Polymetallic Mineralization at the Suttsu Vein-type Deposit, Southwestern Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract. The Suttsu polymetallic vein-type deposit, hosted by tuff, tuff breccia and shale of the Miocene Kunnui Formation and propylitized hornblende-augite andesite, is located in southwestern Hokkaido, Japan. It has been exploited and explored for Cu, Pb, Zn and Ag until 1962.
In this study, we examined K-Ar ages, ore mineralogical characteristics and fluid inclusions to obtain new data for the deposit.
The K-Ar ages on sericite indicate that the polymetallic mineralization occurred in Late Miocene (8.1–5.7 Ma). The polymetallic banded ore from the Ohkubo vein is characterized by an abundance of Au, Ag, Sn, Bi, in, Se and Te. These metals are mainly ascribed to electrum (30.3–37.8 atom% Ag), Se-bearing pavonite (8.5–9.5 wt% Se), gustavite-lillianite solid solution, Se-bearing bismuthinite (5.0–5.3 wt% Se), kawazulite, cassiterite, Sn-bearing chalcopyrite (3.3–4.2 wt% Sn), In-bearing stannite, stannite-chalcopyrite solid solution, and In- and Sn-bearing sphalerite (2.6–8.4 wt% In and 1.8–4.3 wt% Sn), occurring in narrow bands of the ore. The In- and Sn-bearing sphalerite likely forms a sphalerite-roquesite-stannite solid solution with the contents of roquesite and stannite being about 2–9 and 2-A mole%, respectively. Temperatures and salinities (in wt% NaCl equiv.) of the ore fluids are estimated to be 180-250C and 3–4 wt%, respectively. The Sn-bearing chalcopyrite therefore probably precipitated metastably. The geologic and mineralogical features suggest that pre-Tertiary basement rocks rich in organic material underlie the Miocene Kunnui Formation nearby the deposit and that they contributed to local and temporary reduction of magnetite-series magmas favorable for the early stage tin-polymetallic mineralization.     

Polymetallic Mineralization at the Nakakoshi Copper Deposits, Central Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract: Polymetallic mineralization at the Nakakoshi deposits, Kamikawa town, central Hokkaido, occur as fracture-filling veins in Cretaceous slate of the Hidaka Supergroup. Ten veins have been recognized in NE-SW and E-W directions. Sericite in altered slate which is the host of the deposits, was dated at 31. 1 Ma, Oligocene in age.
No. 9 vein consists of massive chalcopyrite ore with various kinds of minerals such as pyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, Ag-minerals and Cu–Zn–Fe–In–Sn–S minerals, quartz and sericite. Chalcopyrite and pyrite contain sphalerite star and sphalerite with chalcopyrite emulsions. Maximum indium contents of sphalerite and the Cu–Zn–Fe–In–Sn–S minerals are 1. 8 and 16. 3 wt%, respectively. The sulfur isotopic ratios, δ³⁴S of ore minerals, range from –12. 9 to –9. 6%. Formation temperatures of the sulfide minerals are estimated as 300–500°C, based on the paragenesis and chemical compositions of the minerals.     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床中铋矿物及其与铜矿化关系

西藏墨竹工卡县甲玛铜多金属矿床中,矽卡岩型铜矿石的铋质量分数最高可达0.23%,且分布较广泛,可作为伴生有用组分综合回收利用.根据化学分析,铋含量的高低与矿石类型有关.铋与矽卡岩型铜矿石的关系最为密切,铜矿化越强,铋含量越高.在垂向上,中浅部矽卡岩型矿体中的铋含量高于深部的矽卡岩,与矿化分带中的Cu元素矿化带较一致.通过电子探针分析,甲玛矿床中含铋矿物主要有硫铋铜矿、辉碲铋矿、针硫铋铅矿、针辉铋铜矿、辉铋锑矿及含铋黝铜矿和斑铜矿等.硫铋铜矿是甲玛矿床中分布最广、最主要的铋矿物,其主要呈它形粒状、叶片状或乳滴状分布于斑铜矿、辉铜矿、黝铜矿等硫化物中.根据矿物的产出形态及电子探针分析,甲玛矿床中存在不同成矿世代的硫铋铜矿:分布于斑铜矿中呈它形粒状、叶片状的硫铋铜矿和在斑铜矿中呈乳滴状的硫铋铜矿.前者是硫铋铜矿的主要产出形态,其成分接近硫铋铜矿的理论值;但后者往往成分发生变化,Bi偏低,Cu、S偏高.甲玛矿石中铋不仅应该被综合利用,且是铜矿化的重要找矿标志.     

