川东北河坝地区嘉二段成岩作用特征及其与储层发育的关系

通过5口井岩心、400多薄片以及部分样品的电子探针成分、能谱、X衍射、阴极发光等分析,对河坝地区嘉二段储层的成岩作用特征、成岩演化进行了深入研究,建立了成岩作用序列,并对嘉二段各成岩作用与储层发育关系进行了讨论。认为:川东北河坝地区嘉二段储层经历了复杂的成岩作用及过程,主要成岩作用有泥晶化作用、胶结作用、白云石化作用、溶蚀作用、重结晶作用、充填作用,膏化、去膏化作用和压溶、压实作用等作用。其中对储层具建设性成岩作用主要为白云石化作用、重结晶作用、溶蚀作用。白云岩有序度分析表明,嘉二段粉晶白云石形成于埋藏或浅埋藏环境,细粒亮晶粉晶砂屑云岩中粉晶白云石砂屑归属于混合水白云石化成因,亮晶淡水粉晶白云石胶结物形成于未埋藏或浅埋藏环境。在成岩演化中,滩相沉积的白云化作用主要发生在混合水环境,非滩相沉积的白云化作用主要发生在大气淡水渗流带和潜流带。白云石化作用和溶蚀作用贡献的孔隙度在4.6%～8.5%。白云石化和溶蚀作用的叠加是形成储层的关键。     

湘西北地区早奥陶世生物礁岩成岩作用及储集性

湘西北地区早奥陶世生物礁岩经历了六种主要的成岩作用：胶结作用、溶解作用、硅化作用、压实压溶作用、白云石化作用和裂隙作用。礁岩中丰富的有机质使深埋藏环境下的深部溶解作用、白云石化作用和压溶作用增强,可产生大量次生孔隙,提高了储层的孔隙度。在负向浅埋藏过程中,次生孔隙被充填、胶结,致使地表礁岩的储层特征很差,但深埋藏的礁岩有可能仍然是油气的良好储层。成岩作用控制着礁岩的孔隙演化和储集性能,礁岩中已发生过进油事件。     

湘西北地区早奥陶世生物礁岩成岩作用及储集性

湘西北地区早奥陶世生物礁岩经历了六种主要的成岩作用:胶结作用、溶解作用、硅化作用、压实压溶作用、白云石化作用和裂隙作用。礁岩中丰富的有机质使深埋藏环境下的深部溶解作用、白云石化作用和压溶作用增强,可产生大量次生孔隙,提高了储层的孔隙度。在负向浅埋藏过程中,次生孔隙被充填、胶结,致使地表礁岩的储层特征很差,但深埋藏的礁岩有可能仍然是油气的良好储层。成岩作用控制着礁岩的孔隙演化和储集性能,礁岩中已发生过进油事件。     

会泽铅锌矿床“HTD”白云岩厘定

<正>白云岩按成因模式可以分为原生白云岩模式、次生白云岩模式(高盐度白云石化、低盐度白云石化、正常海水白云石化、热液白云石化)及其他模式(韩林,2006)。HTD是指受断裂构造控制的热液白云石化作用,是富镁热液在温度和压力升高的埋藏条件下沿着拉张断层、转换断层或断裂系统上升,碰到渗透性差的隔挡层后侧向侵入到渗透性好的围岩中形成白云石作用(李     

封闭系统中的白云石化作用及其石油地质学和矿床学意义——以四川盆地东北部三叠系飞仙关组碳酸盐岩为例

作为优质储层的四川盆地东北部三叠系飞仙关组的结晶白云岩是通过埋藏成岩过程的封闭条件下的白云石化作用形成的.岩石所具有的高孔隙度与封闭体系中的白云石化反应:2CaCO3 Mg2 =CaMg(CO3)2 Ca2 有关.埋藏成岩体系中的高锶流体是该封闭条件下白云石化作用的产物,深埋藏条件下的热化学硫酸盐还原作用是锶进一步富集的原因,因而三叠系的大型和超大型天青石矿床的成因与这些因素有关.结晶白云岩极低的锰含量、与同期海水类似的δ13C值表明白云石化流体具有强烈的海源色彩,同时也说明白云石化过程没有与大气水交换;相对较低的δ18O值表明白云石化发生在较晚的埋藏成岩阶段.大多数已有的白云石化机制都是基于近地表成岩条件建立的,系统具有良好的开放性,但开放体系中的白云石化(或白云石沉淀)作用对油气储集空间和与成岩过程元素迁移有关的沉积层控矿床的形成没有多少实际意义.在四川盆地东北部三叠系飞仙关组地层中,作为非储层的微晶或泥晶白云岩以及原始结构保存的粒屑白云岩的白云石化作用主要是在有大气水介入的开放体系中发生的.     

