案例教学在气象培训中的运用及探索

案例教学是符合现代成人教育的一种教学方法,学员可以通过对案例文本研究和案例问题的交流讨论,来提高对实际问题的分析和解决能力。以陕西气象为农服务案例为例,介绍陕西省气象干部培训学院在案例教学中取得的一些经验,分析存在的不足,探讨改进措施,为气象培训同行提供参考。     

气象培训教师授课技能提升方法

讨论了气象培训教师应该具备的教学基本功,通过剖析中国气象局气象干部培训学院第三届青年教师教学基本功竞赛优秀课程,评析气象专业获奖教师展现的优秀教学技能与经验,分析陕西气象培训教师在培训授课中存在的问题,进一步阐明提升气象培训教师教学能力的主要方法,对加强气象培训教师的培养提出建议。     

访谈式教学在气象干部综合素质培训中的运用

在气象干部综合素质培训中尝试开展访谈式教学,能更好地激发学员的热情和参与度,提升教学效果。通过对陕西省气象干部培训学院开展的访谈式教学实践的分析,提出了做好访谈式教学应把握课程设计、课堂实施等关键环节及应该注意的问题。     

B-Learning模式在陕西气象培训中的应用

通过对陕西省气象干部培训学院基于B-Learning模式的两次教学活动进行分析,总结得出B-Learning模式在陕西气象干部培训应用中存在的问题,就一体化B-Learning模型设计、培训课件的开发和审核机制完善及培训质量管理等方面提出改进建议。     

从远程培训班分析陕西气象远程教育培训发展

陕西气象远程教育培训工作起步于2007年,通过对远程教育培训开展情况进行分析,可以看出远程教育培训的发展过程和方向。从培训班数量、培训内容、培训人次、培训时长、考试等关键要素对2007—2016年陕西省气象干部培训学院年度远程教育培训情况统计分析,总结陕西气象远程教育培训的发展特点,并对远程教育培训未来发展提出建议。     

案例教学在气象干部培训中的应用探讨

案例教学是一种可以充分体现学员为主体的教学方式.案例情境的引入不仅可以高度激发学员的学习兴趣,也可使学员在教师的引导下,逐步理解并运用所学知识对案例进行剖析与探究,从而加深学员对教学内容的理解.文章通过分析案例教学在内蒙古气象部门职工培训中的应用情况,探讨案例教学在气象培训中的教学效果、影响因素及发挥的作用,就进一步提...     

广西气象综合素质培训的有效价值探讨

通过对气象综合素质培训班学员的交流讨论情况及培训结束后提交的心得体会的分析,探究此项培训的有效价值,明晰此项培训是能够提高广西气象"干部思想政治素质、科学文化素养、业务素质和健康素质",从而推动气象综合素质培训常态化。     

提升陕西气象培训能力的思考

通过调研和调查相结合的方法,总结中国气象局气象干部培训学院培训分中心（以下简称分中心）发展的先进经验,调查全省气象职工的培训需求,指出目前陕西气象培训能力提升的迫切任务。     

气象预警预报培训效果影响因素浅析

通过对2021年中国气象局气象干部培训学院湖北分院举办的气象预警预报培训的107名学员进行问卷调查,使用层次分析法对调查数据进行分析,得出学员的学习态度、学习能力、学习意愿、单位领导的支持和培训教师的授课水平是影响气象预警预报培训效果的主要因素。其中,属培训对象的因素有5项,属培训组织的有3项,属培训环境的有2项。在培训教育中应充分调动培训学员的主观能动性,从师资水平和培训设计上提升培训效果,并创造良好的培训环境以保障培训效果。     

气象教育改革必须适应气象事业的新型结构

气象教育改革必须适应气象事业的新型结构谢勇华近十年来，在气象院校中，先后停止了大学专科生的招生和培养．代之以干部专修科和专科函授生的培训。这虽然对于提高气象邵门在职职工的整体素质起到了一定作用，但是由于气象事业新型结构的建立、业务技术体制的改革以及在...     