黝铜矿热力学计算热液矿床成矿温度——以山西义兴寨脉状金矿为例

热液矿床成矿温度的准确限定是正确理解成矿作用过程和矿床成因的重要前提。为查明山西义兴寨金矿床的成矿温度,本文对不同期次脉状金矿中的黝铜矿和银金矿开展了电子探针元素分析和热力学计算。研究结果表明义兴寨矿床脉状金矿黄铁矿−石英阶段、黄铁矿−黄铜矿−石英阶段和石英−多金属硫化物阶段的成矿温度分别为290~300℃、（330±10）℃、（250±10）℃。该结果与此矿床不同阶段流体包裹体均一温度一致,且更为精确,表明黝铜矿热力学温度计能准确地限定热液矿床的成矿温度。     

Timing of the Mineralization and Volcanism at Cibaliung Gold Deposit, Western Java, Indonesia

Abstract. The Cibaliung deposit is a low-sulfidation type epithermal gold deposit situated about 70 km west of the Bayah dome complex. The gold-bearing quartz veins are hosted by basaltic andesite of the Honje Formation, which is comparable to the host rock of gold deposits at the Bayah dome complex.
In order to clarify the timing of the mineralization and the volcanism at the Cibaliung area, two radiometric dating methods were applied. First, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating was conducted on six adularia samples to elucidate the age of mineralization. Second, K-Ar method was applied to two samples of the host rock, andesite and the Cibaliung tuff, in order to reveal the timing of volcanism.
The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating determined mineralization ages in the range from 11.18 to 10.65 Ma while the K-Ar dating indicated the age of the andesite and the Cibaliung tuff to be 11.4±0.8 Ma and 4.9±0.6 Ma, respectively. These results imply that the epithermal gold mineralization in the Cibaliung area is related to the volcanic activity that produced the Honje Formation, while the Cibaliung tuff played an important role in the preservation of the Cibaliung deposit. The Cibaliung deposit is the oldest epithermal gold deposit yet discovered in western Java.     

西准噶尔北金齐火山盆地铀多金属矿化特征

北金齐火山岩盆地是在华力西晚期伸展构造作用下形成的陆相火山岩盆地,切盆及环状断裂发育。铀多金属矿化亦环带状分布于盆地周边,按照含矿建造可分为：赋存于上二叠统库吉尔台组凝灰质砾岩段的铀钼矿化;赋存于下二叠统卡拉岗组熔岩段的铀铜矿化。通过对不同层位的典型矿点特征分析,认为北金齐火山岩盆地铀多金属找矿潜力较大。由于克孜勒阔腊铀钼矿点受酸性凝灰质砾岩及特定的构造位置的控制,笔者指出了2个找矿方向,首先应圈定由酸性砾石构成的含矿凝灰质砾岩带,其次注重寻找深部隐伏的酸性斑岩体及其内外接触带部位的多金属矿化部位;阿尔帕萨勒铀铜矿化点与之配套的隐爆角砾岩、蚀变分带均显示深部具备形成次火山岩型或斑岩型多金属矿化的有利条件。     

Hydrothermal Gold Mineralization at the Rodnikovoe Deposit in South Kamchatka, Russia

