近,部分世界黄金生产大国先后公布了2009年的黄金产量数据。     

俄罗斯黄金开采量大幅增加

2002年上半年俄罗斯黄金开采量比上年同期增加了35.2％(13.5 t)达到了47 t。今年6月份俄罗斯的黄金开采量就比去年同期增加了2.5 t。2002年1～6月,俄罗斯许多黄金产区的开采量都有增长。增幅最大的是克拉斯诺亚尔斯克边疆区。该区今年上半年的黄金开采量比去年同期增加了5.7 t;其次是哈巴罗夫斯克边疆区黄金开采量同比增加2.9 t、马加丹州黄金开采量     

甘肃黄金工业现状及其发展思索

甘肃省黄金资源较为丰富,但地质勘查工作严重滞后于金矿建设和生产。全省黄金工业发展,从小到大,经历了４个阶段;黄金产量由１９８４年的２千两剧增至１９９７年的１９万两,堆浸起了巨大作用;地质队参与黄金生产,黄金开发与扶贫脱贫工作有机结合又是重要保证;但黄金事业发展同时,还存在一些值得深思的问题,解决了这些问题,甘肃省的黄金工业才能更健康持续地发展。     

严格建设项目勘察设计管理积极促进黄金工业健康发展

黄金行业是一个小行业,与其它行业相比,有其自身的特点:一是点多面广。目前全国除上海外,均有黄金矿业,到96年底,黄金矿山企业已达700个,每年进行基本建设和技术改造的项目多达100余项;二是黄金矿山规模小,建设条件差,相当一部分矿山处在老少边穷地区;三是黄金矿山采选技术较复杂;四是黄金办矿层次复杂。黄金矿山贯彻“国家地方办     

Current Gold Prospecting in China

In China, there are 12 types of gold deposits in 57 class-III metallogenic zones, formed in 7 main metallogenic periods. Most gold deposits are small or occur as ore spots; very large deposits are rare with relatively poor quality, mainly medium to low grade. Only 35% of the total gold reserves is identified, while a large amount of reserves is yet to be identified. In recent years, China Geological Survey has organized or conducted mineral resources survey and evaluation project, replacement resources prospecting for deposits in crisis, old mines prospecting and commercial prospecting funded or encouraged by the Central Government. These efforts have been fruitful. According to the temporal and spatial allocation of gold resources, and experiences from recent prospecting efforts, western China and the deep layers and peripheries of the-sits in eastern China have relatively high prospecting potential. The government should give even more support to the gold industry and strengthen technological innovation to help address difficulties in gold exploitation and processing. The government should also formulate consistent plans, consolidate mining rights, and promote integrated exploration, so as to achieve new major breakthroughs in gold prospecting. Gold is both a form of material wealth and a way of storing wealth. It is a rare resource with dual functions of commodity and currency. As an important global strategic asset and a cornerstone of financial reserves, gold plays an irreplaceable role in securing national economic development, maintaining financial security, strengthening national comprehensive power and promoting RMB internationalization. Based on latest research and prospecting results, the thesis proposes preliminary conclusions on types, temporal and spatial allocation, and exploration and development of gold deposits in China; predicts China’s gold resource potential; reviews recent gold prospecting and exploration efforts; and, in the hope of offering some reference for the new round of gold prospecting, exploration and planning, offers some suggestions.     

1991～2015年我国黄金资源勘查成本、利润与 成效分析

黄金是兼具金融和商品双重属性的特殊贵金属,关系到国家金融安全和经济安全。本文从全国层面定量分析了1991～2015年我国黄金资源勘查的成本和利润变化以及在资源储量方面的成效变化,以期为黄金资源勘查工作管理提供基础依据。我国金矿勘查活动经历了由传统计划经济体制主导向市场经济体制主导的转变,特别是2006年以后金矿勘查投入与黄金价格呈显著正相关关系。1991～2015年金矿勘查成本与勘查利润出现了两次不同步的起伏变化;金矿勘查利润2012年开始逐年快速下滑,勘查成本峰值出现的时间晚于勘查利润2年左右,2014～2015年有所下降;金矿勘查投入在变化上比黄金生产利润和金矿勘查利润要延迟1年左右。近年来金矿勘查推动了黄金新增查明资源储量的增长,但黄金资源的保障程度仍难以支撑不断增长的黄金生产需要;万元勘查投入新增查明资源储量总体呈下降趋势,金矿勘查的效率明显下滑。     

