能坡法流量实时在线自动监测系统在沈丘水文站的应用

能坡法流量实时在线自动监测系统结合计算机处理、网络数据传输等先进技术,可以将常规的水文要素监测方式转变为信息采集、存贮、传输运用为一体的自动化、数字化过程。通过该系统在沈丘水文站的应用,与流速仪法测流进行对比分析,从而验证了能坡法流量实时在线自动监测系统的可靠性与合理性。     

水力因素法在线推流模型研发与应用

防洪抢险水情信息服务对河道水位流量要素的实时性要求越来越高,有必要研究河道在线推流方法.H-ADCP已经投入一些应用,侧扫雷达和视频监测方法也在进行比测试验.从驱动河道水流运动的动力要素出发,建立水位、涨落率和落差水力因素与断面流量的关系模型.通过在线推流这些易得的综合水文要素信息,使用模型可以推算出断面实时流量过程....     

组合式流量在线监测系统在变动回水断面的应用

为解决低流速、受变动回水影响等较复杂监测环境下的流量在线监测问题,依据声学多普勒频移及雷达波测速的方法原理,结合新运粮河入滇池口监测断面复杂的水文监测条件实际,采用非接触式雷达波传感器与接触式水平ADCP传感器组合成一套完整的在线流量监测系统,实现河流水表面流速和水下指标流速的同步实时数据采集,再将同步采集的水表面流速和水下指标流速同时输入模型模拟监测断面流场、流速分布,再计算实时流量后,通过GPRS信道传送到中心站服务器,对数据进行分析处理、存储、转录、发布,实现WEB、手机APP远程实时流量、工作状态等查询功能。经近一年的运行,系统正常稳定。     

H-ADCP流量在线监测方案在高坝洲的应用与改进

高坝洲水文站的水位流量关系,受上游水利工程调蓄、长江回水顶托、测站控制不佳的综合影响,关系点据散乱。经过试验,采用H-ADCP在线流量监测为主,水文缆道测验连时序法作补充,基本解决了该站的流量过程监测。在主洪道上修建H-ADCP监测台,实现了该站的流量在线监测。为水位流量关系复杂的测站,提供了流量在线监测的成功范例。     

H-ADCP流量在线监测指标流速法定线软件"定线通"介绍与应用

为适应H-ADCP应用于大江大河流量在线监测的需要,专门开发了指标流速法定线软件"定线通"."定线通"内置五种形式的回归方程(即断面平均流速与指标流速之间的函数关系).只需输入实测流量、H-ADCP指标流速、水位、及大断面数据,"定线通"便可以对五种回归方程进行回归分析,即刻给出回归系数、定线评估参数和图形、及定线报告."定线通"界面友好、使用方便.为应用H-ADCP进行流量在线监测提供了有效的定线工具.     

庙宫灌区取水计量设备参数率定的研究

本文对庙宫灌区3个典型分渠渠首远程在线计量监控断面进行水位、流速和流量的人工监测。在监测结果的基础上,分析不同水位情况下,监测断面水面流速和断面平均流速的关系,人工观测水位与自动水位数值的偏差大小,人工监测流量与在线计量流量之间的偏差。通过人工监测数据和自动计量数据对比,对于改进自动计量系统各项计算参数,提高引水口的取用水量的计量精度具有重要意义,具有重要的社会效益,以及经济效益。     

GPRS通讯与传感技术在辽河防洪监测系统中的应用研究

营口地区河流众多,如何有效监测河道流量和水库进出水量已成为亟待解决的课题。根据营口辽河防洪自动监测系统的发展现状,采用信息采集层、数据传输层和系统应用层的三层体系结构设计整个系统,建立一套完整的辽河实时防洪监测系统,利用传感器节点将其分布到辽河监测断面,为了实现对辽河水位、流量等全方位跟踪监测,实时跟踪记录辽河水位、流量等数据,这样不仅有利于辽河汛期水情的24 h不间断监测,从而解放大部分劳动力,使得建立防洪指挥体系尤为重要。     

大浪淀水库多参数水质在线监测系统的设计与实现

介绍水质在线监测技术,重点介绍了大浪淀水库水质在线监测系统的设计。通过建设大浪淀水库多参数水质在线监测系统,实现了对大浪淀水库水质的实时监测,主要监测项目包括：PH值、氨氮、溶解性总固体、浊度、蓝绿澡等八项指标,为保护供水水源地提供了技术支持。     