Abstract. The Rodnikovoe gold deposit situated in a presently active hydrothermal system located north of the Mutnovsko-Asachinskaya geothermal area in southern Kamchatka, Far Eastern Russia, consists of typical low-sulfidation quartz-adularia veins in a host rock of diorite. The age of the mineralization was dated by the K-Ar method as 0.9 to 1.1 Ma based on adular-ia collected from the veins. Representative ore minerals in the deposit are electrum, argentite, aguilarite, polybasite, pearceite and lenaite. Dominant alteration minerals are adularia, α-cristobalite, chlorite, illite and kaolinite. Hydrothermal solutions of neutral pH were responsible for the mineralization, which is divided into six stages defined by tectonic boundaries. Gold mineralization occurred in stages I and III. Hydrothermal brecciation occurred during stages III, IV and VI. Stages II, IV, V and VI were barren. The estimated ore formation temperature based on a fluid inclusion study is 150 to 250 °C at a depth of approximately 170 m below the paleo-water table. Boiling of hydrothermal fluids is hypothesized as the cause of the intermittent deposition of gold ore. The sulfur and oxygen fugacities during the deposition of anhydrite prior to the hydrothermal brecciation were higher than those during the gold mineralization stages. The occurrence in the hydrothermal breccia of fragments of high grade Au-Ag and polymetallic ores suggests that higher grade mineralization of these metal ores might have occurred in a deeper portion of the deposit.     

Characteristics of Gold Mineralization at the Ciurug Vein, Pongkor Gold-Silver Deposit, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. The Pongkor Gold‐Silver Mine, Bogor district, West Java, is approximately 80 km southwest of Jakarta. The gold and silver mineralization in the area is present in a deposit consisting of an epithermal vein‐system named individually as the Pasir Jawa, Gudang Handak, Ciguha, Pamoyanan, Kubang Cicau, and Ciurug veins. In the area studied, rocks of basaltic‐andesitic composition are dominated by volcanic breccia and lapilli tuff, with andesite lava and siltstone present locally. The hydrothermal alteration minerals in the Ciurug area are typical of those formed from acid to near‐neutral pH thermal waters, where the acid alteration is distributed from the surface to shallow depth, while the near‐neutral pH alteration becomes dominant at depths. The Ciurug vein shows four main mineralization stages where each discrete stage is characterized by a specific facies; these are, from early to late: carbonate‐quartz, manganese carbonate‐quartz, banded‐massive quartz and gray sulfide‐quartz facies. The major metallic minerals are pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena; they occur in almost each mineralization stage. Bornite was observed only in the southern part of the Ciurug vein at a depth of 515 m, and the occurrence of this mineral is reported here for the first time. Electrum and silver sulfides (mostly acanthite) are minor, whereas silver sulfosalts, stromeyerite and mckinstryite, and covellite are in trace amounts. The silver sulfosalts have compositional ranges of pearceite, antimon‐pearceite and polybasite. Most of the electrum occurs coexisting with other sulfide minerals, as inclusions in pyrite grains, with very little as inclusions in chalcopyrite or sphalerite. Gold grades within the Ciurug vein vary from 1.2 to hundreds of ppm, where the highest gold grade occurs in the latest mineralization stage in a thin sulfide band in vein quartz. Fluid inclusion microthermometry of calcite and quartz indicates deposition throughout the mineralized veins in the range from 170 to 230d?C and from low salinity fluids (predominantly lower than 0.2 wt% NaCl equiv.). Fluid inclusions occur with features of boiling.     

