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1.
Klaus-Dieter Grevel Mirko Schoenitz Volker Skrok Alexandra Navrotsky Werner Schreyer 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2001,142(3):298-308
The enthalpy of drop-solution in molten 2PbO·B2O3 of synthetic and natural lawsonite, CaAl2(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O, was measured by high-temperature oxide melt calorimetry. The enthalpy of formation determined for the synthetic material is (fHOxides=-168.7Dž.4 kJ mol-1, or (fH0298=-4,872.5dž.0 kJ mol-1. These values are in reasonable agreement with previously published data, although previous calorimetric work yielded slightly more exothermic data and optimisation methods resulted in slightly less exothermic values. The equilibrium conditions for the dehydration of lawsonite to zoisite, kyanite and quartz/coesite at pressures and temperatures up to 5 GPa and 850 °C were determined by piston cylinder experiments. These results, other recent phase equilibrium data, and new calorimetric and thermophysical data for lawsonite and zoisite, Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH), were used to constrain a mathematical programming analysis of the thermodynamic data for these two minerals in the chemical system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O (CASH). The following data for lawsonite and zoisite were obtained: (fH0298 (lawsonite)=-4,865.68 kJ mol-1 , S0298 (lawsonite)=229.27 J K-1 mol-1 , (fH0298 (zoisite)=-6,888.99 kJ mol-1 , S0298 (zoisite)=297.71 J K-1 mol-1 . Additionally, a recalculation of the bulk modulus of lawsonite yielded K=120.7 GPa, which is in good agreement with recent experimental work. 相似文献
2.
Geochemistry and Intrusive History of the Ashland Pluton, Klamath Mountains, California and Oregon 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
GRIBBLE ROBERT F.; BARNES CALVIN G.; DONATO MARY M.; HOOVER JAMES D.; KISTLER RONALD W. 《Journal of Petrology》1990,31(4):883-923
The Ashland pluton is a calc-alkaline plutonic complex thatintruded the western Paleozoic and Triassic belt of the KlamathMountains in late Middle Jurassic time. The pluton comprisesa series of compositionally distinct magma pulses. The oldestrocks are hornblende gabbro and two-pyroxene quartz gabbro withinitial 87Sr/86Sr = 0{dot}7044, 18O = 8{dot}7%, and REE patternswith chondrite normalized La/Lu = 7. These units were followedby a suite of tonalitic rocks (LaN/LuN = 7) and then by a suiteof K2O- and P2O5 rocks of quartz monzodioritic affinity (LaN/LuN= 1321; LaN/SmN = 2{dot}43{dot}) The quartz monzodioriticrocks were then intruded by biotite granodiorite and granitewith lower REE abundances but more fractionated LREE(LaN/LuN= 1319; LaN/SmN = 4{dot}36 and they, in turn,were host to dikes and bosses of hornblende diorite. The latestintrusive activity consisted of aplitic and granitic dikes.Combined phase equilibria and mineral composition data, indicateemplacement conditions of approximately Ptotal = 2{dot}3kb,PH2O between 1{dot}5 and 2{dot}2 kb, and fO2 between the nickel-nickeloxide and hematite-magnetite buffers. Successive pulses of magma display increasing SiO2 togetherwith increasing 18O and decreasing initial 87Sr/86Sr. The isotopicdata are consistent with either (1) combined fractional crystallizationof andesitic magma and concurrent assimilation of crustal materialcharacterized by low Sr1 and high (18O or, more probably, (2)a series of partial melting events in which sources were successivelyless radiogenic but richer in 18O Each intrusive stage displaysevidence for some degree of crystal accumulation and/or fractionalcrystallization but neither process adequately accounts fortheir compositional differences. Consequently, each stage appearsto represent a distinct partial melting or assimilation event. The P2O5-rich nature of the quartz monzodiorite suite suggestsaccumulation of apatite. However, the suite contains abundantmafic microgranitoid enclaves and most apatite in the suiteis acicular. These observations suggest that magma mixing affectedthe compositional variation of the quartz monzodiorite suite.Mass balance calculations are consistent with a simple mixingprocess in which P2O5-rich alkalic basalt magma (representedby the mafic microgranitoid enclaves) was combined with a crystal-poorfelsic magma (represented by the tonalite suite), yielding aquartz monzodioritic magma that then underwent differentiationby crystal fractionation and accumulation. 相似文献
3.