Rate constants for the reactions of the NO3 radical with HCOOH/HCOO− and CH3COOH/CH3COO− in aqueous solution between 278 and 328 K

The kinetics of the aqueous phase reactions of NO₃ radicals with HCOOH/HCOO^– and CH₃COOH/CH₃COO^– have been investigated using a laser photolysis/long-path laser absorption technique. NO₃ was produced via excimer laser photolysis of peroxodisulfate anions (S₂O ₈ ^2– ) at 351 nm followed by the reactions of sulfate radicals (SO ₄ ^– ) with excess nitrate. The time-resolved detection of NO₃ was achieved by long-path laser absorption at 632.8 nm. For the reactions of NO₃ with formic acid (1) and formate (2) rate coefficients ofk ₁=(3.3±1.0)×10⁵ l mol^–1 s^–1 andk ₂=(5.0±0.4)×10⁷ l mol^–1 s^–1 were found atT=298 K andI=0.19 mol/l. The following Arrhenius expressions were derived:k ₁(T)=(3.4±0.3)×10¹⁰ exp[–(3400±600)/T] l mol^–1 s^–1 andk ₂(T)=(8.2±0.8)×10¹⁰ exp[–(2200±700)/T] l mol^–1 s^–1. The rate coefficients for the reactions of NO₃ with acetic acid (3) and acetate (4) atT=298 K andI=0.19 mol/l were determined as:k ₃=(1.3±0.3)×10⁴ l mol^–1 s^–1 andk ₄=(2.3±0.4)×10⁶ l mol^–1 s^–1. The temperature dependences for these reactions are described by:k ₃(T)=(4.9±0.5)×10⁹ exp[–(3800±700)/T] l mol^–1 s^–1 andk ₄(T)=(1.0±0.2)×10¹² exp[–(3800±1200)/T] l mol^–1 s^–1. The differences in reactivity of the anions HCOO^– and CH₃COO^– compared to their corresponding acids HCOOH and CH₃COOH are explained by the higher reactivity of NO₃ in charge transfer processes compared to H atom abstraction. From a comparison of NO₃ reactions with various droplets constituents it is concluded that the reaction of NO₃ with HCOO^– may present a dominant loss reaction of NO₃ in atmospheric droplets.     

Kritische Bemerkung zur Frage der Temperatur-abhängigkeit der Ozonverteilung

Zusammenfassung A. undE. Vassy haben in der Frage der Temperatur-abhängigkeit des Ozongehalts der Atmosphäre aus der Gleichung loge _n –logJ _n logK(T _n ) geschlossen, daß auch die Gleichung loge _n logJ _n +logK(T _n ) gültig sei. Es wird hier nun gezeigt, daß die bei der ersten Gleichung erlaubten Vernachlässigungen bei der zweiten zu großen Fehlern führen können und daß daher von A. undE. Vassy kein Beweis für die Richtigkeit der Beziehunge=J.K(T) erbracht ist.

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Summary In the question of temperature dependence of ozone content of the atmosphere A. andE. Vassy have concluded from the equation loge _n –logJ _n logK(T _n ) that also the formula loge _n logJ _n +logK(T _n ) must be valid. In this paper it is proved that the neglections which may be admitted for the first equation, can conduct to great errors. Therefore A. andE. Vassy have not produced a proof for the correctness of the equatione=J.K(T).

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Résumé A. etE. Vassy en étuidant le problème de la teneur de l'ozone atmosphérique en relation avec la température ont admis que l'équation loge _n –logJ _n logK(T _n ) entraînait aussi la relation loge _n logJ _n +logK(T _n ). On montre ici que les simplifications admises pour la première équation conduisent pour l'application de la seconde à de fortes erreurs, et que par conséquent ces auteurs n'ont pas fourni de preuve de la justesse de la relatione=J.K(T).

     

Characteristics of ionic components in precipitation in Kitakyushu City,Japan

Precipitation samples were collected by filtrating bulk sampler in Kitakyushu City, Japan, from January 1988 to December 1990. Volume weighted annual mean of pH was 4.93, but the pH distribution indicated that most probable value lay in the range pH 6.0–6.4. Volume weighted annual mean concentrations of major ionic components were as follows; SO ₄ ^2– : 84.2, NO ₃ ^– : 28.1, Cl^–: 86.3, NH ₄ ⁺ : 45.5, Ca²⁺: 63.3, Mg²⁺: 27.0, K⁺: 3.4, Na⁺: 69.0 µ eq l^–1. The highest concentrations of these ionic components were observed in winter and the lowest occurred in the rainy season. The ratio of ex-SO ₄ ^2– /NO ₃ ^– exhibited the lowest ratio in summer, and the highest ratio in winter. Good correlations were obtained between Cl^– and Na⁺, ex-SO ₄ ²⁺ and ex-Ca²⁺, NO ₃ ^– and ex-Ca²⁺, and NH ₄ ⁺ and ex-SO ₄ ^2– , respectively. However, no correlation between Cl^– and Na⁺ with Ca²⁺ was observed. The relationship of H⁺ with (ex-SO ₄ ^2– + NO ₃ ^– ) - (ex-Ca²⁺ + NH ₄ ⁺ ) indicated positive correlation.     

