基于多指标分析的博斯腾湖表层沉积物有机碳来源

通过有机碳稳定同位素(δ13Corg)、有机碳、氮含量及其比值(C∶N)的测定,结合已有的正构烷烃空间分布特征数据,对新疆博斯腾湖表层沉积物的有机碳来源进行综合研究.结果表明:博斯腾湖表层沉积物δ13Corg值在-26.7‰~-24.1‰之间波动,变幅较小;C∶N的波动范围为4.8~8.5,平均值约为7.4;正构烷烃的碳数分布范围为n C13~n C35,所有采样点样品的主峰碳以n C17和n C23为主.参考博斯腾湖文献调查资料,基于δ13Corg值、C∶N及正构烷烃等指标的空间分布状况,发现博斯腾湖表层沉积物中的有机碳主要来自湖泊内部浮游生物的残体;而不同湖区沉积物有机碳的内、外源贡献比例不同,其中陆源碎屑、挺水植物、沉水植物的贡献空间差异较大.博斯腾湖有机碳来源的空间差异主要表现在湖泊东部近岸水域表层沉积物有机碳主要为外源贡献,中心湖泊东部和西部浅水区表层沉积物有机碳由外源和内源共同贡献,而其余大部分水域表层沉积物有机碳则主要为内源贡献.     

δ13C和δ15N指示不同生态类型湖泊无机氮及有机质来源

为了探讨不同生态类型湖泊(天然湖泊、城市湖泊)中无机氮和有机质来源,分别采集湖泊中水体、表层沉积物、水生植物、底栖动物进行碳、氮同位素特征分析.结果表明:蚌湖水体δ15N-NH4均值为-1.8‰±1.0‰,δ15N-NO3-均值为-0.5‰±1.7‰,说明蚌湖水体氮表现为雨水和农业肥料氮污染;象湖δ15 N-NH4+均值为6.8‰±8.6‰,其中养殖废水和管道排污口δ15N-NH4+值分别为13.5‰和25.4‰,表现出污水氮同位素特征,象湖δ15 N-NO3-均值为-2.9‰±4.2‰,是氨的硝化作用引起的氮同位素分馏所致.蚌湖表层沉积物、水生植物δ15N差别不大,分别为6.6‰±0.3‰、7.1‰±0.7‰,水生植物δ13C均值为-27.5‰±0.3‰,比沉积物δ13C偏负3‰.有机C/N为9.4±0.5,比沉积物C/N明显偏高6,反映水生植物是蚌湖有机质的主要来源.象湖表层沉积物δ15N、δ13C及有机C/N分布范围大,δ15N在3.6‰～8.3‰之间,均值为5.9‰±1.6‰,δ13C在-27.1‰～-24.7‰之间,均值为-26.0‰±1.0‰,有机C/N在2.6 ～10.8之间,均值为6.2±2.7,表明城市湖泊沉积有机质来源复杂.2个湖泊蚌类δ15N组成与各自湖泊表层沉积物δ15N组成相对应.     

羌塘高原湖水δ13cDIC值特征及影响因素分析

湖水溶解无机碳同位素( δ13CDIC)是研究湖泊碳循环的有效手段,其影响因素分析是古湖沼学中重建过去环境的理论基础,但国内关于这一方面的研究却还相对较少.本文研究了羌塘高原24个湖泊水体δ13CDIC值空间分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明,所选湖泊水体δ13 CDIC值在-15.0‰至3.2‰之间,平均值为-1.2‰,...     

湖泊现代沉积物碳环境记录研究

通过对云南程海现代沉积物的精细采样和分析, 研究了湖泊沉积物中有机碳与无机碳含量阶段性的正相关和负相关变化. 结果表明, 温度及其引起的相关变化是控制沉积物无机碳含量、碳酸盐δ ¹³C和有机碳含量变化关系的主要因素. 当温度及其引起的光合作用强度变化对湖泊自生碳酸钙沉淀起主导作用时, 沉积物有机碳含量与无机碳含量及碳酸盐δ ¹³C呈正相关变化; 当温度及其引起的蒸发速率等其他物理化学因素变化对湖泊自生碳酸钙沉淀起主导作用时, 沉积物有机碳含量与无机碳含量及碳酸盐δ ¹³C呈负相关变化. 程海沉积物无机碳含量和碳酸盐δ ¹³C是湖区气候冷暖变化的良好代用指标.     