The solubility mechanisms of H2O in peralkaline sodium aluminosilicatequenched melts (anhydrous NBO/T = 0.5) have been studied withRaman spectroscopy as a function of Al/(Al + Si) (003)and H2O content (07.5 wt.%). The coexisting structuralunits in the anhydrous quenched melts are TO2 (Q4), T2O5(Q3),and TO3 (Q2). In Al-free Na2Si4O9 (NS4) melt, H2O forms complexes with Na+(NaOH bonds) and with Si4+ (SiOH bonds). MolecularH2O is also detected. TO3 structural units are not detectedin this composition. In the H2O concentration range between0 and 4 wt.%, there is an approximately 20% increase in NBO/Tresulting from the increased abundance ratio, T2O5/TO2. Withfurther increments in water activity, the NBO/T of hydrous NS4melt is reduced. The depolymerization results from hydroxylationof the silica tetrahedra, whereas polymerization is due to formationof complexes with NaOH bonding. In Al-bearing compositions on the Na2Si4O9Na2(NaAl)4O9join, there is evidence for AlOH bonding in additionto NaOH and SiOH bonds. Among these complexes,the relative abundance of those with SiOH bonds diminisheswith increasing Al/(A1 + Si), whereas complexes with AlOHand NaOH bonds become more important. Complexes withNaOH bonds dominate for H2O4 wt.%, whereas complexeswith AlOH dominate at higher water content. The threestructural units, TO3, T2O5, and TO2, were observed in bothanhydrous and hydrous peralkaline sodium aluminosilicate melts.Their abundance varies, however, with the H2O concentrationin the melts. The NBO/T decreases to a minimum (a 3050%lowering of NBO/T relative to anhydrous materials) for low H2Ocontents (34 wt.% H2O), and increases as the H2O contentis increased further. 相似文献
4.
ACOSTA-VIGIL ANTONIO; LONDON DAVID; MORGAN GEORGE B. VI; DEWERS THOMAS A. 《Journal of Petrology》2006,47(2):231-254
We have conducted experiments on dissolution of quartz, albite,orthoclase, and corundum into H2O-saturated haplogranite meltat 800°C and 200 MPa over a duration of 1201488 hwith the aim of ascertaining the diffusive transport propertiesof granitic melts at crustal anatectic temperatures. Cylindersof anhydrous starting glass and a single mineral phase (quartzor feldspar) were juxtaposed along flat and polished surfacesinside gold or platinum capsules with 10 wt % added H2O. Concentrationprofiles in glass (quenched melt) perpendicular to the mineralglassinterfaces and comparison with relevant phase diagrams suggestthat melts at the interface are saturated in the dissolvingphases after 384 h, and with longer durations the concentrationprofiles are controlled only by diffusion of components in themelt. The evolution of the concentration profiles with timeindicates that uncoupled diffusion in the melt takes place alongthe following four linearly independent directions in oxidecomposition space: SiO2, Na2O, and K2O axes (Si-, Na-, and K-eigenvectors,respectively), and a direction between the Al2O3, Na2O, andK2O axes (Al-eigenvector), such that the Al/Na molar ratio isequal to that of the bulk melt and the Al/(Na + K) molar ratiois equal to the equilibrium ASI (= mol. Al2O3/[Na2O + K2O])of the melt. Experiments in which a glass cylinder was sandwichedbetween two mineral cylindersquartz and albite, quartzand K-feldspar, or albite and corundumtested the validityof the inferred directions of uncoupled diffusion and exploredlong-range chemical communication in the melt via chemical potentialgradients. The application of available solutions to the diffusionequations for the experimental quartz and feldspar dissolutiondata provides diffusivities along the directions of the Si-eigenvectorand Al-eigenvector of (2·02·8) x 1015m2/s and (0·62·4) x 1014 m2/s, respectively.Minimum diffusivities of alkalis [(39) x 1011m2/s] are orders of magnitude greater than the tetrahedral componentsof the melt. The information provided here determines the rateat which crustal anatexis can occur when sufficient heat issupplied and diffusion is the only mass transport (mixing) processin the melt. The calculated diffusivities imply that a quartzo-feldspathicsource rock with initial grain size of 23 mm undergoinghydrostatic, H2O-saturated melting at 800°C (infinite heatsupply) could produce 2030 vol. % of homogeneous meltin less than 110 years. Slower diffusion in H2O-undersaturatedmelts will increase this time frame. KEY WORDS: chemical diffusion; haplogranite; mineral dissolution experiments; crustal anatexis 相似文献
5.
