河南封丘曹岗湖的底栖动物

水文报道1987年河南封丘曹岗湖底栖动物的调查结果。该湖底栖动物主要由寡毛类8种, 水生昆虫47种和腹足类2种组成, 其中克拉泊水丝蚓和刺铗粗腹摇蚊群为优势种类, 平均密度为2087个/m², 生物量为4.8690g/m², 并与长江中游浅水湖泊中的底栖动物作了比较, 对某些环境因素与底栖动物种类组成、数量分布的关系也作了扼要的分析。     

太湖流域地表水资源分质评价及水质型缺水形势分析

太湖流域水资源供需矛盾主要体现为"水质型缺水"问题,如何对"水质型缺水"进行定量描述,在太湖流域是一个难题.本文提出了"分质水资源量"的概念,以流域水资源四级分区为单元,以分区水质监测资料结合水资源量进行分析,分别统计分区分质水资源量.分析表明:太湖流域142×10⁸ m³的地表水资源量中,Ⅲ类以上的适合于饮用水源和一般工业用水的优质水为35.8×10⁸ m³,占25.2%;适合于电力冷却用水、农业灌溉的Ⅳ-Ⅴ类水为46.4×10⁸ m³,占32.6%;不可利用的劣Ⅴ类水有59.9×10⁸ m³,占42.2%.流域内优于Ⅴ类(含Ⅴ类)的地表水资源量为82.2×10⁸ m³,占地表水总资源量的57.8%.而浅层地下水己基本被污染.需要指出,Ⅰ-Ⅲ类优质水虽仍有35.8×10⁸ m³,但目前流域内对Ⅰ-Ⅲ类水的需求量己达60.6×10⁸ m³,如将此两数对比,则优质水缺额为24.8×10⁸ m³,但实际上,优质水的需求主要集中在流域中下游,而可供优质水水源则主要集中在流域上游地区山区水库和中游太湖湖心区、东部湖区和太浦河,供需两者的空间分布有较大出入,因此优质水资源缺额将更大,由此可见太湖流域水质型缺水形势十分严峻.     

2022年第1期封面

丹江口水库,为南水北调中线工程唯一水源地,位于陕西、湖北、河南三省交界处的汉江上游,面积 1022 km²（水位 170m 时）,库容 290×10⁸m³,多年平均入库水资源量 374×10⁸m³(摄影：胡文波).     

2022年第5期封面

抚仙湖,位于云南省中部,为构造断陷湖. 面积214.7 km², 平均水深89m, 最大水深155m,蓄水量204×10⁸8 m³（水位1722.5m时）, 是我国第二深水湖泊和蓄水量最大的淡水湖.     

基于多源遥感数据的山西省交口县某尾矿库堆载过程回溯与失稳模式分析

2022年3月17日,山西省交口县某铝矿尾矿库发生溃坝事故,造成较大经济损失。为了探究尾矿库溃坝的原因,基于多时相光学卫星立体像对数据和SBAS-InSAR等遥感技术,回溯分析该尾矿库的堆载过程、库容变化和坝体形变,并采用GeoStudio软件Slope/W模块评价溃坝前边坡的稳定性。结果表明:(1)该尾矿库于2019年9月前已堆积至最大库容,2021年12月前在2^#坝后方子库堆载至96万m³,超出设计库容4.8万m³,从而降低了坝体的稳定性;(2)溃坝物源主要来自2^#坝以上库区,在2^#坝与1^#坝之间以及1^#坝到沟口区域均主要以堆积为主;(3)该尾矿库溃坝属于典型的渗流场诱发尾矿坝失稳,尾矿加载导致其坝体边坡稳定性安全系数由1.125降至0.991,是该尾矿库溃坝的直接诱发因素。     

The Volume Calculation Method of Rock Collapses and Loess Landslides Triggered by the 1556 AD Huaxian M8 1/2 Earthquake in Shaanxi Province, China