Regional effects of large-scale extreme wind events over orographically structured terrain

Summary ?Above orographically structured terrain considerable differences of the regional wind field may be identified during large-scale extreme wind events. So far, these regional differences could not be resolved by climate models. To determine the relationships between large-scale atmospheric conditions, the influence of orography, and the regional wind field, data measured in the upper Rhine valley within the framework of the REKLIP Regional Climate Project were analyzed and calculations were made using the KAMM mesoscale model. In the area of the upper Rhine valley, ratios of the wind velocity in the Rhine valley at 10 m above ground level, ν_val, and the large-scale flow velocity, ν_lar, are between ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 0.1 and ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 1. The ν_val/ν_lar ratio exhibits a strong dependence on thermal stratification, δ, and decreases from ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 1 at δ = 0 K m⁻¹ to ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 0.2 at δ = 0.0075 K m⁻¹. In areas, where the lateral mountainous border of the Rhine valley is interrupted, the ν_val/ν_lar ratio increases again with increasing stability or decreasing Froude number. This is obviously due to flow around the Black Forest under stable stratification. It is demonstrated by model calculations that a complex wind field develops in the Rhine valley at small Froude numbers (Fr < 1) irrespective of the direction of large-scale flow. The ν_val/ν_lar ratio is characterized by small values in the direct lee side (ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 0.2) and high values on the windward side of the lateral mountainous border of the Rhine valley (ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 0.8). Received October 22, 2001; revised June 18, 2002; accepted June 23, 2002     

Kinetics of the Gas-Phase Reactions of OH Radicals, NO3 Radicals and O3 with Three C7-Carbonyls Formed From The Atmospheric Reactions of Myrcene, Ocimene and Terpinolene

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals, NO₃ radicals and O₃ with the C₇-carbonyl compounds 4-methylenehex-5-enal [CH₂=CHC(=CH₂)CH₂CH₂CHO], (3Z)- and (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal [CH₂=CHC(CH₃)=CHCH₂CHO] and 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one, which are products of the atmospheric degradations of myrcene, Z- and E-ocimene and terpinolene, respectively, have been measured at 296 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air using relative rate methods. The rate constants obtained (in cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1 units) were: for 4-methylenehex-5-enal, (1.55 ± 0.15) × 10^–10, (4.75 ± 0.35) × 10^–13 and (1.46 ± 0.12) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; for (3Z)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (1.61 ± 0.35) × 10^–10, (2.17 ± 0.30) × 10^–12, and (4.13 ± 0.81) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; for (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (2.52 ± 0.65) × 10^–10, (1.75 ± 0.27) × 10^–12, and (5.36 ± 0.28) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; and for 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one: (1.10 ± 0.19) × 10^–10, (1.81 ± 0.35) × 10^–12, and (6.98 ± 0.40) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively. These carbonyl compounds are all reactive in the troposphere, with daytime reaction with the OH radical and nighttime reaction with the NO₃ radical being predicted to dominate as loss processes and with estimated lifetimes of about an hour or less.     

Über die Voraussage zeitlich gemittelter Höhenkarten für Zwecke mittelfristiger Wetterprognosen

Zusammenfassung Eine Überprüfung der vonNamias abgeleiteten Formel zur Konstruktion sogenannter Trendkarten an Hand 20 ausgewählter Höhenkarten in der Zeit vom November 1955 bis Mai 1956 ergab eine vollkommene Bestätigung der vonNamias für Amerika angegebenen Korrelationskoeffizienten und des Faktors der entsprechenden Regressionsgleichung für den mitteleuropäischen Raum, obwohl die Untersuchungen sich auf die 850 mb-Topographie bezogen zum Unterschied vonNamias, der die 700 mb-Fläche zugrunde legte. Durch eine sinngemäße Kombination der in der synoptischen Praxis üblichen Konstruktionsmethode für 24 stündige Vorhersagekarten mit statistischen Überlegungen über die Abweichungen vom Normalwert gelingt die Ableitung einer Prognosenformel für eine dreitägige Mittelkarte, die als Grundlage für mittelfristige Wetterprognosen (Halbwochenprognosen) Verwendung findet. Die Formel weist gegenüber der Trendformel vonNamias den Vorteil auf, daß sie mit praktisch derselben Treffergenauigkeit einen wesentlich größeren Vorhersagezeitraum erfaßt.