川西农都柯火山岩型低温热液Au-Ag多金属矿床的特征与成因

农都柯矿床是在义敦岛弧带中首次发现的火山岩型浅成低温Au-Ag多金属矿床。该矿床产于弧后扩张分别地的勉戈组流纹岩中，受韧性剪切带控制，矿床中发育一套典型的低温热液矿物组合，包括辉锑铅矿、辉锑银铅矿、辉锑矿、砷黝铜矿、自然金、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、雌黄、雄黄、登红石（HgO)等。蚀变作用以硅化和绢云母化为主，伴生重晶石化和蒙脱石化。按照现行的火山岩型低温热液金－银矿床的分类原则，该矿床应属于高硫的酸性硫酸盐型。流体包裹体研究表明，主要成矿过程发生在221－130℃之间；成矿流体的温度与盐度演化趋势暗示着对矿床之下存在一隐伏岩浆房。硫、铅同位素显示成矿物质主要来自弧后火山岩，矿床是岩浆热液与大气降水对含矿火山岩（矿源层）联合作用的结果。     

透岩浆流体成矿理论的应用 -以云南马厂箐铜多金属矿床成矿作用为例

[摘要]马厂箐铜钼金多金属矿床是西南三江地区的重要矿床之一,对其成因迄今存在争议。本 文报道了新的观测资料,结合前人的研究结果,试图以透岩浆流体成矿理论为指导解释马厂箐矿床的成 因。透岩浆流体成矿作用是罗照华等(2009)提出的一种与国内外矿床学界内生矿床成矿理论主流见解 不同的新理念和新见解。马厂箐铜、钼、金成矿与马厂箐小岩体空间上紧密相伴,时间上相近或稍晚。 马厂箐矿区岩体和矿脉S、C、Pb、H、O、Si 和He、Ar 同位素数据表明:铜、钼矿的成矿物质主要来源于深 部地幔流体(透岩浆流体),金矿成矿物质由深部地幔流体(透岩浆流体)和围岩地层共同提供。马厂箐 的小岩体既有幔源岩石(如煌斑岩),又有壳源岩石(如花岗斑岩),而原生流体则均来自地幔,流体与岩 浆来源的不一致性暗示了透岩浆流体的性质;马厂箐矿床的时空展布特征与透岩浆流体成矿理论的预 测相一致,比传统岩浆热液成矿理论更好地解释了矿床成因;马厂箐矿床是透岩浆流体成矿作用的产 物,主要与区农小岩体群有关,斑状花岗岩体仅仅起着含矿流体的屏蔽作用。马厂箐铜、钼、金多金属矿 是在同一能量驱动机制下,岩浆热压力和地幔流体内压力可能驱动含矿流体在不同的位置上堆积不同 种类的金属,从而在含矿流体通过的路径上发生不同性质的成矿作用,并形成一系列不同类型的矿床, 其铜、钼、金多金属成矿过程可以全部归属为透岩浆流体成矿体系。     

祁漫塔格矿带虎头崖多金属矿矿床特征和成矿作用分析

虎头崖多金属矿是青海省祁漫塔格成矿带重要的多金属矿床之一,区域内矿产丰富,矿种多样,主要以铁、铜、铅、锌的多金属为主.本文结合前人研究成果和项目组对虎头崖多金属矿床的现场调查和室内多元信息的综合分析,从虎头崖矿区地层、地质构造、岩浆活动等方面探讨了该矿床的成矿地质条件;重点分析了该矿床的矿体形态产状特征、矿石组成,矿床...     

湖南宜章界牌岭锡多金属矿床地质特征及成因浅析

界牌岭矿区出露的地层主要为石炭系,白垩系零星分布.石磴子组不纯灰岩化学性质活泼,同时地层中W,Sn,Be,Pb,Zn成矿元素含量高.界牌岭背斜控制了区内的总体构造格架,断裂构造很发育,其中近南北向断层是区内的控岩导矿构造,它所派生的次一级断裂控制着区内的锡铅锌矿体.区内仅出露燕山晚期的花岗斑岩.围岩蚀变主要有云母化、黄玉化、云英岩化、萤石化.锡铅锌矿体隐伏在80 m标高以下,浅部及地表有厚大的萤石矿体.该矿床形成于燕山晚期,经历了从高温 - 中温 - 低温的成矿阶段.     