Gao Yongfeng; Hou Zengqian; Kamber Balz S.; Wei Ruihua; Meng Xiangjin; Zhao Rongsheng 《Journal of Petrology》2007,48(4):729-752
Major and trace element, SrNdPb isotope and mineralchemical data are presented for newly discovered ultrapotassiclavas in the Tangra YumcoXuruco graben in southern Tibet.The ultrapotassic lavas are characterized by high MgO, K2O andTiO2, low Al2O3 and Na2O contents, and also have high molarK2O/Al2O3, molar (K2O + Na2O)/Al2O3 and K2O/Na2O ratios. Theirhigh abundances of incompatible trace elements such as largeion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare earth elements(LREE) reach the extreme levels typical of lamproites. The lamproitesshow highly radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr (0· 71660·7363) and unradiogenic 143Nd/144Nd (0· 5117960·511962), low 206Pb/204Pb (18· 45918· 931),and elevated radiogenic 207Pb/204Pb (15· 673215·841) and 208Pb/204Pb (39· 55740· 058) ratios.On the basis of their geochemical and isotopic systematics,the lamproites in south Tibet have a distinct magma source thatcan be differentiated from the sources of potassic lavas inthe east Lhasa and Qiangtang blocks. Their high Nb/Ta ratios(17· 1019· 84), extremely high Th/U ratios(5· 7013· 74) and distinctive isotope compositionsare compatible with a veined mantle source consisting of partialmelts of subducted Tethyan oceanic sediments and sub-continentallithospheric depleted mantle. Identification of the lamproitesand the delineation of their mantle source provide new evidencerelevant for models of the uplift and extension of the Tibetanplateau following the Indo-Asia collision. Metasomatism by partialmelts from isotopically evolved, old sediment subducted on theyoung Tethyan slab is an alternative explanation for PrecambrianNd and Pb model ages. In this model, differences in isotopiccomposition along-strike are attributed to differences in thetype of sediment being subducted, thus obviating the need formultiple metasomatic events over hundreds of million years.The distribution of lamproites, restricted within a northsouth-trendinggraben, indicates that the initiation of eastwest extensionin south Tibet started at 25 Ma. KEY WORDS: lamproites; subducted oceanic sediment; Tibetan active continental collision belt 相似文献
6.
