包含水分循环和海冰物理过程的气候模式及气候因子对海冰变化的影响

鉴于水分循环和海冰过程是气候变化研究中两个比较薄弱的环节，而在以往的一些气候模式中往往简化甚至忽略了其中之一，给气候变化的研究带来了一定的不确定性。因此本文设计了一个包含详细水分循环海冰物理过程的二维气候模式，在模拟出极地海冰面积和季节循环基础上，详细研究了存在大气，海洋，海冰以及水份循环中的各种气候因素对海冰季节循环的影响，得到了一些比较有意义的结论：（１）当大气中感热潜热输送加强时，海冰面积减     

极地海冰变化对气候的影响

本文为“极地海冰变化对气候的影响”专题研究工作的简单小结。本工作从资料分析特别是从数值试验研究了极地海冰广度异常的气候效应，着重揭示了极地海冰异常对大气环流和气候的影响是全球性的，它可激发出全球大气异常遥相关型波形，表现出具有与赤道太平洋海温异常同样生命的作用；讨论了极地海冰异常对大气环流影响的机制以及极地海冰变化特征和物理过程。     

近年来国外海冰模式发展的回顾

海冰是气候系统中的重要成员，而海冰模式是描述海冰物理过程、模拟和预报海冰演变的有力工具。根据国外发表的文献，对海冰模式从动力学、热力学和厚度分布三个方面的研究进行了回顾，对海冰模拟的研究具有一定的借鉴作用。     

一个热动力海冰模式的改进与实验

影响海冰变化的物理因素中热力和动力部分是同等重要的，但多数热动力海冰模式的热力部分考虑得较为简单。针对Hibler热动力海冰模式的不足，以1个3层热力模式为基础改进了其热力部分。比较了原模式中的零层热力模式和用于改进的3层热力模式；并应用改进前后的两种热动力模式对1983年的北极海冰进行了模拟。模拟结果表明，海冰厚度比原模式厚，季节变化减弱，海冰密集度与观测资料更为符合。     

海冰在大气环流模式中的重要作用

文章简要综述了次网格尺度海冰非均匀性对大气环流模式性能的影响；南极冰在全球环流和短期气候变化中的作用；以及模式中不同的海冰反照率参数化对地表温度和辐射的影响等研究结果．说明海冰对极地海洋和大气的能量收支及短期气候变化有重要作用，不同的海冰参数化方案对气候模拟结果有重要影响．     

北极多冰年和少冰年的大气环流差异

本文利用一个改进的海冰热力模式,取北极区大气和有关场的气候资料,模拟了1982年10月至1988年9月的北极海冰空间分布和季节变化的循环特征,较好地模拟出多冰年（1983,1987）和少冰年（1984,1986）。模拟结果与部分研究工作以及实况相比较,基本状况趋于一致。并且在此基础上进一步探讨了北极多冰年和少冰年的大气环境差异,可以看到多冰年的北极极涡偏西半球;少冰年的北极极涡基本是围绕极地。从而进一步影响多冰年和少冰年大气环流差异,特别是对亚洲环流的影响较大。     

FGOALS_gg1.1极地气候模拟

对中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室发展的气候系统模式FGOALS_g1.1的极地气候模拟现状进行了较为全面的评估.结果表明,FGOALS_g1.1对南北极海冰的主要分布特征、季节变化和年代际变化趋势具有一定的模拟能力.但也注意到,与观测相比,模式存在以下几方面的问题:(1)模拟的海冰总面积北极偏多,而南极偏少.北极,北大西洋海冰全年明显偏多;夏季,西伯利亚沿海海冰偏多,而波弗特海海冰偏少.南极,威德尔海和罗斯海冬季海冰偏少.南北极海冰边缘都存在异常的较大范围密集度很小的碎冰区,夏季尤为显著.(2)海冰流速在南北极海冰边缘和南极大陆沿岸附近较大.北极,模式没能模拟出波弗特涡流,并且由于模式网格中北极点的处理问题,造成其附近错误的海冰流场及厚度分布.这些海冰偏差与模式模拟的大气和海洋状况有着密切的联系.进一步分析表明,FGOALS_g1.1模拟的冰岛低压和南极绕极西风带明显偏弱,其通过大气环流和海表面风应力影响向极地的热量输送,在很大程度上导致上述的海冰偏差.此外,耦合模式中大气-海冰-海洋的相互作用可以放大子模式中的偏差.     