Diversity of Mineralization and Spectrum of the Gejiu Superlarge Tin-Copper Polymetallic Deposit,Yunnan,China

The Gejiu (个旧) deposit is a superlarge tin-copper polymetallic ore-forming concentration area characterized by excellent metallogenic geological settings and advantageous ore-controlling factors. The deposit displays diverse mineralization properties due to different minerals and mineral deposit types. Based on the principal metallogenic factors, metallogenic mechanisms, mineralized components, and occurrence of mineral deposits or ore bodies, the Gejiu mineral district can be divided into 2 combinations of metallogenic series, 4 metallogenic series, 8 subseries, and 27 mineral deposit types. Spatial zonality is evident. The distribution regularity of the elements in both plane and section is Be-W, Sn (Cu, Mo, Bi, Be)-Sn, Pb, Ag-Pb, Zn around a granitic intrusion. The metallogenic epoch is mainly concentrated in the late Yanshanian. During this period, large-scale metallogenic processes related to movement caused by tectonics and magmatism occurred, and a series of magmatic hydrothermal deposits formed. The ore-forming processes can be divided into 4 stages: the silicate stage, the oxide stage, the sulphide stage, and the carbonate stage. Based on the orderliness and diversity (in terms of time, space, and genesis) of the mineralization, the authors have developed a comprehensive spectrum of ore deposits in the Gejiu area. This newly proposed diversity of mineralization and the spectrum developed in this work are useful not only for interpreting the genesis of the Gejiu deposit but also for improving mineral exploration in the area, and in particular, for finding large deposits.     

Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of the Utanobori Gold Deposit in Northern Hokkaido,Japan

The Utanobori gold deposit is a low‐sulfidation, epithermal vein‐type deposit located in northern Hokkaido, Japan. The deposit is hosted by conglomerate, sandstone, and tuff of the Middle to Late Miocene Esashi Formation. These rocks were hydrothermally altered. Silica sinters and quartz‐adularia veins are common in the deposit. The quartz‐adularia veins either contain a ginguro band, which corresponds to the main gold‐bearing vein (Type 1 Veins), or do not contain a ginguro band but contain minor adularia (Type 2 Veins). Type 1 Veins are divided into three stages with 12–14 substages. Ore minerals identified include electrum, naumannite, chlorargyrite, bromargyrite, an unidentified Fe‐Sb mineral, and an Fe‐(Sb)‐As mineral. These ore minerals formed in the main mineralization stages I (bands I‐b and I‐d) and II (band II‐a). Scanning electron microscopy with cathodoluminescence images show that cathodoluminescence‐dark microcrystalline quartz exhibiting colloform (ghost‐sphere) texture is closely associated with ore minerals in the Type 1 Vein and Type 2 Vein, and the Al and K contents of such quartz are commonly >1000 ppm. This indicates that the ore minerals were crystallized from alkaline, silica‐saturated fluids at temperatures <200°C, which initially deposited amorphous silica that was recrystallized to microcrystalline quartz. The average Au content of electrum is 52.5 at% Au (n = 10), 65.7 at% Au (n = 20), and 55.5 at% Au (n = 5) in bands I‐b, I‐d, and II‐a, respectively, of Type 1 Veins. The δ³⁴S_CDT values of two fine‐grained disseminated pyrites in the altered conglomerate and bedded tuff in the argillic altered zone are ?4.3 and ?4.2‰. Ar‐Ar dating on adularia yielded 13.6 ± 0.06 Ma, 13.6 ± 0.07 Ma, and 13.6 ± 0.06 Ma for the stages I, II, and III of the Type 1 Vein, respectively. K‐Ar ages determined on adularia in the silica sinter and on whole‐rock of glassy rhyolite of the Esashi Formation are 15.0 ± 0.4 Ma and 14.6 ± 0.4 Ma, respectively. These radiometric ages indicate that silica sinter associated with the rhyolitic volcanic rocks formed prior to the main gold mineralization.     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床金矿地质特征及成矿作用

