Designing and implementing a GIS in an international context

International collaborations between private companies, national research laboratories, and universities in the field of GIS have opened up new ways of exchanging knowledge and experiences between different countries. However, when a collaboration involves the actual design and implementation of an operational GIS, rather than simply theoretical or applied research, or the development of specific applications, many problems can arise, sometimes leading either to the partial success or to the complete failure of a project. Some of these problems are frequently encountered in all kinds of international collaborations: problems arising from different cultural mentalities, difficulties establishing a single common leadership, difficulties with communication and information exchange, and so on. Problems relating to the specific nature of GIS are also present, for example the absence of digital geographic data format standards, the absence of metadata standards, the omission of GIS or IS design methods, etc. This paper focuses on a joint Sino-Belgian project for the design and implementation of an urban geographical information system (UGIS) integrating remote sensing techniques in Hangzhou city, China and examines the general, specific, and international aspects of the problems encountered in an international collaboration.     

当代地理信息系统进展综述

综述当代地理信息技术的发展现状与趋势,涉及地理信息的获取与处理,地理空间数据的管理,地理信息应用服务,地理信息共享技术以及新型GIS如WebGIS、组件GIS、三维GIS和移动GIS等方面的内容。     

地理学视角下测绘地理信息再透视

系统回顾了地理信息系统产生以来地理信息内涵发展与拓展的主要历程,指出地理信息的定义一直是在"空间+属性"的地图信息基本框架下逐步扩展,其发展历程经历了地图GIS、语义GIS、时空GIS和大数据GIS 4个不同的阶段,但仍无法满足时空大数据的分析和应用需求。从地理学研究的对象和内容出发,对地理学所需要的"地理信息"的内涵和外延进行了系统的梳理总结,提出了涵盖"空间定位""语义描述""属性特征""几何形态""演化过程""要素相互关系"的地理信息六要素表达模型。在地理定律和地理规律的指导下,面向地理现象空间分布、时空格局、演化过程、相互作用机理的集成表达、系统分析和高效管理,设计了六要素集成表达的几何代数统一GIS数据模型、地理规律与相互作用驱动的新型GIS数据结构、非结构化时空数据组织与存储等关键技术,为测绘地理信息走向地理科学信息提供了另一个理论基础与技术方法支撑,有助于提升GIS对地理格局、演化过程和要素相互作用等地理规律的组织、管理、表达和分析能力。     

基于ArcGIS Engine的地图要素合并方法研究与实现

地形图数据是GIS基础框架的重要数据源,我国地图制图系统大多以AutoCAD平台开发,很多数据都以CAD格式存储。从空间地理信息系统的角度来看,CAD缺乏对空间数据信息的描述和分析功能,而地理信息系统(GIS),特别是Geodatabase空间地理数据模型在空间信息分析方面发挥着巨大的作用,能对已存在的空间数据进行建模、分析和管理,能够在一个统一的模型框架下处理和表达GIS地理空间要素。本文以CAD数据转换到ArcGIS数据存在的问题为出发点,采用C#语言和COM组件技术,利用ArcGIS的GeoDatabase数据模型,针对数据导入到GeoDatabase空间数据库后跨图幅要素的合并、要素属性的合并等问题提出了相应的模型和算法。     

基于WebGIS的省级旅游地理信息系统研究与开发

在数字旅游信息化建设中,GIS扮演了极其重要的角色。但是,当前旅游地理信息系统的开发主要是针对旅游空间信息的浏览和查询,用户类型单一化,空间数据利用率不高,缺乏专业的旅游评价及决策功能。旅游空间基础数据在面向旅游业务功能的软件开发中缺乏有效的逻辑组织,缺乏对开发旅游专业功能服务的支撑。针对这些问题,本文研究了基于WebGIS的旅游地理信息系统体系结构,开发了面向多用户的WebGIS旅游信息服务功能,提出了将WebGIS与旅游评价紧密结合的思路与方法,与此同时,本文利用智能客户端技术,研究开发了GIS数据离线处理功能,为GIS数据的后台管理提供了灵活的管理手段。研究证明,本文探讨的旅游WebGIS体系结构在实际运用中是切实可行的。     

Understanding Design with VGI using an Information Relevance Framework

Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) has the potential to offer benefits to end‐users over and above those of Professional Geographic Information (PGI). A multi‐methods approach, consisting of participatory observation, focus groups and diary studies, was used to study how VGI and PGI were actually used by a target user group. A theoretical framework of information relevance was used to understand the attributes of information that were most important in relation to the characteristics of the users' activity and their community. The key finding was that the discussion amongst GIS designers should not be whether to choose VGI or PGI as the information data set, but to consider which combination of VGI and PGI relating to different geographic features and task characteristics would best meet the users' needs. VGI is likely to be most relevant to the user when a geographic feature is dynamic rather than static in nature, and can also provide a level of detail that is unlikely to arise through PGI. These findings have implications for how different forms of information are most effective for different usage situations. Above all, a case is presented for the implementation of User Centred Design (UCD) principles when integrating VGI and PGI together in a single mashup‐based product.     

