滨海火电厂海水烟气脱硫对海洋环境影响的初步探讨

以华能威海电厂2×125MW工程海水脱硫项目为例对滨海火电厂海水烟气脱硫方法的条件、原理、工艺流程以及脱硫废海水排海后对水质环境的影响进行分析。结果表明,滨海火电厂利用海水对烟气脱硫取用条件十分方便,而且达到烟气脱硫、节能减排保护海洋环境的目的。     

海水碳酸盐体系缓冲模型在水质预测中的应用

采用二维浅水潮波方程数值模拟了深圳湾及其邻近海域的潮流，在此基础上引入了海水碳酸盐体系的缓冲容量数学模型和二维水质联合模型，进行了电厂海水脱硫冷却水对海水中pH值的影响预测。研究表明，电厂排放的冷却水对海水中pH值的影响面积很小，不会给周围海水水质造成不良影响，几乎不影响深圳湾的水质。     

海水脱硫工程用海评价指标浅析

结合海水脱硫工艺特点及脱硫工程用海对近海海域生态环境的影响分析,确定了海水脱硫工程用海的评价指标,提出海水脱硫工程用海的评价指标体系;采用相关的国家标准对环境质量要求作为各承载力评价指标的分级标准,确定了海水脱硫工程用海海域的海水水质、表层沉积物、底栖生物污染物、海洋生物等质量指标的评价等级;为定量分析海水脱硫工程用海状况奠定基础。     

海水碳酸盐体系缓冲模型在水质预测中的应用

采用二维浅水潮波方程数值模拟了深圳湾及其邻近海域的潮流，在此基础上引入了海水碳酸盐体系的缓冲容量数学模型和二维水质联合模型，进行了电厂海水脱硫冷却水对海水中ＰＨ值的预测，研究表明，电厂排放的冷却水对海水中ＰＨ值的影响面积很小，不会给周围海水水质造成水良影响，几乎不影响深圳湾的水质。     

电厂脱硫酸性废水排放pH数值模拟及其对海水重金属溶出影响

随着越来越多滨海电厂采用海水法烟气脱硫工艺进行烟气脱硫,该工艺排放的低ｐＨ 废水的生态环境影响越来越受到海洋研究者和有关管理部门的密切关注。文章通过在室内设置５．０～９．０的６组不同的ｐＨ,考察各组海水中铬、铜、锌、镍、镉和铅等重金属含量随ｐＨ 变化的响应规律。结果表明,湛江湾海水中铬、铜、锌、镍、铅等含量随着ｐＨ 的升高而降低,其中除铜为三次方显著衰减规律外,铬、锌、铅、镍等４元素含量随ｐＨ 变化均遵循显著的线性衰减响应规律。ＥＣＯＭＳＥＤ 模型预测结果显示,湛江湾某规划电厂脱硫酸性废水排放导致的水体劣于第三、四类海水水质标准（ｐＨ：６．８～８．８,ΔｐＨ＞０．２）的海域面积全潮平均为３．６３ｋｍ２,该区水体溶出的各重金属含量较高,但相对于约１９０ｋｍ２ 的湛江湾海域面积而言,影响范围较小。     

脱硫海水排放对附近海域的生态环境影响初步研究

通过跟踪监测华电青岛发电有限公司脱硫海水排放口附近海域的水质、表层沉积物质量和海洋生物群落结构,初步探讨了脱硫海水排放对海泊河口及附近海域生态环境的影响。结果表明:(1)脱硫海水特征污染物排放对排水口下游水域会造成一定不利影响,主要表现在pH值和DO的明显降低以及水温的明显升高,影响范围局限于排水口下游400m范围内的河口段;(2)脱硫海水排放不会明显增加排水口下游COD、N、P的污染负荷;(3)脱硫海水排放未显著增加附近海域重金属的综合潜在生态危害程度,重金属的潜在污染风险较小;(4)调查海域冬、夏两季生物多样性较高,群落结构较稳定,脱硫海水排放未对生物群落结构和生物多样性造成明显的不利影响。     

青岛电厂温排水对胶州湾海域影响评价

本文叙述了青岛电厂温排水对海域的环境影响,分析了温排水对胶州湾水质、沉积物、生物群落的影响,给出了影响范围和影响程度,研究结果为海洋环境保护提供了一定依据。     

海水淡化浓海水与电厂温排水混排方案研究

本文以渤海湾为例，运用MIKE3 FM数值模拟软件建立了渤海湾天津附近海域海水淡化浓海水与电厂温排水混合排放温盐扩散三维数值模型，开展了浓海水和温排水不同混合比例温盐扩散对比研究。研究结果表明：浓海水与温排水混合排放可以使受纳海域盐升范围显著减小，并且混合比例越高，效果越明显。在温升影响方面，与等量温排水单独排放相比，混合排放会使底层海域温升包络面积增大，表层减小，但当混合比例超过1：30（温排水量约为35 m³/s），表层和底层海域温升包络面积接近于等量温排水单独排放的温升包络面积；综合考虑温盐扩散，当海水淡化浓海水排放量在10×104 m³/d，盐升不超过20时，与温排水混合排放比例超过1：30（温排水量超过35 m³/s），盐度在排放口附近可稀释到背景值，由于混合排放密度变化引起的温度下沉影响几乎可以忽略不计。相关研究结论可为海水淡化浓海水科学排放/推动海水淡化和海洋环境和谐可持续发展提供技术支撑。     

