洛河冲积平原包气带对入渗水污染物净化能力研究

包气带是地下水补给和地下水污染的主要通道,包气带的性质直接控制了地下水的污染化速度和程度。文章以洛阳市区洛河河床岩性(以砂砾石为主)以及由亚粘土、亚砂土、中细砂等介质构成的包气带为研究对象,分析河床和包气带对污染物的自净能力,并对其天然的自净机制进行了简要分析,结论如下:洛河河床岩性对各种污染物(NO3-除外)的净化能力均达到90%以上;亚粘土、亚砂土、中细砂等包气带介质层对重金属(Cu2+等)有很强的净化能力,而对Cl-、Cr6+的净化能力则较弱,在短时间内介质中就达到饱和而失去净化能力;在环境条件相近及水文地质条件基本相同的条件下,包气带厚度与地下水的污染程度呈负相关关系;污水经过包气带,能有效地去除污水中的有害物质,防止地下水污染。 更多还原     

洛阳市区包气带中污染物自净规律初步研究

包气带是地下水补给和地下水污染的主要通道,因此包气带的性质直接控制了地下水的污染化速度和程度。以洛阳市区洛河河床岩性（以砂砾石为主）以及由亚粘土、亚砂土、中细砂等介质构成的包气带为研究对象,来分析河床和包气带对污染物的自净能力,并对其天然的自净机制进行了简要的分析,结论如下：洛河河床岩性对各种污染物（NO3-除外）的净化能力均达到90％以上;亚粘土、亚砂土、中细砂等包气带介质层对重金属（Cu^2＋、Pb^2＋等）有很强的净化能力,而对Cl、Cr^6＋净化能力则较弱,在短时间内介质中就达到饱和而失去净化能力;在环境条件相近及水文地质条件基本相同的条件下,包气带厚度与地下水的污染程度呈负相关关系;污水经过包气带发生较强的过滤、吸附、离子交换、生物化学降解等作用,能有效地去除污水中的有害物质,防止地下水污染。     

垃圾渗滤液有机污染组分在包气带中衰减规律的模拟研究

用若干土柱模拟试验研究了垃圾渗滤液有机污染组分在不同岩性、不同厚度包气带介质中的运移规律,并计算了有机污染组分在包气带中运移的有关水化学迁移参数(阻滞因子R和水化学迁移率E).结果表明,有机污染组分在不同岩性介质中的R值顺序为:粘土＞亚粘土＞砂土,在相同岩性中随着厚度的增加R呈正相关增大.从而为评价和预测垃圾场对地质环境影响提供技术参数,并为垃圾场的选址提供理论依据.     

应用土柱试验求解地下含水介质弥散系数

污染物质在地下含水介质中的运移,除受渗透系数等水文地质条件的制约外,还受到含水介质弥散系数的控制。污染物的扩散,首先是从包气带开始进行的,浑河冲洪积扇地包气带主要岩性是亚粘土及亚砂土,因此,计算出浑河冲洪积扇包气带的弥散系数,对于认识污染物的运移能力是一项必要的工作。本文利用室内动态土柱装置,模拟包气带岩性环境,以0.05 mol/L的NaCl溶液作为示踪剂,经长时间监测,运用弥散系数计算公式进行求参。计算结果是包气带以亚粘土为主要岩性的弥散系数为0.005 71 m2/d,亚砂土的弥散系数为0.012 47 m2/d。     

酚在包气带中运移规律的试验

本文根据室内包气带土层的淋溶试验,探讨了酚在亚粘土和中细砂中的迁移、积累和分布特征,得出酚在包气带中五种运移规律。     

垃圾渗滤液的特征污染组分在包气带中的迁移转化规律

通过室内土柱实验,研究了垃圾渗滤液的特征污染组分氮、COD在包气带不同介质中的迁移转化特征。实验结果表明,岩性不同的包气带介质是影响氮素、COD迁移转化的重要因素之一,不同介质对氮、COD的净化能力不同;渗滤液对地下水不会造成氮素污染,但会造成有机污染。     

不同岩性渗滤液污染场地中污染物衰减的模拟

选用细砂、粉砂、粘土和土壤为材料,通过4个系列的静态实验来研究不同岩性的垃圾渗滤液污染场地中pH、NO₃-N、NH₄-N、有机质及生物活性随时间的变化趋势及其相关性分析。实验结果表明,对于4种介质的pH而言,细砂>粉砂>粘土>土壤;对于NH₄-N、有机质和生物活性而言,均为土壤>粘土>粉砂>细砂;而对于NO₃-N而言,实验初期是土壤>粘土>粉砂>细砂,中期是细砂>粉砂>粘土>土壤,末期是土壤>细砂>粉砂>粘土。同时,综合4种介质中各指标的时间变化趋势利用SPSS进行相关性分析得到,在模拟垃圾渗滤液的污染场地中pH与有机质有很好的负相关性,相关系数为-0.649;有机质与生物活性有很好的正相关性,相关系数为0.640;NH₄-N与生物活性有很好的正相关性,相关系数为0.757。     