Accurate volume calculation of each individual landslide triggered by strong historical earthquakes can help understand the characteristics of the typical earthquake-induced landslides, thus providing significant information for the modification of the focal parameters of historical earthquakes. In this study, we select one rock fall and three loess landslides triggered by the 1556 AD Huaxian M8 1/2 earthquake, compute their volumes using the low-altitude high-precision Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry and landslide profile restoration methods. The results show that:① the whole influencing area of the Huangjiagou Rock Fall is approximately 3.03×10⁵ m² and the area of the collapsed rock accumulated at the slope foot is 3.33×10⁴ m², accounting for approximately 10% of the entire influencing range. However, the estimated volume of the collapsed rock is only 0.699×10⁶ m³, indicating a rock fall with large influencing range but limited collapsed rock; ② the geological form of thethree loess landslides are preserved intactly, with volumes of 0.283×10⁸ m³, 0.074×10⁸ m³, and 0.377×10⁸ m³. These important geological hazard relics reflect the strong vibrations and severe casualties in the meizoseismal area; ③ loess landslides are the key reason of the serious death toll in the hilly-gully loess area. Our new method can be used to estimate the influencing area and the actual volume of each individual landslide, and rationally evaluate the role of earthquake landslides in the disaster. In addition, quantitative research on secondary disasters triggered by strong historical earthquakes is beneficial for understanding the surface process and focal parameters of the earthquakes.     

滇池大泊口水域水生植物种子库时空特征与恢复潜力

以滇池典型生态修复区——大泊口水域为研究对象,研究了富营养化高原湖泊种子库时空特征、种子库与地表覆盖水生植被及水环境的相关关系和恢复潜力.利用高密度样方原位观测与温室控制种子萌发实验相结合,基于2014-2016共3年的长期定位研究,分析湖泊平均种子库密度、分布格局及与覆盖水生植物Sørensen相似性关系,结果显示：年平均种子库形成率在20.35%~34.13%之间,种子库密度2014年为546.67粒/m²,2015年为826粒/m²,2016年为1682粒/m²,眼子菜科的篦齿眼子菜（Potamogeton pectinatus L.）、金鱼藻科的金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum L.）等耐污种属对种子库构成和年增长率贡献较大;垂直方向上种子主要分布于深层底泥（5~30 cm）.随着在时间尺度上的延长,种子库分布更为广泛,且规模越来越大（其中500粒/m²以上规模的分布频率显示增多）.离散系数（V/m）与Lloyd平均拥挤指数（m^*）分析显示主要优势群丛（篦齿眼子菜等）为聚集分布,其余为均匀空间分布格局;种子库与水生植被关系评价指标Sørensen相似性系数（SC）研究显示,滇池大泊口平均SC=（0.3628±0.0265）,在湖泊湿地类型和草本群落植被类型属性上处于较低水平,即显示目前植物群落演替过程发生较快,耐污先锋种属在恢复进程上占据优势生态位,而历史优势种和对水环境要求较高的物种却未能规模萌发,一定程度上揭示了高原富营养化湖泊种子库中历史优势植被可恢复性的特征及难点.     

基于生态系统恢复力的干旱区植被生态需水阈值计算方法与应用

本文以石羊河流域中下游为研究区,采用考虑生态系统恢复力(latitude of ecosystem resilience, LER)的月尺度生态需水评估方法计算1982-2020年植被月适宜生态需水量、最小生态需水量以及相应的生态缺水量,并与土壤水分特征值法(characteristic value of soil water, CVSW)进行比较,分析不同类型植被生长期的水分盈亏关系。结果表明:LER法和CVSW法计算结果相近,但LER法具有更大的生态需水阈值区间;天然降水基本可以满足植被的基本生存,但无法满足正常生长需求;LER法的适宜需水条件下,各植被生长期总体处于缺水状态,缺水严重程度排序为灌木林＞其他林地＞疏林地＞高覆盖度草地＞中覆盖度草地＞有林地,全部植被生长期总适宜生态需水量为3.7×10⁸ m³,亏缺水量为1.2×10⁸ m³,同一植被亏缺水量基本符合春秋多、夏季少的规律;最小需水条件下,只有其他林地存在生长期缺水情况,全部植被生长期总最小生态需水量为0.8×10⁸ m³;在缺乏土壤水分数据的干旱地区,LER法具有良好的适用性。研究结果可为石羊河流域水资源高效利用和干旱区生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论参考。     