Within the ZitácuaroValle de Bravo (ZVB) regionof the central Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB), three lava serieshave erupted during the Quaternary: (1) high-K2O basaltic andesitesand andesites; (2) medium-K2O basaltic andesites, andesitesand dacites; (3) high-TiO2 basalts and basaltic andesites. Thedominant feature of the first two groups is the lack of plagioclaseaccompanying the various ferromagnesian phenocrysts (olivine,orthopyroxene, augite, and hornblende) in all but the dacites.This absence of plagioclase in the phenocryst assemblages ofthe high-K2O and medium-K2O intermediate lavas is significantbecause it indicates high water contents during the stage ofphenocryst equilibration. In contrast, the high-TiO2 group ischaracterized by phenocrysts of plagioclase and olivine. Thespatial distribution of these three lava series is systematic.The southern section of the ZVB transect, 280330 km fromthe Middle America Trench (MAT), is characterized by high-K2Omelts that are relatively enriched in fluid-mobile elementsand have the highest 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Medium-K2O basaltic andesiteand andesite lavas are present throughout the transect, butthose closest to the MAT are MgO-rich (3·59·4wt %) and have phenocryst assemblages indicative of high magmaticwater contents (3·56·5 wt % water) andrelatively low temperatures (9501000°C). In markedcontrast, the northern section of the ZVB transect (380480km from the MAT) has high-TiO2, high field strength element(HFSE)-enriched magmas that have comparatively dry (< 1·5wt % magmatic water) and hot (11001200°C) phenocrystequilibration conditions. The central section of the ZVB transect(330380 km from the MAT) is a transition zone and producesmoderately light rare earth element (LREE) and large ion lithophileelement (LILE)-enriched, medium-K2O lavas with phenocryst assemblagesindicative of intermediate (1·53·5 wt %)water contents and temperatures. The high-K2O series compositionsare the most enriched in LILE and LREE, with a narrow rangeof radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr from 0·704245 to 0·704507,143Nd/144Nd values ranging from 0·512857 to 0·512927(Nd = 4·275·63), and 208Pb/204Pb valuesfrom 38·248 to 38·442, 207Pb/204Pb values from15·563 to 15·585, and 206Pb/204Pb values from18·598 to 18·688. The medium-K2O series compositionsare only moderately enriched in the LILE and LREE, with a broaderrange of 87Sr/86Sr, but similar 143Nd/144Nd and 208Pb/204Pbvalues to those of the high-K2O series. In contrast, the high-TiO2series compositions have little enrichment in LILE or LREE andinstead are enriched in the HFSE and heavy rare earth elements(HREE). The high-TiO2 lavas are isotopically distinct in theirlower and narrower range of 143Nd/144Nd. The isotopic variationsare believed to reflect the upper mantle magma source regionsas the low content of phenocrysts in most lavas precludes significantupper crustal assimilation or magma mixing, other than thatrepresented by the presence of quartz xenocrysts (< 2 vol.%) with rhyolitic glass inclusions, which are found in manyof these lavas. The systematic spatial variation in compositionof the three lava series is a reflection of the underlying subduction-modifiedmantle and its evolution. KEY WORDS: central Mexico; geochemistry; isotopes; Quaternary volcanism; hydrous lavas 相似文献
7.