RS与GIS一体化数据结构的研究

详细阐述了RS与GIS一体化的概念,通过对RS与GIS一体化方面的研究与分析,进一步明确RS与GIS一体化对空间数据存储结构的要求,着重探讨了几种典型的用于RS与GIS一体化的数据结构,针对现有数据结构存在的问题与不足,提出了一种具有普遍适用价值的基于语义网络的空间数据存储结构,并给出一个应用实例。     

基于Servlet服务链的分布式Web GIS研究

本文从Servlet技术出发,探讨了Servlet技术在Web GIS服务器实现上的优势。针对目前分布式Web GIS中面临的数据和信息的分布存储、地理信息难以整合、多用户并发访问瓶颈等问题;探讨了通过构建Servlet服务链来实现分布式Web GIS的体系架构,基于Servlet服务链的分布式空间数据的调度与管理,Web GIS服务器端GIS Servlet服务链的构建。最后,通过实验验证了多Servlet服务链在Web GIS中分布数据处理,服务中多用户并发访问等方面的优势。     

互联网时代GIS设计的新观念──以数据为中心的GIS

本文讨论了以数据为中心的GIS设计新概念。指出互联网造就了巨大的信息资源,GIS的数据源从自供自给到从网上获取是一种观念的巨大转变。进而探讨了WebGIS在网上数据服务,网上数据互操作,网上数据采掘和网上数据管理等方面的新进展和面临的新挑战。     

基于模糊重心综合评判的GIS数据产品质量评价研究

数据质量的好坏,直接影响着GIS应用分析结果的可靠性及应用目标的实现;而缺少数据质量衡量指标的GIS产品和其他产品一样,将无法得到用户的信任。因此,本文针对GIS数据产品的质量评价问题,基于模糊推理为主的重心综合评判法思想,提出应用模糊重心综合评判法对GIS数据产品的质量进行评价。同时结合实例与模糊评判法进行比较,证明模糊重心综合评判法评判的结果更为合理、可靠,认为其在GIS数据产品的质量评价方面是一种较为科学的方法。     

主动空间信息服务技术研究

提出主动空间信息服务的概念,主动空间信息服务是网络条件下解决空间信息服务不同节点及其服务对象的分布性和空间信息服务的实时性要求之间的矛盾而提出的。为满足主动空间信息服务的需求,提出主动式地理信息系统的概念,并就主动式地理信息系统的体系结构、实现途径和关键技术进行了研究。实验结果表明,主动式地理信息系统可以有效地提供实时空间信息服务。     

Study on gis data directly integrated into image processing

The basic properties to be dealt with ,when considering initially the research needs related to the integration of remote sensing (RS) information into a geographic information system (GIS),are many-sided.The primary combination of remote sensing and GIS is mainly realized by the transforms of data structure .Because of its own limitations,there is an urgent need to investigate the integration of RS and GIS in higher levels.In this paper,we discuss the different types of combinations of RS with GIS,and propose that GIS data should be directly brought into image processing from the beginning.A tentative idea of how to use the method of granularity to study the common processing unit of RS and GIS is described.The example for the determination of granularity of spatial data processing related to run-length-code line is also given.     

Study on gis data directly integrated into image processing

The basic properties to be dealt with, when considering initially the research needs related to the integration of remote sensing (RS) information into a geographic information system (GIS), are many-sided. The primary combination of remote sensing and GIS is mainly realized by the transforms of data structure. Because of its own limitations, there is an urgent need to investigate the integration of RS and GIS in higher levels. In this paper, we discuss the different types of combinations of RS with GIS, and propose that GIS data should be directly brought into image processing from the beginning. A tentative idea of how to use the method of granularity to study the common processing unit of RS and GIS is described. The example for the determination of granularity of spatial data processing related to run-length-code line is also given.     