大型水生植物—藻类混合型富营养湖泊的生态管理模式——以固城湖为例

Lake Gucheng is located in the southeast of Nanjing, with an area of 24.3 km², an average depth of 2 meters. The macrophytes of the lake were used to be abundant and their biomass was about 4.96 mg·m^-2. The annual average contents of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), PO^3- -P, COD_Mn and BOD₅ 0.03, 1.31, 0.005, 3.61 and 1.46 mg·L^-1, respectively. Thus, the water quality of this lake is quite well. Recently, the water quality in pari of the lake became worse because of some unreasonable exploitation and utilization of bioresources. The interactions between phytoplankton (N₁), macrophyte (N₂), fish (N₃), crab (N₄) were studied here. The macrophyte has great influences on both phytoplanktons, fish and crab, controlling the water quality and maintaining the fishery productivity. On the other hand, the phytoplankton, fish and crab also influence the macrophyte. It is key method of ecological management to maintain the macrophyte by fishery culture. Therefore, a modified Lotka-Volterra model has been established to estimate the interaction between N₁, N₂, N₃, N₄ and the influences of some water environmental parameters on these aquatic organism, environmental and economic effect. The main model consists four compart-mental models and four submodels, involved 12 external variables, 8 state variables, 19 universal constants and 11 parameters. The values of most parameters were found from our experiments and calibrated by the model and actually measured data. The model has been validated by comparison the computed and experimental data of phytoplankton and macrophyte. The theoretical outputs showed a good agreement with the measured data. This model predicated that if the standing crop offish and crab was higher than 2.65 ·m^-2 during springtime in this lake, macrophytes would not grow, chlorophyll a content would arrive 34.8 mg·m^-3 and the water quality would decrease. If the macrophyte grow well, the maximum fishery productivity would be about 1 600 t. In this case, the annually averaged phytoplankton chlorophyll a content should be 3.69 mg·m^-3, which is lower than the criterion (10 mg·m^-3) for eutrophic state. From 1991 to 1996, Lake Gucheng was managed with this model, its water quality maintain quite well, chlorophyll a content decreased from 3.51 (1991) to 1.89 mg·m^-3 (1994). Meanwhile, the fishery productivity increased and the economic effect heightened year by year.     

全球变暖对长江洪水的可能影响及其前景预测

要长江流域近150a间发生的1870、1931、1935、1954与1998年特大洪水灾害损失严重;长江洪水是我国的心腹之患.1990年以来,长江大洪水高频发生,达6次.长江洪水的发生,除湖泊蓄洪功能减弱等因素外,与全球变暖有关.20世纪90年代为近千年中全球最暖的年代,水循环加快,长江中下游夏季降水量为近120a最多的十年,高出1961-1990平均值112mm;而降雨集中和大暴雨降水事件的增加是洪水增加的主要原因.区域气候模式模拟在CO₂倍增时,长江流域温度升高2.2℃,夏季降水增加10%-20%,气溶胶的增加可能使此值降低一些.考虑气候变暖可能促进潜在蒸发增加9%-15%的假定情景,计算在降水增加10%,蒸发增加9%条件下,最大洪峰流量在大通站将会达到8.4×10⁴ m³/s左右,己超过1998年洪峰流量;汉口站7.9×10⁴ m³/s,超过有记录以来所有的洪峰流量;而在宜昌站高达6.94×10⁴ m³/s,超过自有实测记录以来的除1896年和1981年以外所有的洪峰流量.假定情景的最高值出现在降水增加20%,蒸发增加15%时,大通站流量将达到9.45×10⁴ m³/s,超过该站近百年最大值,1954年的9.26×10⁴ m³/s;宜昌站将出现7.82×10⁴ m³/s流量,超过1882年以来所有实测记录值,但比1870年据洪痕推算的10.5×10⁴ m³/s仍有逊色.未来气候若继续变暖,降水量增加将给长江洪水防御带来巨大的压力.但上述估算是粗糙的,有一定的不确定性,需在以后的研究中进一步改进.     