湛江湾电厂脱硫酸性废水排放对海洋叶绿素影响研究

为了清晰理解湛江湾内某电厂脱硫酸性废水排放引起海水pH的变化分布及其对叶绿素浓度的影响,在野外调查及实验室模拟的基础上建立叶绿素浓度对pH的响应模式,并基于ECOMSED海洋模式和水质模型预测湛江湾叶绿素浓度的变化率和影响范围。实验室模拟结果表明,叶绿素浓度受pH影响较大,比较适宜叶绿素合成的pH区间为7.5~8.5,叶绿素浓度对pH的响应模式可以用二次多项式函数表达。预测结果表明,电厂脱硫酸性废水排放导致湛江湾叶绿素浓度下降超过1.0%的全潮极端影响面积为16.10 km2,而引起叶绿素浓度增加超过1.0%的全潮极端影响面积为2.18 km2,分别占湛江湾海域面积的8.47%和1.15%。     

江苏近岸海域水质变化趋势与成因浅析

近年来,江苏省对可能影响近岸海域海水水质的相关区域实施了全面监测。文章首先指出了江苏近岸海域水环境质量现状,进而依据2008—2012年连续5年所取得的大量监测数据,详细分析了江苏近岸海域海水水质主要污染物指标变化趋势。提出了造成近岸海域海水水质污染的主要成因。     

带水泥砂浆内衬铸铁管输配海水淡化水水质稳定性控制研究

随着老旧管网的改造,带水泥砂浆内衬的球墨铸铁管越来越广泛地被应用到城市供水系统。与铁制管网基于铁释放和碳酸盐体系的水质稳定性研究不同,带水泥砂浆内衬球磨铸铁管为硅酸盐体系。因此,通过实验室动态模拟管网试验,分析了海水淡化水在带水泥砂浆内衬球磨铸铁供水管网输配过程中的水质稳定性。通过对酸碱条件、碱度、硬度和余氯等不同的水质参数研究发现,pH值、余氯浓度对管网腐蚀速率影响较小;碱度、硬度对其影响较大,腐蚀速率随浓度的升高而降低。     

Modification of North Pacific Intermediate Water around Mixed Water Region

The mixing processes in the Mixed Water Region (MWR) that lead to changes in the properties of North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) have been studied using observational data sets obtained in May–June 1998. Neutral surfaces, the equation of water mass conversion rate on neutral surfaces and the equation of vertical velocity across neutral surfaces have been used to distinguish dominant processes by assuming the horizontal scale to be the streamer scale (under 100 km). The possibility of double diffusive convection is also discussed in relation to the density ratio. These results may be summarized as follows: (1) the difference between the potential density surface and the neutral surface may rise to −0.04 kg/m³ around the source water of NPIW; (2) horizontal diffusion causes strong modifications of the source water of NPIW; (3) the density range within which strong modification of the source water of NPIW occurs becomes dense from the northern part of MWR near the Oyashio Front to the southern part near the Kuroshio Front, and to the eastern part. Our modeling of these processes shows that cabbeling has effects on the density increment of the source water of NPIW in the northern and southern part of MWR. Double diffusive convection has effects on the density increment of the source water of NPIW, mainly in the northern part of MWR. The possible density increment due to cabbeling in these areas is estimated to be 0.01≈0.03 kg/m³. The possible density increment due to double diffusive convection is 0.01≈0.03 kg/m³. The total density increment due to cabbeling and double diffusive convection amounts to 0.06 kg/m³. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

岙山监测浮标周边海域水质分析与评价

文章根据岙山监测浮标周边海域2015年9-12月水质调查资料,采用水质有机污染指数(A)、富营养化指数(E)和营养状态质量指数(NQI)等进行评价。结果表明:岙山监测浮标周边海域水质化学需氧量(COD)、溶解氧(DO)、油类(oils)符合二类海水水质标准,无机磷(DIP)和无机氮(DIN)含量均超过二类海水水质标准,DIP最高为0.048mg/L,DIN最高为0.753mg/L,总磷(TP)各月平均含量范围0.098~0.185mg/L,总氮(TN)各月平均含量范围0.650~0.818mg/L,叶绿素a(Chl a)含量基本稳定,DIN是主要的超标污染因子;富营养化评价结果显示,岙山监测浮标周边海域水质富营养程度严重,E值最高达9.10,NQI值最高为4.58;有机污染评价结果表明,岙山监测浮标周边海域水质总体处于轻度污染状态,A值最小为10月的1.90,最大为12月的2.73;使用A值、E值和NQI值方法同时对岙山监测浮标周边海域进行评价,其结果变化的一致性较好。     