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Summary Using 20 different contour charts during the period from November 1955 to May 1956 the formula for the construction of socalled trendcharts, primarily derived byNamias, has been verified for Central Europe though the investigations were based upon data from the 850 mb-level instead of the 700 mb-level used byNamias. Through a combination of the synoptic method for construction of forecast maps 24 hours in advance with statistic considerations about the departure from normals a formula is finally derived for a forecast of a three day mean chart. This formula has been successfully used for an extended forecast half week in advance. The described method shows an essential improvement upon theNamias procedure since a much greater forecast period can be obtained with almost the same accuracy.

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Résumé La formule établie parNamias en vue de construire les cartes d'évolution a fait l'objet d'un examen critique fondé sur la discussion de vingt cartes d'altitude de la période de novembre 1955 à mai 1956. Les valeurs des coefficients de corrélation données par cet auteur pour l'Amérique du Nord ainsi que le coefficient de l'équation de régression correspondante ont été confirmés pour l'espace européen, bien que les topographies étudieés n'aient pas été les mêmes (850 mb au lieu de 700 mb). Combinant les méthodes usuelles de construction des cartes de prévision de vingt-quatre heures à des critères statistiques d'écart à la normale, l'auteur établit une formule de prévision destinée à calculer une carte moyenne de trois jours servant de base à la prévision à moyenne échéance. Cette formule présente sur celle deNamias l'avantage d'atteindre une plus longue période de prévision avec une égale exactitude.

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Herrn Prof. Dr.H. Ficker zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Ein Kurzverfahren zur Bestimmung der langwelligen Ausstrahlung dicker Atmosphärenschichten

Zusammenfassung Für eine Reihe von Atmosphärenmodellen, die untereinander gleiche Temperaturschichtung und konstante relative Feuchtigkeit, aber verschieden hohe Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit im festen Niveau haben, wird der NettostrahlungsstromE in 400 mb und am Boden durch Berechnungen in den bekannten Strahlungsdiagrammen bestimmt. Es läßt sich zeigen, daßE ₄₀₀ (E _B ) als Funktion der Temperaturt ₄₀₀ (t _B ) und der Feuchtigkeit bzw. des Taupunktes ₄₀₀ ( _B ) dargestellt werden kann [Abb. 1 und 3, Gl. (1) und (3)], ählich, wie das für die effektive Strahlung des BodensE _B bereits früher durch die Formeln vonÅngström, Brunt u. a. geschehen ist. Wolkenschichten können durch Korrektionsfaktoren berücksichtigt werden. Die Abweichungen zwischen den so gewonnenen Strahlungssummen und den durch Planimetrieren im Strahlungsdiagramm berechneten sind im Durchschnitt kleiner als 3,5% (11%), für die Differenz E=E ₄₀₀–E _B sind sie kleiner als 6%.

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Summary For a series of model atmospheres which have the same stratification of temperature and constant relative humidity but different temperatures and humidities at a fixed level, the net radiation fluxE at 400 mb and at the surface are determined by computations in the well known radiation charts. It is shown thatE ₄₀₀ (E _B ) can be represented as a function of the temperaturet ₄₀₀ (t _B ) and humidity resp. dew point ₄₀₀ ( _B ) [Fig. 1 and 3, formula (1) and (3)], in a similar manner as the outgoing radiationE _B is already approximated by the formulae ofÅngström, Brunt, a. o. Cloud layers may be accounted for by correction factors. The differences between the radiation fluxes found in this way and those computed by integration in a radiation chart are in the average smaller than 3.5% (11%); with E=E ₄₀₀–E _B , the differences are smaller than 6%.

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Résumé Pour plusieurs modèles de l'atmosphère qui ont la même structure par rapport à la température et une humidité relative constante, mais à un niveau fixe des températures et humidités différentes, on calcule à l'aide de diagrammes de radiation connus le flux net de radiationE pour 400 mb et au sol. On peut montrer queE ₄₀₀ (E _B ) peut être représenté comme fonction de la températuret ₄₀₀ (t _B ) et de l'humidité, resp. du point de rosée ₄₀₀ ( _B ) [Fig. 1 et 3, formules (1) et (3)], tout comme cela a déjà été fait pour la radiation effective au solE _B grâce aux formules d'Ångström, deBrunt et d'autres. Par un facteur de correction on tient compte des couches de nuages. Les écarts entre les sommes de radiation ainsi obtenues et celles calculées à l'aide des diagrammes de radiation sont en moyenne plus petits que 3,5% (11%), la différence E=E ₄₀₀–E _B ne dépasse pas 6%.

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Mit 4 Textabbildungen.