供水管网在线监测及事故预警系统设计研究

城市供水管网中存在各种水质问题,研究供水管网在线监测及事故预警系统设计。在硬件设计上,采用hach的1 720 d作为浊度计。在软件设计上,通过建立在线监测信息数据库,避免人工在线操作可能造成的检测结果误差,进一步构建供水管网事故预警模块,设计系统登录界面,完成供水管网在线监测及事故预警系统设计。实验选取某城市的实时监控点,测试设计系统对余氯变化趋势的监测,得出设计系统的监测模块能够使用户能够非常直观的了解水质状况,为在线监测及事故预警系统提供有效参考。     

内陆河流域黑河中东部子水系水文测验方式改革浅析

依托网络"大数据"时代的发展,水文发展提出"大水文"发展战略思想,全面推进水文测验方式改革工作。结合张掖水文局目前人力物力资源及技术力量分配现状,初步规划设立一个中心站,两个巡测区全面覆盖流域内各监测站点水位等水文要素的监测。水位采用雷达水位计,降水量自记雨量计及委托人工结合观测;流量经分析论证,水位流量关系能做单值化处理的部分站点采用历年综合水位流量关系曲线推求,不能做单值化处理的进行流量级划分,对不同流量级分析认证,确定中低水采用历年综合曲线推流,高水巡测实测流量进行推流。水温、蒸发量及辅助项目通过邻站资料相关分析,相关系数R~2在0.903～0.994之间相关性较好,可以通过线性相关插补延长资料系列。自动化监测设备与人工巡测相结合测验模式,及时高效的完成水文数据的收集、整编与报汛。增强水文应急监测的时效性与机动性。为防汛抗旱减灾、节水型社会建设、生态文明建设提供及时、准确、高效的社会服务。     

关中盆地地下水动态监测网络设计与应用

本文在关中盆地现有监测网的基础上,基于GIS技术,采用建设监测剖面与编制地下水动态类型图相结合的方法,对关中盆地地下水动态监测网进行了优化调整,形成4横5纵共9条监测剖面、239个监测点的地下水动态监测网,其中潜水监测井120个,承压水监测井119个;利用原有监测井165个,新增监测井74个。新建监测网能够较全面地控制关中盆地区域地下水动态变化,在2011年＂严重缺水地区地下水监测项目＂中,以动态监测数据为依据,确定了主要干旱区位置,为政府应急抗旱找水打井提供了技术支撑。     

The heat transfer in the region of the Mauna Kea (Hawaii)—constraints from borehole temperature measurements and coupled thermo-hydraulic modeling

The objectives of this paper are an understanding of the thermal and hydraulic field because of a negative temperature gradient and cold temperatures in the 1-km-deep borehole of the Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP), located near the coast line. The temperature pattern is attributed to a superposition of thermal and hydraulic processes. In the deeper borehole (HSDP-2, depth 3.1 km) detailed temperature monitoring was performed. Temperature measurements reveal two different thermal regimes. The upper part is characterised by cold temperatures and a negative temperature gradient similar to those observed in the shallow pilot borehole. Below 1100 m, increasing temperatures are observed. Different processes, such as topographically driven groundwater flow, ingress of salt water and conductive heat flow are investigated by numerical modeling. A pure conductive scenario fails to match the temperature measurements, implying that both borehole sections are overprinted by advective conditions. Coupled fluid and heat flow modeling with solute transport yield results that agree with observed temperatures. The results of these simulations suggest that meteoric water flow from the mountain range controls the thermal conditions in the upper part of the borehole. Below this level, the thermal regime is additionally affected by circulation of salt water from the nearby ocean. Each of these flow systems has been observed at other locations: topographically driven fresh water at locations with pronounced topography and ingress of salt water is typical for islands or coastal areas. At Hawaii, they coincide and influence each other, resulting in a salt water interface occurring at greater depth than expected.     

流场分析法在矿区水文地质工作中的应用

阐述了流场分析法在查明矿区水文地质边界的水力性质,含水介质的结构特征及地下水补给,径流和排泄条件中的应用。并以蔚县矿区为例,对大抽水前后的天然流场和人工流场进行了分析,确认了介的水质,强径流速年位置及岩溶水的补给来源。     

