起伏地表地震资料成像方法分析

西部地区地表起伏剧烈,往往伴随着地下构造复杂,给地震偏移处理工作带来了极大的困难,导致后续的解释结果与实际构造存在一定的差异.因此,复杂地区的地震资料成像问题显得尤为重要.文章通过对复杂地表模型的正演模拟以及山区实际地震资料的应用两方面的分析,获得了适合复杂地表的成像方法.结果表明:针对复杂地区,叠加技术成像比偏移技术成像更能真实地反映地下构造形态,是一种提高复杂地区构造成像精度的有效方法;同时,将叠加剖面和偏移剖面两者有机结合,对复杂地表资料进行解释分析,更能体现地下构造的真实形态,为煤矿工作的安全开采提供了有利依据.     

山前褶皱带模型正演模拟及波场分析

巴布亚褶皱带是巴布亚盆地的主要油气聚集带,已累计发现40亿桶油当量,但其勘探程度依旧很低.该构造带地表大部分区域为灰岩所覆盖,地形起伏剧烈,地下构造复杂,逆掩推覆构造广泛发育,地震资料采集处理效果很差.为此,在构建逼近巴布亚褶皱带实际复杂地表复杂构造模型的基础上,进行基于波动方程的波场地震正演模拟和地震照明模拟,分析褶皱带复杂地震资料采集和处理的影响因素.结果表明,波场正演模拟方法能够很好地适应复杂地表和复杂构造模型,模拟结果与实际地震资料具有很好的一致性,地面不同位置激发得到的单炮记录和地震照明分布具有很大的差异,探讨了影响复杂构造成像的主要因素.针对工区实际地下目标,提出了地震采集观测系统优化设计和后续处理建议,为复杂地表复杂构造区地震资料采集处理提供了借鉴和参考依据.     

徐家围子断陷致密砂砾岩目标地震处理技术

地震资料的逆时偏移是基于双程波发展起来的适合复杂波场的高精度成像方法.松辽盆地北部深层的致密砂砾岩是天然气勘探的重点领域,受上覆火山岩地层的屏蔽影响,加之地质构造复杂,使得该地区的地震波场特征复杂.在传统保幅处理的基础上,对研究区进行表层Q的吸收衰减补偿,可有效展宽地震资料的频带;另外,基于网格层析方法和Kirchhoff深度偏移完成深度域的速度模型建立,将预处理后的炮记录和深度域速度模型作为输入,应用GeoEast-Lightning软件的逆时偏移方法完成了研究区三维地震资料的逆时偏移处理,成像效果较以往Kirchhoff积分法叠前深度偏移有较为明显改善,成像数据体可用于后续构造解释和综合地质研究中,所形成的成像处理流程可在大庆探区推广应用.     

基于三维模型数据的Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移保幅性分析

随着勘探对象的复杂程度不断增加,地震数据处理对偏移成像技术的要求逐渐从以构造成像为主发展到以岩性参数估计为主.Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移提供的成像道集保幅性评价对于后续的AVO分析和储层预测至关重要.本文以渤海海域渤中28构造区地质结构为基础建立数值模型开展三维波动方程正演模拟,基于三维模型数据研究了偏移速度精度及偏移孔径对Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移保幅性的影响,研究成果对实际资料的处理有一定的指导意义.     

叠前时间偏移技术在淮北某煤矿采区三维地震勘探中的应用与效果

淮北某煤矿采区三维地震勘探地质条件极为复杂,区内褶皱、断层构造发育,常规叠后时间偏移处理很难准确成像,给后期资料解释工作带来不利影响.针对这一问题,采用叠前时间偏移技术,结合煤田地震勘探特点,对影响叠前偏移处理质量的关键步骤（预处理、静校正、叠前去噪、时间域速度模型建立）进行了研究,取得了显著效果.利用叠前偏移数据体解释,最终圆满完成了地质任务.本文通过应用实例,说明了煤田地震勘探资料处理利用叠前时间偏移技术对复杂构造成像效果较好,信噪比提高,断点解释更可靠.     