贵州草海沉积物碳酸盐碳同位素异常正值的发现及其环境指示意义

对贵州草海沉积物柱芯碳酸盐碳同位素组成测定的结果显示,其δ13C值的变化范围为- 14.25‰至23.10‰,变化幅度为37.35％,这是迄今所发现的湖泊沉积物碳酸盐中最大的碳同位素变化幅度,其中的部分同位素值也是迄今发现的最大碳同位素值.综合碳酸盐氧同位素、碳酸盐含量和有机质含量指标,认为草海沉积物碳酸盐碳同位素组成...     

1860年以来博斯腾湖碳沉积过程演变

选取博斯腾湖3个不同点位岩芯,在²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs年代序列基础上,利用沉积物中的各理化指标,分析了该湖碳沉积的时空变化特征,结合各指标的相关性、沉积速率、C/N、同位素特征等,探讨了该湖1860年以来碳沉积环境的变化过程,为干旱区湖泊碳埋藏研究提供了依据.结果表明：1860-1910年,沉积速率相对较小,受人类活动影响较小,磁化率、中值粒径、总无机碳（TIC）较为稳定,总有机碳（TOC）含量相对较低,此时该湖有较多陆源有机质的输入;1910-1950年,湖泊西部浅水域沉积速率明显高于东部深水区,西北湖区水域有大量外源物质的输入,而湖泊初级生产力较低,内源贡献相对较小;1950-1980年,全湖TOC、TIC含量均呈现升高的趋势,尤其是西北近黄水沟水域升高最快,湖泊内源贡献在增加,陆源组分的输入相对前一阶段要少;1980-2002年,沉积速率快速升高,尤其湖泊东部水域最为明显,TOC含量均呈现升高的趋势,湖泊西部水域初级生产力要高于东部深水区,湖面蒸发较强,气候比较温暖;2002年以来,全湖沉积速率相对较高,外源有机质贡献较小.过去150年博斯腾湖沉积物碳累积速率整体上呈现出升高的趋势,尤其是近50年来快速升高,东部湖区碳累积速率比西部湖区高.     

乌梁素海悬浮颗粒物和沉积物有机碳同位素特征及来源

悬浮颗粒物和沉积物是湖泊有机污染物的主要承载物质,其稳定同位素研究对有效识别有机质污染导致的湖泊富营养化具有重要意义.本研究选取乌梁素海为研究区,于2019年4月（融冰期）、7月（夏灌期）和10月（秋灌期）对湖区及入湖渠道的表层沉积物和悬浮颗粒物中有机碳的δ¹³C、C/N比及总有机碳（TOC、POC）和总氮（TON、PON）含量进行测定分析,联合采用δ¹³C、C/N及同位素多元混合模型研究湖泊有机碳来源及其贡献率.结果表明,乌梁素海悬浮颗粒物有机碳δ¹³C_POC的变化范围为-23.29‰~-29.75‰,呈现10月>4月>7月、入湖渠道>湖区的趋势,悬浮颗粒物POC/PON比变化范围为4.10~21.35,呈现出4月<7月<10月的时间变化,悬浮颗粒有机质主要来源于浮游植物（51.59%）、入湖渠道泥沙（34.60%）和大型水生植物（13.76%）.沉积物有机碳δ¹³C_TOC变化范围为-27.58‰~-22.68‰,呈现4月<10月<7月的变化,沉积物TOC/TON比变化范围为3.06~23.77,时空变化明显,沉积物有机质则主要源于入湖渠道挟带的泥沙,贡献达72.79%以上,而浮游植物与大型水生植物的贡献率相差较小,分别为11.85%和15.36%.本研究可以初步判定受入湖渠道影响的富营养化湖泊中悬浮颗粒物和沉积物有机碳来源,为改善湖泊有机污染和研究有机碳来源提供更多理解.     

砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物成岩流体演化和水岩作用模式——以川西孝泉-丰谷地区上三叠统须四段致密砂岩为例