Water column structure and statistics of Denmark Strait Overflow Water cyclones

Data from seven moorings deployed across the East Greenland shelfbreak and slope 280 km downstream of Denmark Strait are used to investigate the characteristics and dynamics of Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW) cyclones. On average, a cyclone passes the mooring array every other day near the 900 m isobath, dominating the variability of the boundary current system. There is considerable variation in both the frequency and location of the cyclones on the slope, but no apparent seasonality. Using the year-long data set from September 2007 to October 2008, we construct a composite DSOW cyclone that reveals the average scales of the features. The composite cyclone consists of a lens of dense overflow water on the bottom, up to 300 m thick, with cyclonic flow above the lens. The azimuthal flow is intensified in the middle and upper part of the water column and has the shape of a Gaussian eddy with a peak depth-mean speed of 0.22 m/s at a radius of 7.8 km. The lens is advected by the mean flow of 0.27 m/s and self propagates at 0.45 m/s, consistent with the topographic Rossby wave speed and the Nof speed. The total translation velocity along the East Greenland slope is 0.72 m/s. The self-propagation speed exceeds the cyclonic swirl speed, indicating that the azimuthal flow cannot kinematically trap fluid in the water column above the lens. This implies that the dense water anomaly and the cyclonic swirl velocity are dynamically linked, in line with previous theory. Satellite sea surface temperature (SST) data are investigated to study the surface expression of the cyclones. Disturbances to the SST field are found to propagate less quickly than the in situ DSOW cyclones, raising the possibility that the propagation of the SST signatures is not directly associated with the cyclones.     

Antarctic Intermediate Water influence on Mediterranean Sea Water outflow

This study of the mixing of Mediterranean Sea Water (MW) with the surrounding waters was made possible by the Semane 2002 cruise (Sortie des Eaux Meditérranéennes dans l'Atlantique Nord-Est) that took place in the Gulf of Cadiz in July 2002. Potential temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients and CFC data are used to describe the water masses present in the Gulf. In the southern part of the basin, a water mass characterised by low oxygen, high nutrient and low CFC concentrations occurs along the African continental slope. This water has been identified as the modified Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). It has been previously observed south of this section, at the latitude of the Canary Islands, as a northward flow between the African shelf and the islands. The modified AAIW found in the Gulf of Cadiz is situated at a density of 27.5 kg m⁻³. Above, at 27.3 kg m⁻³, the lower limb of the North Atlantic Central Water is observed as a salinity minimum. The modified AAIW enters the Gulf of Cadiz along the south-western part of the continental shelf. It flows cyclonically and exits north-westward. In the northern part of the gulf, due to the presence of the Mediterranean Undercurrent (MU), the AAIW flows off the coast. An optimum multiparameter analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of the AAIW on the MW northwest of the basin. We show that the AAIW is present in the lower core of the MU at a proportion of 12.9±8.2% and is absent in the upper core.     

海道测量中跳变水位和缺失水位的补救方法

基于余水位的配置模型,通过潮汐调和分析,利用已知长期验潮站余水位结合临近短期验潮站天文潮位来恢复短期站的实际水位,并对其进行误差分析,证明基于余水位进行推算未知验潮站潮位的可行性与实用性。为了保证验潮仪采集数据的精确度,基于日(月)平均海面在较大的空间尺度内有较强的相关性这一原理,对短期验潮站验潮仪零点漂移进行检测,并对其进行误差分析。     

余水位时变统计规律分析及水位预报方法改进

论证了余水位提取对选用潮高模型的依赖性,以验潮站实测数据分析计算了余水位的时域统计规律和空间统计规律。实验结果表明,以协因数为技术指标,余水位具有较明显的时空相似性或一致性特征。基于余水位统计特性和配置原理,设计了未来时段水位预报的改进方法,并以实验数据验证了方法的有效性。     

多波束声纳水柱影像在浅水目标探测中的应用

在海道测量领域,有关多波束声纳水柱影像的应用研究已成为当前的前沿和热点问题之一。分析了影响水柱影像质量的主要因素,阐述了水柱数据采集的参数设置和影像判读的一些要点。通过在南海区的几个实践案例的分析,对水柱影像在水下障碍物探测中扫测细小物体、获取目标详细特征等作用进行了验证,说明了水柱影像在多波束声纳底部检测的质量控制方面存在的优势,最后提出了目前面临的一些问题和应用前景。     

浅析我国地表水与海水环境质量标准存在的问题

我国《水污染防治行动计划》和《近岸海域污染防治方案》中改善水质的工作目标和考核指标都是基于《地表水环境质量标准》和《海水水质标准》提出的,两项标准是我国水环境保护管理的重要抓手,在水污染防治中具有举足轻重的地位。文章对我国现行两项水环境质量标准存在的共性问题和两项标准之间衔接存在的问题进行分析,研究表明:两项标准间存在水质分类不衔接、水质指标设置不衔接、部分指标分析方法不同和部分指标标准限值衔接不科学等问题。基于此,文章建议应加强水质基准研究,尽快启动水质标准修订;针对水体富营养化问题,科学设置氮、磷指标;关注健康、安全,强化有毒有害污染物控制;科学划定河口区范围,制定河口区专属水质标准,旨在为我国水环境质量标准的修订提供参考,使水环境质量标准更好地服务于我国的水环境保护和陆海统筹的水污染防治工作。