Water and Food in the Twenty-First Century

In 2000, the World population was 6.2 billion people; it reached 7 billion in 2012 and is expected to reach 9.5 billion (±0.4) in 2050 and 11 billion (±1.5) in 2100, according to the 2012 UN projections (Gerland et al. in Science 346:234–237, 2014). The trend after 2100 is still one of the global demographic growths, but after 2060, Africa is the only continent where the population would still increase. The amount of water consumed annually to produce the food necessary to meet the needs of the populations varies greatly between countries, from about 600 to 2500 m³/year per capita (Zimmer in L’empreinte eau. Les faces cachées d’une ressource vitale. Charles Léopold Meyer, Paris, 2013), depending on their wealth, their food habits, and the percentage of food waste they generate (on average, 30 % of the food produced is wasted). In 2000, the total food production was on the order of 3300 million tons (in cereal equivalents). In 2014, it is estimated that about 0.8 billion inhabitants of the planet suffer from hunger (FAO in World agriculture: towards 2030–2050. FAO, Rome, 2014. http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/Y3557E/y3557e00.HTM) and do not get the nutrition they need to be in good health or, in the case of children, to grow properly (both physically and intellectually). This food deficit was on the order of 40 million tons of cereal equivalents in 2014. The number of inhabitants with a food deficit was about 0.85 billion before the 2008 crisis and was decreasing annually, but it increased abruptly after 2008 up to 1 billion inhabitants and is slowly decreasing now. Assuming a World average water consumption for food of 1300 m³/year per capita in 2000, 1400 m³/year in 2050, and 1500 m³/year in 2100, a volume of water of around 8200 km³/year was needed in 2000, 13,000 km³/year will be needed in 2050, and 16,500 km³/year in 2100 (Marsily in L’eau, un trésor en partage. Dunod, Paris, 2009). Can bioenergy be added to food production? Will that much water be available on Earth, and where will it come from? Is climate change going to modify the answers to these questions? Can severe droughts occur? Can there be conflicts related to a food deficit? Some preliminary answers and scenarios for food production will be given in this paper from a hydrologist’s viewpoint.     

Evaporation Reduction from Water Reservoirs in Arid Lands Using Monolayers: Algerian Experience

The extremely high rate of evaporation from water surfaces in arid and semi-arid areas greatly reduces optimal utilization of water reservoirs. In Algeria, which is at 80% an arid country, water resources are scarce and renewable due to low annual precipitation. Considering the importance of optimal utilization of renewable water resources, about 70 dams with capacity of 7.4 billion m³ were constructed. One of the biggest problems of water in dams in Algeria is the huge amount of water loss through evaporation due to high evaporation rate. Therefore, applying techniques to reduce evaporation are greatly needed. One of the most recommended techniques for reducing evaporation is the application of a thin chemical film on the surface of the water. The present study aims to investigate the effect of this technique under arid conditions. Experiment was conducted for 20 weeks in Touggourt with three Colorado-type evaporation pans. Fatty alcohol with various doses were used in different pans. First pan was filled with water without adding fatty alcohol while in second pan, fatty alcohols was added with recommended concentration (0.3 kg/10⁴ m²/day) and similarly in third pan fatty alcohol was added with concentration (0.5 kg/10⁴ m²/day). The preliminary results of the study indicated that evaporation rate from surface water was reduced overall up to 16 and 22% in the second pan and the third one, respectively as compared to the non covered pan.     

Hydrobiological Investigations of the Water Quality of the Water Supply Reservoirs Husinec and Římov

The two eutrophicated reservoirs Husinec (2.6 km³, 35 ha, z_max 18 m, MQ 1.87 m^3/s) and ?ímov (34.5 hm³, 216 ha, z_max 44 m, MQ 4.14 m^3/s) show concentrations of total phosphorus of 10… 50 mg/m³ and chlorophyll contents of 7… 36 mg/m³ in the summer season. For both reservoirs a good correlation exists between the chlorophyll concentration and the density of the phytoplankton (20 · 10³… 13 · 10⁶ ind./l). With average concentrations of 10… 20 mg/m³ chlorophyll a in summer, the water can be treated for producing drinking water only at a higher expenditure. The water quality will be improved by a reduction of the phosphorus load.     