Review on Advances in Chemical Osmosis in Clayey Sediments

Osmotic phenomena refer to water and solute transport processes that occur when transport of solute molecules or ions is restricted by the porous medium relative to that of water molecules. Chemical osmosis and reverse osmosis/ultrafiltration are osmotic phenomena. The studies of “coupled flow” caused by chemical osmosis have been widely applied in many fields, such as earth science, environmental science and civil engineering. This paper provided a review of the considerable advances in the field of chemical osmosis and clay semipermeable membrane since the 1950s. We summarized the research progress of chemical osmosis in clayey sediments into three aspects: theoretical basis, experimental research and numerical model. In particular, the laboratory equipment and measurement methods of the chemico-osmotic efficiency coefficient σ were described,. The existing discontinuous models based on the ‘diffusive double layer’ theory were summerized, as well as the various control factors of σ. It increases with Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), compaction pressure and decreases by the increasing of porosity and solution concentration. This paper also summerized the contimuum models based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics, which are used to explain and predict anomalies of hydraulic head pressure and salinity in clayey environments. For the future development of this discipline, it is critical to find a reliable method to confirm the σ value. It is also critical to emphasize the research on chemical osmosis in complex conditions and the influence of chemical osmosis on groundwater flow and solute transpotation. China has just stepped into this research area and more efforts should be made if significant progress is desired. This review will be helpful to further research on groundwater numerical simulation integrated with chemical osmosis in China.     

高渗压小水力梯度岩石渗透性测试

对低渗透岩石的渗透性测试一般采用瞬时压力脉冲法,但该方法不能真实模拟野外高孔隙水压力、小水力梯度的现场实际条件,而且试验存在较大误差。为此开发研制了一套新型高压渗透仪,在渗透出水端安装了管路过滤器、调速阀两种器械元件,可手动任意调控流量大小,而流量大小采用精确测量渗出水体积变化量表示。试验只要保证进水端水压不变,当调控的水流量与试样的渗流量达到平衡时,则会在出水端形成一个稳定的水压值。该套试验设备不但可对圆柱体试样进行渗透性、力学特性测试,而且还可以对方柱体试样进行渗透性测试,实现了对岩石实际所处应力、高孔隙水压力环境的真实模拟。实测检验理论技术可行,达到了满意的试验效果。     

泥沙影响流速分布规律的试验研究

挟沙水流中泥沙颗粒的存在将影响水流的紊动结构,并进一步影响水流流速分布。采用超声流速仪MicroADV测量挟沙水流的时均流速沿垂线分布,分析了在不同水力条件、不同泥沙条件(包括泥沙浓度及颗粒粒径)下泥沙与水流相互作用对流速沿垂线分布的影响,在此基础上,考虑到现有流速分布公式在实际河道水流流速沿垂线分布中的应用,提出新的指数型流速分布公式形式;并根据实验资料,初步检验了该公式的精度,同时分析了指数型流速公式中系数k和指数m随泥沙浓度s、粒径d以及水力条件的变化规律。结果表明:系数k随泥沙浓度的增加而增大,同时水力条件以及泥沙颗粒粒径同样也影响着k的变化;而指数m随粒径d的增大而减小,随泥沙浓度s的增加而增大。     

A model for multiphase flow and transport in porous media including a phenomenological approach to account for deformation—a model concept and its validation within a code intercomparison study

Multiphase flow processes in unsaturated cohesive soils are often affected by deformation due to swelling and shrinking as a result of varying water contents. This paper presents a model concept which is denoted ‘phenomenological’ in terms of the processes responsible for soil deformation, since the effects of deformation on flow and transport are only considered by constitutive relations that allow an adaptation of the hydraulic properties. This new model is validated in a detailed intercomparison study with two state-of-the-art models that are capable of explicitly describing the processes relevant for the deformation. A ‘numerical experiment’ with a state-of-the-art reference model is used to produce ‘measurement data’ for an inverse-modelling-based estimation of the model input parameters for the phenomenological concept.     

生态水文学:生态需水及其与流速因素的相互作用

本文研究涉及生态水文学中生态需水问题的一般认知。探讨了生态系统动态变化与水流驱动力因素之间的关系，重点探讨水流驱动因素中的关键指标——流速，通过分析流速与生态系统相互作用，从生态水文学动力因素出发估算生态需水；基于生态流速和水力半径，提出考虑河道内生态需水与水力因素关系的生态水力半径法，充分利用水生生物信息（鱼类产卵洄游流速）与河道信息（水位、流速、糙率等）估算河道内生态需水；归纳生态水力半径法在生态需水计算中的初步应用：考虑污染物降解耦合水量水质的生态需水计算、考虑鱼类等生物对流速要求的生态需水计算、考虑河道冲淤平衡的输沙需水量计算等方面。本文提出的生态流速研究既包括生物生长发育适宜的流速，又包括流速大小变化所涉及的许多动力因素，旨在延伸与扩展生态水文学的内涵与应用。