碳酸盐胶结物是川西坳陷孝泉-丰谷地区须四段第一重要的胶结物类型.通过碳酸盐胶结物岩石学、矿物学、碳氧同位素以及包裹体均一温度等的系统分析,讨论了研究区须四段致密砂岩中不同类型碳酸盐胶结物的沉淀机制、孔隙流体演化以及分布规律.连晶方解石胶结物具有相对较重的碳、氧同位素(δ13C=2.14‰,δ18O=-5.77‰),沉淀时间早,是在常温常压条件下,直接从过饱和碱性湖水介质中析出的产物.沉淀时流体的氧同位素较轻,主要表现为大气水-海水混合流体的特征(δ18O=-3‰),说明研究区须四段沉积时期的沉淀流体同时受到了大气水和海水的影响;次生孔隙中充填的方解石胶结物具有相对较轻的碳、氧同位素(δ13C=-2.36‰,δ18O=-15.68‰),沉淀时间晚,主要沉淀于中、晚侏罗沉积期的埋藏作用阶段,反映了有机质参与的长石溶蚀过程是该类碳酸盐胶结物沉淀的重要物质来源,粘土矿物转化过程中释放的Ca2+,Fe3+和Mg2+离子也是其重要的物质来源之一.由于埋藏过程中,水岩相互作用的影响,沉淀时流体的氧同位素出现了较明显增大(增重3‰左右);钙屑砂岩中的白云石胶结物沉淀于中侏罗沉积期的埋藏作用阶段,与碳酸盐岩屑具有类似的较重的碳氧同位素特征(δ13C=1.93‰,δ18O=-6.11‰),说明了两者在来源上的一致性,沉淀时流体氧同位素显著偏重(δ18O=2.2‰左右).不同胶结物沉淀时流体氧同位素的差异体现了不同水岩相互作用体系或是不同水岩相互作用强度的影响.这是含较多刚性颗粒的砂岩具有相对偏负的碳同位素(岩屑石英砂岩)、沉淀流体具有相对偏重氧同位素(钙屑砂岩)的主要原因.     

洞庭湖平原中小型湖群沉积物中砷污染特征与评价

本文研究了洞庭湖平原10个中小型湖泊沉积物砷的空间分布特征,并采用地累积指数法对其污染进行了评价.结果表明:各湖表层沉积物中砷浓度在10.1 -33.7 mg/kg之间变化,平均值为15.8 mg/kg,砷含量水平较低;在空间上表层沉积物中砷含量次序为岳阳南湖＞芭蕉湖＞黄盖湖＞安乐湖＞毛里湖＞柳叶湖＞东湖＞珊珀湖＞大通...     

碳氮稳定同位素示踪鄱阳湖流域蚌湖丰水期的氮污染

鄱阳湖边缘深水区是鄱阳湖水位上涨时扩散而成的低洼湖区,通过对其一典型边缘湖泊——蚌湖丰水期的氮浓度和同位素特征值的检测,分析这类洪泛湖泊在水位最高时期水体颗粒有机质及无机氮的氮同位素变化特征,并识别氮污染来源及转化途径.结果表明:6月悬浮颗粒有机质碳氮同位素值(δ~(13)C:-26.7‰~-23.7‰,δ~(15)N:2.6‰~6.2‰)介于土壤有机质(δ~(13)C:-25.21‰±0.52‰,δ~(15)N:3.79‰±0.37‰)和水生植物的碳氮同位素值(δ~(13)C:-28.8‰~-24.9‰,δ~(15)N:5.3‰~8.2‰)之间.7月相比于6月,降低的δ~(13)C(-27.6‰~-23.2‰)和升高的δ~(15)N(4.3‰~7.7‰)表明暴雨冲刷带来更多的周边陆地碎屑输入.无机氮在6月以铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)为主要形态,7月以硝态氮(NO_3~--N)为主要形态.6月δ~(15)NH_4~+较负的特征值(-18.6‰±5.2‰)表明铵态氮主要来源于雨水,硝态氮(δ~(15)NO_3~-:1.4‰±3.0‰)主要来源于农业化肥和雨水.7月相比于6月,铵态氮和硝态氮的浓度和同位素值都大幅升高(分别升高了0.3和2倍,6‰和3‰),是暴雨冲刷陆地使农业化肥、城镇生活废水和畜禽养殖废水输入的结果.水生植物的δ~(15)N在7月(8.8‰±1.1‰)相比于6月(6.6‰±1.1‰)也升高了较多,是由于水生植物吸收了更高δ~(15)N废水无机氮的结果.通过颗粒有机质和无机氮的δ~(15)N分析可知,湖区水体氮的矿化作用和硝化作用较强,藻类对湖泊的内源氮贡献较弱,沿河湖的畜禽养殖在暴雨时对水域污染的威胁较大.本研究提供了洪泛湖泊氮污染治理的科学依据.     

琼中地震台重力仪记录同震响应特征分析

2013年2月6-8日圣克鲁斯群岛发生6次强震,琼中地震台的重力仪记录都有同震响应出现。本文从重力仪记录的面波的延迟时间、最大变形幅度、同震持续时间3个方面研究了6次强震的同震响应特征。     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.