松花江一级阶地包气带岩性特征及其对农药吸附与降解的影响

对松花江一级阶地包气带的岩性特征分析结果表明,三层介质均为砂土,有机质和粘土矿物含量较少,水的渗透系数由袁层到深层显著增大.阿特拉津在三层介质中的吸附系数依次为1.2 mL/g、0.6 mL/g和0.2 mL/g,自然降解半衰期为124 d、153 d和225 d,能够长期残留在包气带中,构成对地下水的威胁.     

非均质包气带三氮累积转化模拟砂箱试验

为研究包气带非均质结构对氮素迁移转化的影响,采用室内砂箱实验模拟了1.72 mm/h降雨强度下NH₄-N污染非均质包气带的过程。通过观测出水及土壤溶液中NH₄-N、NO₂-N和NO₃-N质量浓度变化,分析探讨了NH₄-N在含有两个亚粘土透镜体的非均质包气带介质中的迁移转化和累积时空分布特征。结果表明：经过89 d物理吸附和微生物作用,出水NH₄-N首先迅速增加然后逐渐减小,而出水NO₃-N含量持续增加,其间NO₂-N出现累积峰,系统最终达到平衡稳定状态;土壤溶液中NH₄-N在两亚粘土透镜体上表面累积较多,NO₃-N和NO₂-N在上透镜体中的累积含量大于下透镜体;而砂槽上部土壤中出现明显的NO₃-N累积,NH₄-N和NO₂-N则在下部土壤和亚粘土透镜体中累积较多。包气带介质质地、粗 细交互结构及降雨淋溶、水分运移对“三氮”的迁移转化和富集有重要影响。     

地下水位升降与空气流耦合的砂柱实验及其模拟

地下水位的上升或下降会驱动包气带中的空气流动,并与水位升降运动发生相互作用.当潜水含水层被低渗透介质覆盖时,这种水位升降与空气流的耦合现象更加明显.利用细砂盖层作为低渗透介质与厚层粗砂组合成双层结构砂柱,进行了注水和排水实验研究.在排水实验中砂柱水位面下降,包气带会形成显著真空,吸取外界大气.在注水实验中砂柱水位面抬升,包气带气压增大,空气向外流动.包气带气压随时间的变化曲线呈单峰形式,且受到细砂盖层厚度的影响.考虑砂柱饱水带的Darcy流和包气带可压缩空气的线性渗流,提出了一个描述砂柱水-气运动的简化动力学模型,通过Runge-Kutta法进行实验过程的数值模拟,重现了观测到的包气带气压变化特征.模拟结果表明,包气带气压的极值随着低渗透盖层厚度的增加而呈非线性增大趋势.     

Adsorption Behavior of Hexavalent Chromium in Vadose Zone

Adsorption behavior of Cr (VI) in vadose zone, which is silty clay and clayey soil, was studied through kinetics experiments, isothermal adsorption experiments under various conditions, including different ph, temperature and organic contents. The results from kinetics experiments showed that the sorption progress of Cr (VI) has clear features in different stages, and adsorption equilibrium showed at 30 min, the adsorption rate of silty clay and clayey soil were 60%. The isothermal adsorption curve of Cr (VI) fitted closely with Freundlich equation model. When pH is 3-5 a plateau were seen, thereafter with increase in pH the adsorption rate of Cr (VI) dropped sharply and the minimum achieved at pH 10, the adsorption rate were only 35%. Adsorption rate of Cr (VI) increased gradually with the increase of temperature, the temperature of vadose zone is 14.7 ℃, according to the experimental results, the adsorption rate of Cr (VI) is about 40%. The use of organics represents an important contribution to the sorption of Cr (VI), sorption rate up to 100% when 30% of organic content. These studies will provide basis for manager to minimize the impacts, and provide basic data for pollution prevention and remediation of vadose zone.     