Water resources and ecological conditions in the Tarim Basin

Temporal sequential analyses of the hydrological observational data in the Tarim Basin over the last forty years revealed an annual increase of 2× 10⁷m³ in the water quantities at the three headstreams of the upper courses and an annual decrease of 3 × 10⁷m³ in the water flow from Alaer, which is on the upper main stream. A prediction of the trends indicates that there can be severe situations under which intermittent water interceptions occur. By means of approximate estimations on vegetative water consumption through phreatic evaporation combined with a quota assessment, the ecological water demands required to maintain the ecological environment in the mainstream area over the three different targeted years of 2005, 2010 and 2030 are defined as standing at 31.86 × 10⁸m³, 36.27 × 10⁸m³ and 41.04 × 10⁸m³ respectively. Ecological fragility indexes are established on the basis of the selection of environmental sensitivity factors. Rational evaluations give proof that the lower reaches of the mainstream have already turned into zones where their ecological environments are gravely damaged. Multi-objective optimization should be conducted and protective schemes be framed within the threshold limits of the bearing capacities of water resources and the environment     

苏州金鸡湖水环境治理工程的环境经济分析

对苏州金鸡湖水环境综合治理的环境效益和经济费用进行了综合分析,得出：工程建成运行后的金鸡湖及周边河道的水质基本可达国家地面水Ⅲ类水标准。金湖鸡水环境治理工程建成运行后费用约为0.92元/m^3-1.62元/m^3之间,若考虑金鸡湖水环境改善后地价的价值、旅游收入的增加,金鸡湖水环境治理的经济费用还会降低。总体来看,该项工程环境及社会效益比较明显,经济费用也在比较合理的范围内。     

长江全流域大洪水下三峡水库对洞庭湖区防洪贡献分析

基于长江中下游一、二维耦合水动力学模型,以1954和1998年洪水为典型,模拟了三峡水库调蓄前后洞庭湖区的洪水过程,定量分析了三峡水库对洞庭湖区防洪的贡献.结果表明:在长江发生1954和1998年全流域大洪水期间,三峡水库实施兼顾对城陵矶河段的防洪补偿调度,可有效缓解荆南三口河系及湖区的防洪压力,减少荆南三口 1.58...     

汉江中下游水华防控生态调度研究

汉江中下游1992-2021年冬春季节共计暴发了十余次大规模水华事件,水生态安全和饮用水安全频繁受到威胁.基于历次水华发生情况,分析总结了汉江中下游水华特征和暴发成因,根据水华与水文过程响应关系研究提出了抑制水华的关键指标及其调控阈值,构建了汉江中下游水利工程联合生态调度方案,明确了抑制水华的生态调度方式和调度持续时间...     