起伏地表叠前逆时偏移的实现及应用

复杂地表复杂构造是近年来陆上地震勘探的重难点问题.其中,复杂构造成像问题可用叠前深度偏移技术如逆时偏移较好地解决,而地表起伏大、横向变速剧烈引起道间时差大问题则需要采用起伏地表偏移的思路.结合常规地震数据处理,本文提出一种基于起伏面的逆时偏移成像技术流程,该流程利用固定面与平滑起伏面高程差和替换速度将静校正后的叠前炮集反静校正到起伏面上,然后进行起伏面逆时偏移成像计算.将流程应用到模型数据和实际资料处理,结果均表明该流程在复杂地表复杂构造地震成像方面具有很好的效果.     

含煤地层岩浆岩侵入体地震波场模拟

从地质特征出发分析了岩浆岩侵入对煤层的影响,在此基础上建立岩浆岩侵入模型进行地震叠前波场正演与成像处理,对岩浆岩侵入体不同厚度、岩浆岩对煤层不同的侵蚀程度、不同间距等多种模型进行地震正演模拟,分析了几种情况下的地震反射波特征及岩浆岩侵入对煤层反射波的影响.研究结果表明,岩浆岩侵蚀区地震波场复杂,高精度的成像结果是正确识...     

基于小尺度构造约束的网格层析方法及其在火山岩发育区速度建模中的应用

速度场精度是影响偏移成像质量最为关键的因素,因此,速度模型的建立成为解决复杂地质体成像的核心工作.但在火山岩发育区,由于火山岩岩性、岩相复杂,空间相互叠置、尺度小等原因,导致地震波场复杂,成像难度大.常规基于网格的层析成像技术完全是数据驱动,其要求地震数据具有较高信噪比.而火山岩发育区地震反射杂乱,该方法无法满足精细建模需求.为此本文提出一种基于小尺度构造约束的网格层析速度建模方法.该方法既可以通过偏移距共成像点道集的剩余曲率对全局速度进行更新,也可以利用层位约束进行小尺度速度的局部修饰,即,在基于数据驱动的网格层析基础上通过地质约束提高速度模型精度.通过在渤海M油田的实际应用表明该方法在保证计算效率的同时大幅提高小尺度特殊构造体的反演精度,为后续火山岩发育区地震精确成像奠定坚实的基础.     

海洋坡折带地震资料处理关键技术

琼东南盆地坡折带紧邻富烃凹陷,具有良好的油气勘探前景,陆架到陆坡之间水深从200 m迅速加深至2000m.坡折带这种特殊海底地貌形成了复杂的地震波场,资料多次波发育且信噪比低.本文从正演模拟和原始野外记录资料分析了坡折带地震资料特征及处理的难点,提出了多次波衰减及深度域速度建模技术对策,实现了良好偏移成像.     

面向靶区OBC成像评价观测系统

OBC近年来得到长足的发展,但采集新技术的出现,相应地要求处理技术的开发和研究必须跟进,跟上世界先进技术的进步,才能更好地为油气的勘探工作做出应有的贡献.目前在OBC采集、处理方面还存在如下问题:如何客观评价现有OBC观测系统的优劣,如何评价采集资料的质量,如何评价现有OBC资料处理模块的效果等.为此,本文收集了靶区地震地质资料,建立了从陆坡区到深水区的二维和三维地震地质模型,基于二维和三维波动方程正演模拟技术,模拟给定的OBC观测系统下的P波和P-SV波炮集记录,根据多波资料处理结果评价对应的OBC观测系统的采集资料的效果.结果显示,OBC接收的地震波场特征复杂,地震波类型很多,合成记录的纵横波分离得到的纵波剖面和转换波剖面特征明显.靶区给定的OBC观测系统正演模拟结果表明,给定的观测系统下,复杂断层能得到较好的偏移成像,但复杂基底尤其是凹陷部位,成像效果较差.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.