张士灌区土壤中多环芳香烃菲(PHEs)的垂向分布与迁移

通过对典型环境功能区张士灌区包气带剖面样品和含水层样品的分析检测,比较和总结了菲的垂向分布特征,研究了总有机碳、粘粒含量、土壤含水率对菲垂向分布与迁移的影响规律和机理。对具有代表性采样点的研究表明,菲总含量在剖面中的变化趋势总体上随剖面的加深而降低,以犁底层为界,表层土壤(5~20 cm)菲含量随剖面深度变化平缓。同时分别对菲含量与总有机碳、土壤粘粒含量、土壤含水率进行二元相关分析,计算出的Pearson系数表明:土壤中总有机碳、土壤粘粒含量是影响菲垂向迁移的重要因素,而土壤含水率对菲垂向分布影响不大。同时利用SPSS的因子分析法进一步确定总有机碳是制约菲垂向运移的主要因素。     

1,2-二氯乙烷和1,2-二氯丙烷在某污染场地包气带的吸附-解吸特性

1,2-二氯乙烷(1,2-DCA)和1,2-二氯丙烷(1,2-DCP)是某污染场地地下水中检出最高的挥发性有机污染物。文中采用批试验方法,研究污染场地包气带中三种不同深度土壤样品对1,2-DCA和1,2-DCP的吸附-解吸特性。结果表明:土壤中有机质决定其吸附行为,三种土壤对1,2-DCA和1,2-DCP的吸附符合Henry线性等温方程,分配系数在20.49～22.43L.kg-1,1,2-DCA和1,2-DCP在三种土壤中分别具有相似的吸附能力;同一土壤中两种目标污染物的吸附能力为Kd(1,2-DCA)>Kd(1,2-DCP),但差别不大。1,2-DCA和1,2-DCP在三种土壤中的解吸可用Freundlich等温方程拟合,解吸的难易程度与土壤中黏粒含量相关,黏粒含量越高,目标污染物的解吸越困难,第三层(地下4.9～5.1m)土壤的防污能力较强;两种污染物在三种土壤中的解吸都存在明显的滞后效应,1,2-DCP的滞后指数比1,2-DCA的大。     

轻非水相液体污染源区结构的影响因素数值分析

轻非水相液体（light non-aqueous phase liquid,LNPAL）在地下介质中的运移分布与残余捕获受多种因素影响和控制。LNAPL污染场地概念模型中一般视LNAPL从地表泄漏后穿过包气带至潜水面。然而地下介质的非均质性与包气带含水量的空间变异分布可形成复杂的LNAPL污染源区结构,LNAPL可能无法到达潜水面,而在毛细水带蓄积。文章基于数值模型综合分析了LNAPL泄漏量、介质非均质性与含水量空间变异分布、潜水面周期性变化等多种因素对LNAPL污染源区结构的影响。研究表明:（1）当泄漏量较大时,LNAPL可运移至潜水面;（2）当泄漏量较小时,对于上粗下细的层状非均质条件,LNAPL可能在毛细水带边缘发生蓄积,无法到达潜水面;（3）包气带中黏土透镜体并非都是LNAPL运移的阻碍,LNAPL可以穿透低含水量的黏土透镜体,只有高含水量的黏土透镜体才对LNAPL的入渗有阻碍作用;（4）潜水面周期性变化将导致污染范围扩大。     

垃圾渗滤液水溶性有机物对污染土壤中重金属Pb迁移性的影响

采用土柱淋滤试验研究了不同填埋年限的垃圾渗滤液DOM在土壤中垂直迁移及其对土壤重金属Pb淋滤溶出的影响。结果表明,不同填埋年限(0.4~5.12 a)的垃圾渗滤液DOM在土壤中垂直向下的迁移速率存在差异,填埋时间短的垃圾渗滤液DOM在土壤中迁移性较强。与对照相比(不加渗滤液DOM),垃圾渗滤液处理对红壤中土壤重金属Pb的累积解吸率高74.25%;在潮土上高-38.79%,且垃圾填埋年限中期的渗滤液DOM对土壤重金属的溶出影响更显著,说明垃圾渗滤液DOM进入土壤环境对重金属的迁移有促进作用。     

基于多元回归分析的铬污染地下水风险评价方法

土-水分配系数（K_d）是表征重金属污染物在土壤包气带中迁移能力的重要参数,受污染物质量浓度、pH值、有机质质量分数、铁铝氧化物质量分数等多种因素影响。本文通过实验研究了分配系数与各种影响因素之间的关系,基于多元回归分析方法得到了分配系数与影响因素的关系方程;并以分配系数、泄漏量、土壤孔隙度、初始含水率为风险因子建立了地下水污染风险评价方法。以某工厂铬废液的泄露为案例,采用构建的方法进行地下水污染风险评价。结果表明：该处地下水被污染的风险等级为中等。地下水污染风险评价方法的建立为重金属污染地下水的监测管理提供了一种有效方法。     

Long-term TNT and DNT contamination: 1-D modeling of natural attenuation in the vadose zone: case study,Portugal