基于SuperMap IS的WebGIS开发

WebGIS是将Web技术和GIS技术相结合的新技术,有着广泛的应用。通过WebGIS技术,客户端仅需使用浏览器(不一定包含专门插件)就可以对分布在Web上的GIS数据进行查询、分析等交互操作。探讨了利用Super-Map网络GIS技术,以SuperMap DeskPro作为后台GIS服务平台,通过SuperMap IS实现用户利用浏览器获得一个地理信息系统中的数据和功能的服务,论述开发和建设WebGIS的过程。     

GIS-based simulation as an exploratory analysis for space-time processes

The purpose of this paper is to argue for a novel use of geographical information system (GIS) as an exploratory device for understanding complex space-time processes. Conventionally, a GIS has been configured as a spatial database management system. Therefore, the capabilities of data input, storage, retrieval, manipulation and display have been well developed, whereas the analytical and dynamic processing and modelling capabilities are under-developed. The importance of integrating GIS with dynamic and analytical models has been widely recognised. Extending the use of GIS into spatial simulation represents a plausible research direction. On the other hand, the usefulness of conventional deductive model becomes limited when dealing with complex space-time processes. In essence, the inherent complexity calls for a simulation approach. The new nonlinear modelling paradigm, for example, cellular automata (CA), opened a way in which behaviourally-richer dynamics and more micro-spatial data could be incorporated into understanding space-time processes. It is argued therefore that GIS can be used as a platform – a controlled environment or laboratory – for exploring complex space-time processes. The discussion of GIS-based simulation in this paper is illustrated with a primitive simulation of the evolution of urban spatial structure. Received: 2 July 1997/Accepted: 19 November 1998     

基于Matlab的空间分析

空间分析被认为是地理信息系统区别于一般信息系统、CAD或电子地图系统的主要功能特征,也是评价一个地理信息系统的主要指标。从介绍Matlab强大的数值计算功能和数据可视化功能着手,分析了Matlab在空间分析方面的技术应用,重点研究了Matlab在空间数据分析中插值法的应用以及空间数据的三维表达。     

A Perspective on the Fundamentals of Fuzzy Sets and their Use in Geographic Information Systems

The development of fuzzy sets in geographic information systems (GIS) arose out of the need to handle uncertainty and the ability of soft computing technology to support fuzzy information processing. An overview of the fundamentals of fuzzy sets is used to illustrate its use in GIS. The use of some terms within both the GIS and fuzzy information processing community is clarified. Since one of the key problems when applying fuzzy sets to GIS problems is in the specification of grades of membership, the many methods used to specify memberships in fuzzy sets in GIS applications are presented. The α–cut is defined and shown to be of increasing importance in GIS. Non–compensatory and compensatory connectives are compared. Aggregation operators are reviewed and shown to be useful in a number of GIS studies. Fuzzy relations and fuzzy control systems are briefly discussed with reference to their use in GIS and in relation to the development of modern soft computing technology. Several features of fuzzy sets make that paradigm attractive for use in GIS. It is concluded that as GIS–related applications increase in their levels of complexity and sophistication fuzzy sets will play a major, cost effective role in their development.     

CAD数据到GIS数据转换的探讨

数据对于城镇地籍建库和数字城市等是至关重要的,把CAD数据转换成GIS数据是建立GIS数据库的一条重要而又有效的技术路线,是建立专题信息平台和"数字城市"的基石。本文基于GIS的相关学习和工作经验,论述了CAD数据和GIS数据的主要区别、转换方法以及转换过程中存在的问题和质量控制,希望对从事相关方面学习的同学提供一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

Use of a Three-Domain Repesentation to Enhance GIS Support for Complex Spatiotemporal Queries

As the development of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) proceeds to advanced scientific and societal applications, there is an emerging need to enhance GIS support for complex spatiotemporal queries. Dynamic GIS representations (as opposed to static, map-based representations) that can integrate proper data elements in the production of geographic information are required. This paper demonstrates the use of a three-domain representation that facilitates compilation of higher-level information (such as frequency and rate) from preliminary data records (such as time and location) stored in a database. The three-domain representation is compared with snapshot, space-time composite, and spatiotemporal object models using a sample data set for forest transitions. While the three-domain representation is a normalization of these data models, it offers a conceptual alternative that enables GIS to represent spatiotemporal behaviors of geographic entities, in addition to entities as well as histories at locations as emphasized in most GIS data models. The comparison shows that the three-domain representation has combined the strengths of the space-time composite and spatiotemporal object models. Moreover, it enables aggregations of analytical use along with dynamic mappings between geographic concepts and locations, a distinct capability that takes GIS query processing beyond the level of information support offered by static map-based data models.     

AutoCAD与GIS数据自动转换的实现

研究和实现AutoCAD数据与GIS数据的自动转换和集成应用的技术和实现方法。选择基础GIS平台为GeoView,分析AutoCAD和GeoView两种异构数据;介绍基于ObjectARX开发模式和VS平台下实现AutoCAD各要素转换的方法,保证其各种信息不丢失;总结在转换过程中容易出现的问题,给出解决方案。转换后的数据文件可以在GIS系统GeoView中直接使用。