乌兹别克斯坦金矿床的成因问题——随中国科学家代表团访问乌兹别克斯坦考察报告之二

乌兹别克斯坦的金矿资源十分丰富，其储量居世界第4位，产量居世界第8位。位于乌兹别克斯坦中部的克孜尔库姆地区是世界最大的金矿省之一。闻名世界的穆龙套金矿床就产在这里。乌兹别克斯坦的内生金矿床主要有4个工业－成因类型：金－石英型、金－硫化物－石英型、金－硫化物型和金－银－石英型。前三个类型统称之为克孜尔库姆型，穆龙套金矿床属于这个类型。本文重点讨论了克孜尔库姆型金矿床的成因问题。     

U.S. Economic strategies against Western Europe: From Nixon to Reagan

This paper seeks to examine the destabilizing role of the U.S. in international monetary affairs by charting the changing economic and monetary policies of successive U.S. administrations. It suggests that U.S. economic policy since the beginning of the 1970s can only be explained as a reaction to the relative decline of the U.S. economy vis-à-vis Western Europe and Japan. To ward off this decline the U.S. has pursued unilateral policies of dollar devaluation and revaluation which have often worked to the disadvantage of its rivals and the Third World. In detail, this paper examines the nature and consequences of a dollar devaluation policy under Nixon and Carter, of the strong dollar policy of the first Reagan administration, and of the renewed devaluation policies of Reagan's second administration. This paper shows how these policies have evolved against a background of deepening international crisis (and with reference to U.S. geopolitical strategies and the sanction of protectionism). Lessons are drawn for the European Left and future scenarios are mapped out concerning possible geographical alignments at the turn of the century. This paper places the debt crisis in the wider context of an asymmetrical and dysfunctional economic and monetary order.     

中国金银矿产资源现状成矿环境及开发前景

中国金银矿产具有类型齐全的共同特点，其资源和开发前景表现为金矿优于银矿。金矿成矿环境有利，成矿时代及资源分布广泛。但是，储量在１００吨以上的超大型矿床不多，富矿少，资源利用程度高，且浪费严重，存在重开发、轻勘查等问题。银矿虽然是世界上资源丰富的国家之一，但仍然是我国资源保证程度较低的矿种之一，也存在特大型矿床少、探明储量不足的问题。     

胶东金矿研究进展及约束金物质来源的新思路

作为全球最主要的金成矿带之一,胶东地区仅占全国国土面积的0．27％,黄金储量却约占全国的25％,特别是胶西北地区的金矿更是星罗棋布,引起了国内外地质学家的广泛关注,进行了大量的生产和科研工作。该文总结了近年来取得的关于胶东金矿在构造、岩浆、流体及成矿物质、富集机制等方面取得的研究进展,并且针对颇具争议的金成矿物质来源问题,提出了新的研究思路,并初步论证了其可行性。以期抛砖引玉,引起广大地学同仁对此科学问题的关注。     

胶东金矿床中关键金属资源储量估算与潜力初探SCIEI北大核心CSCD

通过对大尹格庄和夏甸两个超大型金矿床的精金矿与尾矿砂中关键元素含量的分析,发现相对于华北克拉通地壳元素丰度,本次分析的稀贵元素Co、Rh、Ir和Ru,稀散元素Cd、Te和Se,稀有元素W和In均发生了不同程度的富集;特别是Te、Co和Cd超常富集达到伴生组分综合评价品位。根据伴生有用组分综合评价规范和金矿选矿报告相关参数,分别估算了金矿石和精金矿中可利用的关键金属矿产储量,其中夏甸金矿床内Te储量为69吨(精金矿中52吨)、Co储量为604吨(精金矿中413吨),大尹格庄金矿床内Cd储量为224吨(精金矿中206吨),这些均可直接回收利用。矿物学和矿物化学综合研究表明:Te主体以碲金矿、碲银矿、碲铋矿、碲铅矿和陈国达矿等独立矿物存在,与可见金密切共生;Co常以微量元素形式分布在金成矿早阶段的粗粒黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿中;Cd主要以类质同象的形式赋存于金成矿晚阶段的闪锌矿、黄铁矿和黄铜矿中。进一步通过对典型金矿床中黄铁矿原位和/或单矿物的Te与Co含量对比、并结合矿石中Co与Cd元素组成及其区域地球化学空间分布特征,综合约束了其超常富集特征与资源潜力,揭示新城、玲珑和寺庄金矿床及栖霞异常区分别有约2329吨、1035吨、1553吨和22790吨Co资源量,乳山、新城和焦家金矿床有约1529吨、126吨、216吨Te资源量,仓上、新立、三山岛、寺庄和新城金矿床、以及栖霞和招平北段异常区分别有约47.6吨、78吨、63.7吨、69吨、3564吨、7120吨和696吨Cd资源量;即胶东金矿集区具备近期被综合利用或作为未来潜在接替资源的Co、Te和Cd资源条件,且其展布区域广泛、资源潜力巨大。初步研究已显示胶东具有形成大型-超大型Cd、Te和Co矿床的资源条件,但关键金属资源的空间分布极不均一、其超常富集机理与规律尚不清楚,亟需深入研究。     