An Experimental Study of Water and Carbon Dioxide Solubilities in Mid-Ocean Ridge Basaltic Liquids. Part I: Calibration and Solubility Models 总被引:14,自引:7,他引:7
DIXON JACQUELINE EABY; STOLPER EDWARD M.; HOLLOWAY JOHN R. 《Journal of Petrology》1995,36(6):1607-1631
Experiments were conducted to determine the solubilities ofH2O and CO2 and the nature of their mixing behavior in basalticliquid at pressures and temperature relevant to seqfloor eruption.Mid-ocean ridge basaltic (MORB) liquid was equilibrated at 1200°Cwith pure H2O at pressures of 176717 bar and H2OCO2vapor at pressures up to 980 bar. Concentrations and speciationof H2O and CO2 dissolved in the quenched glasses were measuredusing IR spectroscopy. Molar absorptivities for the 4500 cm1band of hydroxyl groups and the 5200 and 1630 cm1 bandsof molecular water are 067±003, 062±007,and 25±3 l/mol-cm, respectively. These and previouslydetermined molar absorptivities for a range of silicate meltcompositions correlate positively and linearly with the concentrationof tetrahedral cations (Si+Al). The speciation of water in glass quenched from vapor-saturatedbasaltic melt is similar to that determined by Silver &Stolper (Journal of Petrology 30, 667709, 1989) in albiticglass and can be fitted by their regular ternary solution modelusing the coefficients for albitic glasses. Concentrations ofmolecular water measured in the quenched basaltic glasses areproportional to f H2O in all samples regardless of the compositionof the vapor, demonstrating that the activity of molecular waterin basaltic melts follows Henry's law at these pressures. Abest fit to our data and existing higher-pressure water solubilitydata (Khitarov et al., Geochemistry 5, 479492, 1959;Hamilton et al., Journal of Petrology 5, 2139, 1964),assuming Henrian behavior for molecular water and that the dependenceof molecular water content on total water content can be describedby the regular solution model, gives estimates for the Vo, mH2Oof 12±1 cm3/mol and for the 1-bar water solubility of011 wt%. Concentrations of CO2 dissolved as carbonate in the melt forpure CO2-saturated and mixed H2O-CO2-saturated experiments area simple function of fCO2 These results suggest Henrian behaviorfor the activity of carbonate in basaltic melt and do not supportthe widely held view that water significantly enhances the solutionof carbon dioxide in basaltic melts. Using a Vo, mr of 23 cm3/mol(Pan et al., Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55, 15871595,1991), the solubility of carbonate in the melt at 1 bar and1200°C is 05 p.p.m. Our revised determination of CO2solubility is 20% higher than that reported by Stolper &Holloway (Earth and Planetary Science Letters 87, 397408,1988). KEY WORDS: mid-ocean ridge basalts; water and carbon dioxide solubility; experimental petrology 相似文献
8.
Chemistry of Kornerupine and Associated Minerals, a Wet Chemical, Ion Microprobe, and X-Ray Study Emphasizing Li, Be, B and F Contents 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
GREW E. S.; CHERNOSKY J. V.; WERDING G.; ABRAHAM K.; MARQUEZ N.; HINTHORNE J. R. 《Journal of Petrology》1990,31(5):1025-1070
Kornerupine and associated minerals in 31 samples of high-graderocks relatively rich in Al and Mg were analysed by wet chemistry,ion microprobe mass analyser, electron microprobe and X-raypowder diffraction. For 11 samples of kornerupine and threesamples of biotite (F only) analysed by both wet chemical andion microprobe methods, the best agreement was obtained forB2O3, whereas the ion microprobe Li2O values were systematicallysomewhat higher than the wet chemical values. The wet chemicalmethods give Li2O=00?19 wt.%; BeO=00?032 wt.%;B2O3=04?01 wt.%; and F=0?070?77 wt.% in kornerupine,whereas ion microprobe analyses on other kornerupines give valuesup to 0?35 wt.% Li2O, O066 wt.% BeO, and 4?72 wt.% B2O3. Thesum B+Al+Fe3++Cr is close to 6?9 atoms per 22 (O, OH, F) or21?5 (O) in kornerupine. In general, Li/Fe ratios decrease as follows: kornerupine ?sapphirinebiotite> Crd (Na<0?03 per 18 oxygens)>tourmaline, garnet,orthopyroxene. However, for cordierite with Na>004, Li/Fedecreases as follows: cordierite>kornerupine. Sapphirineand sillimanite are the only associated minerals to incorporatesignificant boron (0?10?85 wt.% B2O3) and then only whenthe single site for B in kornerupine is approaching capacity.Sillimanite B2O3 contents increase regularly with kornerupineF. Fractionation of fluorine increases as follows: kornerupine<biotite<tourmaline,and Kkrn-BtD=(F/OH)Krn/(F/(OH)Bt (assuming ideal anion composition)increases with biotite Ti. Kornerupine B2O3 content is a measureof B2O3 activity in associated metamorphic fluid, whereas sillimaniteB2O3 content increases with temperature, exceeding 0?4 wt.%whenT=900?C at very low water activities. New data on 11 kornerupines and literature data indicate thatthe unit cell parameters a, c, and V decrease with increasingB content and b, c, and V increase with increasing Fe3+ content.In Fe3+-poor kornerupines, b increases with Mg and with (Mg+ Fe2+) but the effect of Mg on b via the substitution VIMg+IVSi=VIAl+IVAloverwhelms the effect of Fe2+=Mg substitution. 相似文献
9.