海冰增长解析模式评述

海冰增长在地球物理学中是一个经典问题，传统上一直被处理为一维的，并且只考虑垂直热输送。最早的解析模式可以追溯到十九世纪。这为检验海冰增长理论、深入了解其物理机制、得出各种条件下冰层厚度的一级近似提供了很有效的工具。此文描述了海冰增长的物理问题，提出了关于该问题的一个解析模拟框架，并给出了不同环境条件下的解析解。     

冬季赤道中东太平洋海温和北极海冰异常对大气环流影响的研究

本文从观测分析和数值试验两方面研究了冬季赤道中东太平洋海温和北极海冰覆盖面积的异常对太气环流的影响。结果表明赤道热源和极地冷源的变异是影响大气环流异常的两个重要方面因子,极地海冰变异与赤道太平洋海温异常对大气环流的影响具有同等重要的作用,必须引起足够的重视。     

海冰在大气环流模型中的重要作用

文章简要综述了次网格尺度海非均匀性大对大气环流模式性能的影响，南极冰在全球环流和短期气候变化中的作用，以及模式中不同的海冰反照率参数化对地表温度和辐射的影响等研究结果，说明海冰对极地海洋和大气的能量收支及短期气候变化有重要作用，不同的海洋参数化方案对气候模拟结果有重要影响。     

BCC_CSM北极海冰模拟性能的改进对东亚冬季气候模拟的影响

国家气候中心气候系统模式(BCC_CSM)将美国Los Alamos国家实验室发展的海冰模式CICE5.0替代原有的海冰模式SIS,形成一个新版本耦合模式,很好地提高了模式对北极海冰和北极气候的模拟能力.在此基础上,本文评估新耦合模式对1985-2014年东亚冬季气候的模拟性能,检验北极海冰模拟性能的改进对东亚冬季气候...     

深度学习方法在北极海冰预报中的应用

在全球气候变暖背景下,北极海冰呈现出逐年消融的趋势.海冰的消融给北极的开发利用带来了重要机遇,例如北极航道通航潜力的显现.但北极航道开通还面临着诸多困难,尤其是海冰变化机理的复杂性和海冰预报的不确定性以及由此带来的航行安全风险.近年来,深度学习因其强大的非线性拟合能力,逐渐在海冰预报领域中崭露头角.本文对近年来深度学习...     

Arctic sea ice and Eurasian climate: A review

The Arctic plays a fundamental role in the climate system and has shown significant climate change in recent decades,including the Arctic warming and decline of Arctic sea-ice extent and thickness. In contrast to the Arctic warming and reduction of Arctic sea ice, Europe, East Asia and North America have experienced anomalously cold conditions, with record snowfall during recent years. In this paper, we review current understanding of the sea-ice impacts on the Eurasian climate.Paleo, observational and modelling studies are covered to summarize several major themes, including: the variability of Arctic sea ice and its controls; the likely causes and apparent impacts of the Arctic sea-ice decline during the satellite era,as well as past and projected future impacts and trends; the links and feedback mechanisms between the Arctic sea ice and the Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation, the recent Eurasian cooling, winter atmospheric circulation, summer precipitation in East Asia, spring snowfall over Eurasia, East Asian winter monsoon, and midlatitude extreme weather; and the remote climate response(e.g., atmospheric circulation, air temperature) to changes in Arctic sea ice. We conclude with a brief summary and suggestions for future research.     