Bootstrapping: A Fast Way to Simulate QTz Curves

The aim of this paper is to present a fast method based on bootstrapping, for simulating recoverable reserves for input to financial Monte Carlo simulations. In mining, the three parameters defining recoverable reserves are the cutoff grade, z, the ore tonnage above cutoff, T, and the metal quantity above cutoff, Q. After introducing the concept of 3-dimensional QTz curves, the statistical technique called bootstrapping is reviewed and applied to a set of South African gold grades. As selective mining is carried out on blocks not points, these curves have to be calculated for blocks. The QTz curves obtained by bootstrapping are compared to those obtained by conditionally simulating the same deposit. The procedure has been extended to incorporate geologists' ideas of the likely size of the ore volume. Lastly, the recoverable reserves obtained by bootstrapping are compared with those obtained by traditional risk analysis (base case ± 10% or 20%).     

Mineral Paragenesis of the Lepanto Copper and Gold and the Victoria Gold Deposits, Mankayan Mineral District, Philippines

Abstract: Mineral paragenesis of the alteration, ore and gangue minerals of the Lepanto epithermal copper‐gold deposit and the Victoria gold deposit, Mankayan Mineral District, Northern Luzon, Philippines, is discussed. The principal ore minerals of the Lepanto copper‐gold deposit are enargite and luzonite, with significant presence of tennantite‐tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, native gold/electrum and gold‐silver tellurides. Pervasive alteration zonations are commonly observed from silicification outward to advanced argillic then to propylitic zone. The ore mineralogy of the Lepanto copper‐gold deposit suggests high f_S2 in the early stages of mineralization corresponding to the deposition of the enargite‐luzonite‐pyrite assemblage. Subsequent decrease in the f_S2 formed the chalcopyrite‐tennantite‐pyrite assemblage. An increase in the f_S2 of the fluids with the formation of the covellite‐digenite‐telluride assemblage caused the deposition of native gold/electrum and gold‐silver tellurides. The principal ore minerals of the Victoria gold deposit are sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite and native gold/electrum. The alteration halos are relatively narrow and in an outward sequence from the ore, silica alteration grades to illitic‐argillic alteration, which in turn grades to propylitic alteration. The Victoria gold mineralization has undergone early stages of silica supersaturation leading to quartz deposition. Vigorous boiling increased the pH of the fluids that led to the deposition of sulfides and carbonates. The consequent decrease in H₂S precipitated the gold. Gypsum and anhydrite mainly occur as overprints that cut the carbonate‐silica stages. The crosscutting and overprinting relationships of the Victoria quartz‐gold‐base metal veins on the Lepanto copper‐gold veins manifest the late introduction of near neutral pH hydrothermal fluids.     

资源危机金矿深部与外围找矿前景的若干判别标志

确定资源危机金矿深部及外围的找矿前景是一个非常重要的研究课题，本首先分析了岩金成矿和危机矿山的一些基本特点，然后结合多年的找矿实践，从金矿具有“特殊性”的认识出发，提出了判断危机矿山深部与外围成矿远景的6条标志，介绍了在中国东部4个典型金矿山深部脑外围的找矿预测成果，表明在成矿物质丰富的矿化集中区内开展成矿预测的成功率比较高。