甲玛铜多金属矿床按照赋矿岩石不同,共包含产于矽卡岩中的与铜共生的金矿(化)体、产于板岩-角岩中的脉状金矿(化)体、产于大理岩中的脉状金矿(化)体以及产于玢(斑)岩脉中的独立金矿(化)体4种金矿化类型。矽卡岩中的金矿化较强,全矿区金品位×厚度基本都大于1 m.g/t,存在多个富金块段;板岩中金矿化主要分布在矿区外围破碎细粒黄铁矿化硅化板岩中,角岩中金矿(化)体以富含雄黄、雌黄为特征;大理岩中金矿化较弱,矿(化)体通常呈透镜状产出;玢(斑)岩中金矿化主要产于岩脉中的石英脉内。矿石中金的赋存状态主要以独立矿物和类质同像形式存在。独立矿物形式的金以自然金、银金矿存在于铜矿物、石英、黄铁矿等载金矿物内;类质同像形式的金主要存在于以斑铜矿、黄铜矿为代表的铜矿物中。金矿物赋存状态以粒间金、包裹金为主,其次为连生金和裂隙金。笔者以甲玛铜多金属矿床金的地质特征、分布规律及赋存状态为研究基础,推测甲玛金成矿作用与幔源C-H-O流体有关,并初步建立了甲玛铜多金属矿床金成矿模型。此外,提出了运用模型开展区域及矿区下一步找矿工作的建议。     

茶尖岭矿区后水矿化点铜银多金属成矿条件分析及远景初探

茶尖岭矿区后水矿化点铜银多金属矿属于浅成热液脉型成因,通过矿床形成的热源、水源、矿源的信息标志分析了后水矿化点铜银多金属成矿条件。认为该矿化点铜银多金属成矿的热源、水源、矿源条件均较充足,指出找矿有利地段。     

Plio–Pleistocene Hydrothermal Activity Related to Gold Mineralization in the Seta Area, Northeastern Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract: Plio–Pleistocene hydrothermal activity resulted in high grade low sulfidation epithermal gold mineralization in the Seta area, the southern end of the Monbetsu-Kamishihoro Graben of northeastern Hokkaido, Japan. Hydrothermal activity and accompanying hydrothermal eruptions began at approximately 2 Ma along NNW-SSE trending faults, the Tohbu-ko fault I and II. This activity resulted in two main zones of gold mineralization, the west quartz-adularia veins(QAV) and east stock-work zone(STZ), formed between 1. 8 and 1. 2 Ma. A smectite-chlorite alteration zone is observed at deeper levels, while kaolinite and kaolinite-smectite zones occur at shallower levels with an acid-leached zone present near the surface. The kaoli-nite and kaolinite-smectite zones are also distributed along faults and the STZ, to depths of several hundred meters. δ³⁴S values of pyrite and alunite from the kaolinite and silicified zones indicate alunite formed by the oxidation of sulfide, either H₂S(vapor) or mineral.
Formation of the STZ and the southern part of the QAV took place during lacustrine sedimentation, while formation of the northern part of the QAV took place after eruption of andesitic lava; the latter being associated with widespread alteration formed under neutral-pH conditions. δ¹⁸O values of quartz veins and silicified rocks indicate that the paleo-hydrothermal waters have a large meteoric component, increasing with decreasing depth in the STZ. Acid hydrothermal waters, resulting from near surface oxidation of H₂S were responsible for acid-leaching and kaolinization of surrounding rocks. Between 1. 4 and 0. 3 Ma, the acid hot waters drained back along the STZ to depths of at least 500m, as a result of a fall in the paleo-water table level.     