Simulation of sea ice in FGOALS-g2: Climatology and late 20th century changes

Sea ice is an important component in the Earth’s climate system. Coupled climate system models are indispensable tools for the study of sea ice, its internal processes, interaction with other components, and projection of future changes. This paper evaluates the simulation of sea ice by the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model Grid-point Version 2 (FGOALS-g2), in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP5), with a focus on historical experiments and late 20th century simulation. Through analysis, we find that FGOALS-g2 produces reasonable Arctic and Antarctic sea ice climatology and variability. Sea ice spatial distribution and seasonal change characteristics are well captured. The decrease of Arctic sea ice extent in the late 20th century is reproduced in simulations, although the decrease trend is lower compared with observations. Simulated Antarctic sea ice shows a reasonable distribution and seasonal cycle with high accordance to the amplitude of winter-summer changes. Large improvement is achieved as compared with FGOALS-g1.0 in CMIP3. Diagnosis of atmospheric and oceanic forcing on sea ice reveals several shortcomings and major aspects to improve upon in the future: (1) ocean model improvements to remove the artificial island at the North Pole; (2) higher resolution of the atmosphere model for better simulation of important features such as, among others, the Icelandic Low and westerly wind over the Southern Ocean; and (3) ocean model improvements to accurately receive freshwater input from land, and higher resolution for resolving major water channels in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.     

Sensitivity of open-water ice growth and ice concentration evolution in a coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice model

A coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice model is applied to investigate to what degree the area-thickness distribution of new ice formed in open water affects the ice and ocean properties. Two sensitivity experiments are performed which modify the horizontal-to-vertical aspect ratio of open-water ice growth. The resulting changes in the Arctic sea-ice concentration strongly affect the surface albedo, the ocean heat release to the atmosphere, and the sea-ice production. The changes are further amplified through a positive feedback mechanism among the Arctic sea ice, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and the surface air temperature in the Arctic, as the Fram Strait sea ice import influences the freshwater budget in the North Atlantic Ocean. Anomalies in sea-ice transport lead to changes in sea surface properties of the North Atlantic and the strength of AMOC. For the Southern Ocean, the most pronounced change is a warming along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), owing to the interhemispheric bipolar seasaw linked to AMOC weakening. Another insight of this study lies on the improvement of our climate model. The ocean component FESOM is a newly developed ocean-sea ice model with an unstructured mesh and multi-resolution. We find that the subpolar sea-ice boundary in the Northern Hemisphere can be improved by tuning the process of open-water ice growth, which strongly influences the sea ice concentration in the marginal ice zone, the North Atlantic circulation, salinity and Arctic sea ice volume. Since the distribution of new ice on open water relies on many uncertain parameters and the knowledge of the detailed processes is currently too crude, it is a challenge to implement the processes realistically into models. Based on our sensitivity experiments, we conclude a pronounced uncertainty related to open-water sea ice growth which could significantly affect the climate system sensitivity.     

Albedo of coastal landfast sea ice in Prydz Bay,Antarctica: Observations and parameterization

The snow/sea-ice albedo was measured over coastal landfast sea ice in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica(off Zhongshan Station)during the austral spring and summer of 2010 and 2011. The variation of the observed albedo was a combination of a gradual seasonal transition from spring to summer and abrupt changes resulting from synoptic events, including snowfall, blowing snow, and overcast skies. The measured albedo ranged from 0.94 over thick fresh snow to 0.36 over melting sea ice. It was found that snow thickness was the most important factor influencing the albedo variation, while synoptic events and overcast skies could increase the albedo by about 0.18 and 0.06, respectively. The in-situ measured albedo and related physical parameters(e.g., snow thickness, ice thickness, surface temperature, and air temperature) were then used to evaluate four different snow/ice albedo parameterizations used in a variety of climate models. The parameterized albedos showed substantial discrepancies compared to the observed albedo, particularly during the summer melt period, even though more complex parameterizations yielded more realistic variations than simple ones. A modified parameterization was developed,which further considered synoptic events, cloud cover, and the local landfast sea-ice surface characteristics. The resulting parameterized albedo showed very good agreement with the observed albedo.     