Experimental Interaction of Granitic and Basaltic Magmas and Implications for Mafic Enclaves 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
We have performed time series experiments for periods rangingfrom 3 min to 44 h on the interaction of granite melt and partiallymolten basalt at 920C and 10 kbar, in the presence of 5 wt.%water. With time, the assemblage of the basalt domain changesfrom predominantly amphibole+plagioclase to clinopyroxene+garnet;the melt fraction increases from {small tilde}25 to 40%;and between the two domains, the melt compositions progressivelyequilibrate. Initially in each run, melts of the basalt domainhave uniform plateau concentrations for SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, MgO,and FeO because the activities of these components are regulatedby the mineral assemblage, but at advanced stages of reaction,no such control is evident. We have derived analytical expressionsto describe and simulate the diffusion profiles. The concentrationprofiles for SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, and Na2O in the granite, emanatingfrom the basaltgranite interface, have been used to estimateeffective diffusivities. The values from the shorter runs arecompared with those of the experiment of longest duration forwhich we assumed finite couples in our calculations. In thediffusion calculations for K2O the difference in melt fractionbetween the two domains is accounted for. The resulting values(in cm2/s) are: DNa2O=6 107, DK2O=3 107, DMgO=9 108, DCaO=(46) 108, and DSiO2 and DAl2O3=(306) 108. They are in reasonable agreement with values fromother studies. On the basis of our experiments we calculatethat mafic enclaves of magmatic origin should equilibrate toa large degree with their host magma in slowly cooling non-convectinggranitic plutons. Enclaves approaching complete re-equilibrationretain distinctly higher modal amounts of mafic minerals. Theydo not compositionally resemble binary magma mixtures, but aremore like host magma with accumulated crystals. We show thatthe modal differences between enclave and host are indicativeof the temperature of homogenization and that, in principle,this temperature can be deduced from equilibrium phase diagrams.
* Present address: Mineralogisch-Petrologisches Institut, Universitt Gttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 1, 3400 Gttingen, Germany 相似文献
10.
A new method has been suggested for evaluating the overall basicityof minerals and rocks by using ionization reactions involvingone proton: (sum of cations) + H2O = mineral + H+, (sum of cations) + H2O = (sum of normative minerals of a rock)+ H+. The basicity indicators are expressed as standard free energychanges of these reactions (). At standard water pressure (logPH2O = 0) and chemical activity of the metal ions ( log Mn+= 0), the relationship between and alkalinity of solutions(pH) becomes: = 2.303 RTlog H+ = 2.303 RT pH. The overall basicities of rock-forming oxides, minerals andmajor rocks were calculated from the thermodynamic data on ionsin water solutions and solid compounds. 相似文献
11.