The vadose zone of a trinitrotoluene (TNT) and dinitrotoluene (DNT) contaminated site was investigated to assess the mobility of those explosives under natural conditions. Located in the left margin of the River Tejo Basin, Portugal, the site is located on unconsolidated sediments. Wastewaters associated with the 50-year explosives production were disposed in excavated ponds, from where water would infiltrate and pollute the unsaturated and saturated parts of the local aquifers. Two boreholes were drilled to 9 m depth in such a former waste pond to investigate the contaminant’s fate in the vadose zone. Sediment samples were taken every 1–2 m for analysis of the poly-nitroaromatics (p-NACs) and organic volatile compounds, pH, organic carbon content, cation exchange capacity and grain size analysis. The main contaminant was TNT representing >70 % of the total p-NACs concentration that peaked approximately 7 mg/kg in one borehole, even if the median in both boreholes was of ~1 mg/kg. DNT was 4–30 % of the total p-NACs and nitrotoluene (NT), up to 5 %. No other (volatile) organic compound was detected. The predominance of TNT as the main contaminant implies that any natural mass reduction has been inefficient to clean the site. Several 1-D model simulations of p-NACs cleaning of the vadose zone under natural conditions indicated that the most probable scenario of combined advection and partitioning will only remove TNT after 10’s of years, whereas DNT and NT will hardly be removed. Such low concentrations and long times for the p-NACs removal, suggest that by now those compounds have been washed-out to a level below standard limits.     

Biogeochemistry of landfill leachate plumes

The literature has been critically reviewed in order to assess the attenuation processes governing contaminants in leachate affected aquifers. Attenuation here refers to dilution, sorption, ion exchange, precipitation, redox reactions and degradation processes. With respect to contaminants, focus is on dissolved organic matter, xenobiotic organic compounds, inorganic macrocomponents as anions and cations, and heavy metals. Laboratory as well as field investigations are included. This review is an up-date of an earlier comprehensive review. The review shows that most leachate contamination plumes are relatively narrow and do not in terms of width exceed the width of the landfill. The concept of redox zones being present in the plume has been confirmed by the reported composition of the leachate contaminated groundwater at several landfills and constitutes an important framework for understanding the behavior of the contaminants in the plume as the leachate migrates away from the landfill. Diverse microbial communities have been identified in leachate plumes and are believed to be responsible for the redox processes. Dissolved organic C in the leachate, although it appears to be only slowly degradable when the volatile organic acids are gone, apparently acts as substrate for the microbial redox processes. Several xenobiotic organic compounds have been found to be degradable in leachate contaminated groundwater, but degradation rates under anaerobic redox conditions have only been determined in a few cases. Apparently, observations in actual plumes indicate more extensive degradation than has been documented in the laboratory. The behavior of cations in leachate plumes is strongly influenced by exchange with the sediment, although the sediment often is very coarse and sandy. Ammonium seems to be subject to anaerobic oxidation, but the mechanisms are not yet understood. Heavy metals do not seem to constitute a significant pollution problem at landfills, partly because the heavy metal concentrations in the leachate often are low, and partly because of strong attenuation by sorption and precipitation. Although complexation of heavy metals with dissolved organic matter is significant, the heavy metals are in most cases still strongly attenuated in leachate-polluted aquifers. The information available on attenuation processes has increased dramatically during the last 15 a, but the number of well-documented full scale leachate plumes are still few and primarily from sandy aquifers. Thus, the diversity of attenuation processes in leachate plumes is probably not yet fully understood. Apparently, the attenuation processes in leachate plumes may for many contaminants provide significant natural remediation, limiting the effects of the leachate on the groundwater to an area usually not exceeding 1000 m from the landfill.     

Apparent Formation Factor for Leachate-Saturated Waste and Sediments: Examples from the USA and China

The formation factor relates bulk resistivity to pore fluid resistivity in porous materials. Understanding the formation factor is essential in using electrical and electromagnetic methods to monitor leachate accumulations and movements both within and around landfills. Specifically, the formation factor allows leachate resistivity, the degree of saturation, and, possibly, even the hydraulic conductivity of the waste to be estimated from non-invasive surface measurements. In this study, apparent formation factors are computed for three landfills with different types of waste as well as sediments contaminated by landfill leachate. Resistivity soundings at the closed Mallard North landfill in suburban Chicago (Illinois, USA) mapped leachate surfaces that were confirmed by monitoring wells. The resistivity of leachate-saturated waste from resistivity sounding inversions was then divided by the leachate resistivity values measured in-situ to compute apparent formation factors (Fa) ranging from 1.6 to 4.9. A global Fa of 3.0±1.9 was computed for the entire monitored portion of this landfill At a nearby mixed laboratory waste landfill, a 2D inverted resistivity section was used to compute an Fa of 2.9. Finally, a distinctly different Fa value of 10.6±2.8 was computed for leachate-saturated retorted oil and organic compounds. The Fa for aquifers containing contaminated groundwater fall in the same range as aquifers with normal groundwater, 1.7-3.9. However, models from inverted sounding curves over these contaminated areas exhibit unusually low resistivity layers, which may be diagnostic of contamination.