云南斑岩型多金属金矿的嵌布特征及赋存状态研究

云南西部有大量低品位金矿资源,且具有嵌布粒度不均匀、矿石结构复杂、解离不完全等特点,传统工艺矿物学分析不易快速、准确测定金赋存状态及载金矿物的嵌布特征。本文利用矿物自动分析系统(MLA)、化学分析等方法对滇西多金属金矿进行系统的工艺矿物学研究,查明了该矿的矿物组成、嵌布粒度、连生及包裹关系,同时阐明了载金矿物的工艺矿物学性质对金回收率的影响。结果表明:金主要以游离态自然金的形式存在,嵌布粒度极细,主要集中在0.01~0.02 mm粒度级别;小于0.074 mm粒级的金占原矿总金量的50.08%,其余金以微细包裹体分散于黄铁矿、磁铁矿、黄铜矿等载金矿物中。但载金矿物粒度较细,解离性差,嵌布不均匀,因此提高载金矿物解离度是提高金回收率的一个重要参考方向。     

Nature of the Ore-Forming Fluid at the Quaternary Noya Gold Deposit in Kyushu,Japan

We discuss the nature of the ore-forming hydrothermal fluid in the Noya gold-bearing calcite-quartz-adularia veins of central Kyushu, Japan on the basis of oxygen, carbon, and strontium isotope ratios, and aqueous speciation calculations for the present-day geothermal fluid. The isotopic values of the Noya ore-forming fluid were estimated to be −6.5‰ for δ¹³C and −7.5‰ for δ¹⁸O. The oxygen isotopic equilibrium temperatures for vein calcite are more than 180°C at the bottom of the Noya mineralization zone, and decrease with increasing elevation. As the temperature decreased, the dominant carbon species in the fluid changed from H₂CO₃ to HCO₃^- at about 120°C. The equilibrium temperatures for vein quartz are consistent with the calcite calculations. The carbon and oxygen isotope trends of the Noya vein calcite and the isotope ratios of strontium suggest that the fluids that precipitated the Noya veins were controlled by an andesite-dominated geology. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the white-colored veins from wells 51-WT-1 and 51-WT-2 displayed a light REE-rich pattern with positive Eu anomalies, suggesting the existence of a reducing environment for the fluid. The pyrite-rich gray-colored veins and a silicified rock from well 51-WT-2 showed higher REE concentrations than did the white veins. Altered host andesitic rocks have similar REE patterns to that of the silicified rock, and have higher REE contents than the others in the drill cores. Aqueous speciation calculations showed that the fluid in the hydrothermal reservoir is currently in muscovite stability. The fluid at the ore-mineralization stage may have contained more potassium or have had a higher pH, so that adularia precipitated with calcite and quartz, as well as gold. Fluid boiling at depth in the system produced the gold-bearing calcite-quartz-adularia veins.     

滇东北富锗银铅锌多金属矿集区矿床模型

滇东北富锗银铅锌多金属矿集区是扬子地块西南缘之川-滇-黔铅锌多金属成矿域的重要组成部分。矿床矿石品位特高、共(伴)生锗和银等组分多、矿体延深大、矿床规模大、经济价值巨大,该类矿床典型的地质特征反映了矿床成矿环境的特殊性,有别于国内外已知类型铅锌矿床(密西西比河谷型(MVT)、火山喷流沉积块状硫化物型(VHMS)、热水沉积型(SEDEX)等)的特性,提出了该类矿床是铅锌矿床的新类型——会泽型(HZT)铅锌矿床,其形成与海西晚期伸展环境与印支期造山挤压环境的构造体制转换有关,并建立了"构造-流体‘贯入’成矿"的矿床模型。矿床的形成过程大致经历了3个阶段:构造推覆—大规模流体运移;流体"贯入"—气液分异;流体卸载—重力分异成矿。该模型诠释了滇东北矿集区富锗银铅锌多金属铅锌矿床的成矿机理,无疑对川-滇-黔铅锌多金属成矿域的矿床研究与深部、外围的隐伏矿定位预测、勘查评价具有重要意义。