基于Landsat与Sentinel-3A卫星数据的当惹雍错1988-2018年湖泊水位-水量变化及归因

湖泊变化是气候变化的指示器.为探索利用单一短时间尺度的卫星水位数据源估算长时间序列的湖泊水量变化的可行性,本文利用短时间尺度（2016—2018年） Sentinel-3A合成孔径雷达高度计（SRAL）作为唯一卫星水位数据源,以藏北高原内陆湖泊当惹雍错为例,结合基于Landsat光学遥感数据提取的1988—2018年的湖泊面积,综合分析2016—2018年间的非结冰期遥感湖泊面积与遥感湖泊水位变化,基于该时段范围的水位变化-面积变化关系和水量估算公式,估算1988—2018年湖泊水位水量变化与2001—2018年的年内变化,并结合GLDAS产品数据与雪线变化情况初步探讨湖泊变化的可能原因.结果表明：当惹雍错近30年湖泊面积扩张明显,湖泊水位、水量增加显著,相比1988年,2018年的湖泊面积、水位、水量分别增加21.1 km²、5.29 m、44.75亿m³.其中1988—1998年湖泊面积-水位-水量有所减少,2000—2018年间湖泊变化总体呈增加趋势.2001—2018年内湖泊面积、水位、水量变化呈现干湿季特征.1996—2014/2015年湖泊水量变化为38.3亿/35.5亿m³,水量变化趋势、变化量与以往对应时间段的研究结果具有较强的一致性.湖泊面积扩张主要发生在水下地形平缓的东南部和中西部区域.结合气候因素与雪线变化的分析表明,湖泊水量变化受降雨、气温影响复杂,长时间年际尺度上的湖泊水量增长与气温的一致性较降水量强,湖泊湿季受降水量与气温的影响都较大,其中2008—2018年的湿季降水量、气温与水量变化散点拟合的确定性系数R²分别为0.613、0.845.该研究表明Sentinel-3A合成孔径雷达数据在湖泊水量变化估算上的潜力,为利用单一且只具有短时段数据的卫星雷达数据估算长时间序列湖泊水量变化提供依据.     

不同上覆水氟浓度对湖泊沉积物氟释放与微生物群落的影响

通过模拟沙湖沉积物-水系统,以沙湖原水氟离子（F^-）浓度为1倍浓度（0.69 mg/L）,设置0.5倍浓度、1倍浓度、1倍浓度灭菌、2倍浓度和4倍浓度共5个实验组,探究不同上覆水F^-浓度背景下沙湖沉积物中F^-的迁移.结果表明,沉积物F^-的释放量随上覆水F^-浓度的增加而呈下降的趋势,其中2倍和4倍浓度组的沉积物由释放F^-转变为吸附F^-.碱性水体有利于沉积物F^-的释放,即随着pH增大,F^-释放量也会增加.微生物的Beta多样性层次聚类分析表明,F^-会抑制Paenisporosarcina与Thiobacillus的相对丰度,但对Fusibacter的生命活动具有促进作用.根据各浓度组间优势菌属相对丰度与环境因子的冗余分析可得,Acinetobacter、Thiobacillus相对丰度与pH呈负相关;Fusibacter相对丰度与F^-浓度呈显著正相关,而Thiobacillus的相对丰度则与F^-表现出弱负相关.通过对各浓度组中重要离子的分析发现,0.5倍组和4倍组中F^-的迁移受Ca²⁺、HCO₃^-和SO₄^2-浓度影响较大;相关性分析表明0.5倍浓度组的Ca²⁺、HCO₃^-浓度与F^-浓度呈极显著正相关,而4倍组中F^-浓度和Ca²⁺、HCO₃^-浓度呈负相关,SO₄^2-浓度和F^-浓度的相关性则是0.5倍组呈负相关,4倍组呈极显著正相关.本文在不同上覆水F^-浓度背景下全面探究了沙湖沉积物中F^-释放和迁移机理,为沙湖及其他含氟地表水的氟污染防治提供理论支持.     

Semicontinuous Outdoor Cultivation of Scenedesmus acutus in Waste Water

The algae were cultivated in an outdoor cultivation unit in waste water from sewage treatment plant processing city sewage and largescale hoggery effluent. The cultivation area (2m²) had a slant of 3% and the suspension layer thickness was about 5 cm. The total suspension volume in the cultivation device was 150 I. Mass balance served us for derivation of formulas for the average rate of algal biomass production and for the extent of nutrient removal from waste water. Experiments showed a considerable effect of dilution rate on individual parameters in these formulas. The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus is optimal at a dilution rate of 0.3 day^?1 whereas optimum biomass production lies at about 0.1 day^?1. The nitrogen and phosphorus yield coefficient Y (g biomass/g element) are practically identical, both of them depending on dilution rate. The effect of the dilution rate on other characteristics of the effluent water has not yet been unambiguously proved. The results are shown of bacteriological and mycological examinations, in addition, of the chemical analysis of resulting algal biomass.