Calorimetric and experimental data on AlF-bearing titanite are presented that yield thermodynamic properties of CaAlFSiO4, as well as activity-composition relations of binary titanite CaTiOSiO4-CaAlFSiO4. The heat capacity of synthetic CaAlFSiO4 was measured with differential scanning calorimetry between 170 and 850 K: CP=689.96-0.38647T+2911300T-2-8356.1T-0.5+0.00016179T2 Based on low-temperature heat capacity calculations with lattice vibrational theory (Debye model), the calorimetric entropy of CaAlFSiO4 can be expected to lie between 104.7 and 118.1 J mol-1 K-1. The temperature of the P21/a to A2/a phase change was determined calorimetrically for a titanite with XAl=0.09 (Ttransition=390 K). The decrease of the transition temperature at a rate of about 11 K per mol% CaAlFSiO4 is in good agreement with previous TEM investigations. The displacement of the reaction anorthite + fluorite = CaAlFSiO4 in the presence of CaTiOSiO4 was studied with high P-T experiments. Titanite behaves as a non-ideal, symmetrical solid-solution. The thermodynamic properties of CaAlFSiO4 consistent with a multi-site mixing model are: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaaeaart1ev0aaatCvAUfKttLearuavTnhis1MBaeXatLxBI9gBam % XvP5wqSXMqHnxAJn0BKvguHDwzZbqegm0B1jxALjhiov2Daebbnrfi % fHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk % 0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9 % Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciaacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaafaqaaiWaca % aabaGaeeyrauKaeeOBa4MaeeiDaqNaeeiAaGMaeeyyaeMaeeiBaWMa % eeiCaaNaeeyEaKNaeeiiaaIaee4Ba8MaeeOzayMaeeiiaaIaeeOzay % Maee4Ba8MaeeOCaiNaeeyBa0MaeeyyaeMaeeiDaqNaeeyAaKMaee4B % a8MaeeOBa4MaeeiiaaIaeeikaGIaeeyzauMaeeiBaWMaeeyzauMaee % yBa0MaeeyzauMaeeOBa4MaeeiDaqNaee4CamNaeeykaKIaeeiiaaIa % emizaq2aaSbaaSqaaiabdAgaMbqabaGccqWGibasdaahaaWcbeqaai % abicdaWaaaaOqaaiabg2da9iabgkHiTiabikdaYiabiEda3iabisda % 0iabicdaWiabc6caUiabiIda4iabgglaXkabiodaZiabc6caUiabic % daWiabbccaGiabbUgaRjabbQeakjabb2gaTjabb+gaVjabbYgaSnaa % CaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaeGymaedaaaGcbaGaee4uamLaeeiDaqNaee % yyaeMaeeOBa4MaeeizaqMaeeyyaeMaeeOCaiNaeeizaqMaeeiiaaIa % ee4CamNaeeiDaqNaeeyyaeMaeeiDaqNaeeyzauMaeeiiaaIaeeyzau % MaeeOBa4MaeeiDaqNaeeOCaiNaee4Ba8MaeeiCaaNaeeyEaKNaeeii % aaIaee4uam1aaWbaaSqabeaacqqGWaamaaaakeaacqqG9aqpcqqGXa % qmcqqGWaamcqqG0aancqqGUaGlcqqG5aqocqGHXcqScqqGXaqmcqqG % UaGlcqqGXaqmcqqGGaaicqqGkbGscqqGTbqBcqqGVbWBcqqGSbaBda % ahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTiabigdaXaaakiabbUealnaaCaaaleqabaGa % eyOeI0IaeGymaedaaaGcbaGaeeyta0KaeeyyaeMaeeOCaiNaee4zaC % MaeeyDauNaeeiBaWMaeeyzauMaee4CamNaeeiiaaIaeeiCaaNaeeyy % aeMaeeOCaiNaeeyyaeMaeeyBa0MaeeyzauMaeeiDaqNaeeyzauMaee % OCaiNaeeiiaaYaamWaaeaacqWGxbWvdaWgaaWcbaGaemisaG0aaWba % aWqabeaacqGHsislaaaaleqaaOGaeeivaqLaem4vaC1aaSbaaSqaai % abdohaZbqabaaakiaawUfacaGLDbaaaeaacqGH9aqpcqaIXaqmcqaI % ZaWmcqGGUaGlcqaI2aGncqGHXcqScqaIWaamcqGGUaGlcqaI0aanca % aMe8UaeeOsaOKaeeyBa0Maee4Ba8MaeeiBaW2aaWbaaSqabeaacqGH % sislcqaIXaqmaaaaaaaa!E403!