Polar WRF模式海冰密集度方案对北极海雾模拟效果的个例研究

全球变暖的背景下,北极航线的常规通航甚至商业运营有望实现,而海雾会严重影响航道上船只的航行安全。海冰的存在使海气之间相互作用变得更为复杂,是研究北极海雾不可忽略的因素。船载观测发现,与中纬度常见平流冷却雾形成时气温下降速度往往超过海水降温速度不同,北极海雾发生时海冰的存在还会使海水降温速度超过空气降温速度。然而目前海冰分布是否会影响模式模拟海雾的准确性还不得而知,因此本文利用Polar WRF（Polar Weather Research and Forecasting）模式模拟了中国第七次北极考察中观测到的一次海雾过程,并进行海冰密集度敏感性试验。通过与船载观测和欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析数据比对发现,在低浮冰区内（海冰密集度小于50%）考虑海冰分布时可以更加准确地刻画潜热通量与水汽通量,模拟出与观测事实相符的表层空气降温与增湿过程以及相对湿度的变化,因此能够更好地刻画海雾的三维结构及其生消演变。     

Greenland Ice Sheet Contribution to Future Global Sea Level Rise based on CMIP5 Models简

Sea level rise （SLR） is one of the major socioeconomic risks associated with global warming. Mass losses from the Greenland ice sheet （GrIS） will be partially responsible for future SLR, although there are large uncertainties in modeled climate and ice sheet behavior. We used the ice sheet model SICOPOLIS （Simulation COde for POLythermal Ice Sheets） driven by climate projections from 20 models in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project （CMIP5） to estimate the GrlS contribution to global SLR. Based on the outputs of the 20 models, it is estimated that the GrIS will contribute 0-16 （0-27） cm to global SLR by 2100 under the Representative Concentration Pathways （RCP） 4.5 （RCP 8.5） scenarios. The projected SLR increases further to 7-22 （7-33） cm with 2~basal sliding included. In response to the results of the multimodel ensemble mean, the ice sheet model projects a global SLR of 3 cm and 7 cm （10 cm and 13 cm with 2~basal sliding） under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, respectively. In addition, our results suggest that the uncertainty in future sea level projection caused by the large spread in climate projections could be reduced with model-evaluation and the selective use of model outputs.     

近20 a驱动北极夏季迅速增暖和融冰的自然因素及过程

北极是全球气候系统平衡的重要一环,近20 a全球变暖现象中,北极迅速增温及融冰是最为引人关注的问题之一.人类影响无疑是过去几十年北极变暖背后的最主要的原因及驱动力,但气候系统的内在自然变率对北极的影响也不容忽视.本文指出,北极变暖的自然影响因子有一部分来源于热带太平洋东部海温的变化,热带太平洋通过由东部海温异常所驱动的...     

全球变暖背景下北极海冰与东亚冬季风关系的变化及其机制

为了进一步了解全球变暖背景下北极海冰与东亚冬季风的关系及其变化,本文选用东亚冬季风北模态及南模态作为东亚冬季风指数,利用滑动相关分析、回归分析及合成分析研究了全球变暖背景下1953—2021年北极海冰密集度与东亚冬季风关系的变化特征及其机制。结果表明:11月巴伦支海海冰密集度与东亚冬季风北模态之间的关系发生了显著变化,从1962—1977年显著正相关转为1983—1999年显著负相关,2000年以后两者无显著关系。1962—1977年11月巴伦支海海冰偏多对应东亚冬季风偏强,这是大气环流影响海冰的结果,11月的大气环流异常特征维持到了冬季,使得欧亚大陆上空大气呈现出北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation,AO)负位相,在增强东亚冬季风的同时将中高纬大陆干冷空气输送至巴伦支海,在表面风应力的作用下巴伦支海海冰增多。1983—1999年则由前一时期的大气环流影响海冰变为海冰影响大气环流,11月巴伦支海海冰显著减少在冬季激发出了北极涛动负位相,加强东亚大槽及东亚高空西风急流,从而使得东亚冬季风偏强。2000年以后北极海冰与东亚冬季风北模态的关系明显减弱,此时东亚冬季风与北极涛动的负相关关系更为显著。