湘西北地区早奥陶世生物礁岩成岩作用及储集性

湘西北地区早奥陶世生物礁岩经历了六种主要的成岩作用,胶结作用,溶解作用,硅化作用,压实压溶作用,白云石化作用和裂隙作用,礁岩中丰富的有机质使深埋藏环境的深部溶解作用,白云石化作用和压溶作用增强,可产生大量次生孔隙,提高了储层的孔隙度,在负向浅埋藏过程中,次生孔隙被充填,胶结,致使地表礁岩的储层特征很差,但深埋藏的礁岩有可能仍估是油气的良好储层,成岩作用控制着礁岩的孔隙演化和储集性能,礁岩中已发生过进油事件。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西北部中奥陶统斑状白云岩成因研究

在鄂尔多斯盆地西北部,中奥陶统桌子山组和马五段到马三段斑状白云岩广泛分布。通过岩石、矿物学及地球化学特征研究,发现该白云岩具有岩溶、生物遗迹、深埋藏的证据,其原岩是早成岩阶段浅埋藏环境下形成的粉晶~细晶白云岩,在晚成岩阶段深埋藏环境下发生差异白云石化,形成细~粉晶白云石组成的斑块。因此,细晶~粗粉晶斑状白云岩受生物影响,是表生岩溶作用和深埋藏环境导致的差异白云石化作用的产物。     

中下扬子二叠纪礁碳酸盐岩成岩作用,孔隙演化及油气评价

本文提出了中下扬子二叠纪礁碳酸盐岩主要作用类型有造礁作用，白云石化作用，胶结作用，溶解作用及裂隙作用，经历了海水，混合水，大气淡水及埋藏成岩环境，按下列序列演化，造礁作用－海水胶结作用－蒸发海水白云石化－淡水渗流带淋溶及潜流带胶结作用一混合水白云石化－浅埋Ｉ胶结，白云化及溶解作用（Ｔ１／Ｐ２）的多期交替－深埋藏胶结（含Ｊ３／Ｊ２古表生构造岩溶作用）一深埋藏溶解－深埋藏白云石化－浅埋藏ＩＩ及表生淋溶     

川中太和气区震旦系灯影组二段储层成岩流体演化及油气成藏史——来自岩石学、原位地球化学、流体包裹体及年代学的证据

川中地区震旦系灯影组四段已获得巨大勘探突破,太和含气区灯二段目前也已展示出较大勘探潜力。但灯二段储层时代老、埋深大、成岩演化历史长,经历了多期次构造运动,储层中矿物胶结充填期次复杂,成岩演化与油气充注关系不清,一定程度上制约了灯二段油气勘探。本文基于岩石组构分析,利用阴极发光、原位微区分析、流体包裹体及白云石U- Pb年代学等方法厘定了川中太和气区灯二段储层成岩序列,明确了不同期次白云石胶结充填物的成岩环境、成岩流体特征、形成时间及代表的油气充注事件,明确了其油气地质意义及灯二段油气成藏历史。研究表明区内灯二段储层孔洞中沥青及胶结充填物的成岩序列为：第一世代海底环境纤维状白云石→第二世代表生成岩环境大气淡水白云石→第三世代浅埋藏环境粉—细晶粒状白云石→第Ⅰ期氧化降解沥青→第四世代中埋藏环境中晶白云石→第五世代深埋藏环境粗晶白云石→第Ⅱ期热裂解沥青→第六世代深埋藏环境巨晶- 鞍状白云石→第七世代抬升埋藏环境石英、萤石等矿物。主要反映了四种不同类型的成岩流体特点：① 具有高Na、K含量,低Fe、Mn含量,负Ce异常,Y正异常特征的高盐度海源流体;② 具有较低Fe、Mn含量,平缓REE模式,无Eu异常特征的淡水与残余海水的混合流体;③ 具有高Fe、Mn含量,Eu明显正异常特征的高温热液流体与早期海水的混合流体;④ 具有高Mn含量,Fe/Mn＜1,HREE较富集,Eu正异常特征且自生石英、萤石矿物沉淀的深部与高温热液相关的酸性、还原性流体。不同世代矿物的充填关系、流体包裹体相态、均一温度以及白云石U- Pb年代学分析表明,开始发育含烃包裹体的第三世代粉—细晶白云石与形成于加里东运动导致的构造隆升期的第Ⅰ期沥青分别记录了加里东期古油藏的形成及破坏;第四世代中晶白云石及第五世代粗晶白云石记录了印支期古油藏的形成,部分第五世代粗晶白云石及第Ⅱ期沥青记录了印支期古油藏裂解事件;第六世代巨晶- 鞍形白云石及第七世代石英、萤石等矿物记录了古干气藏形成及气藏形成、调整和定型的成藏事件。     

塔里木盆地北部下奥陶统碳酸盐岩孔洞充填物特征及其成岩环境分析

为了正确分析和评价碳酸盐岩溶蚀孔洞在埋藏成岩环境中的发育和保存条件,对塔里木盆地北部露头剖面中下奥陶统白云岩及其溶蚀孔洞的充填物进行了详细的矿物学和地球化学研究,试图对这类孔洞充填物沉淀时的成岩环境进行恢复。大型洞穴充填物的矿物学特征和微孔洞充填物扫描电镜的分析表明,此类孔洞的环带状充填物具有明显的世代性,由基岩向孔洞中心,至少可识别出4期充填物,即第1期的乳白色白云石,第2期的铁质浸染的杂色高镁方解石,第3期的无色透明白云石和第4期的自形石英。碳、氧同位素分析结果表明,孔洞充填物形成于高温条件,结合微量元素、稀土元素所示的成岩信息可进一步推断其形成于高温埋藏环境,而非现代表生暴露期的充填物;第1期和第3期白云石充填物形成在相对还原且高盐度的流体性质条件下,而第2期高镁方解石充填物沉淀时相对偏氧化,盐度也偏低。据下奥陶统此类4期充填物的特征分析可知,第2期高镁方解石充填物的发育可能与构造抬升导致成岩环境的改变有关。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.