Integrated use of natural resources and geoenvironment

Natural resources and the geoenvironment have been an interest and need of mankind throughout history. Exploitation of natural resources occurred locally prior to the industrial revolution of the 18th century. Since that time, spectacular technological and economic development has led to a large increase in the consumption of renewable and nonrenewable resources. The material flow presently connected with man's activities (30 billion tons every year) is comparable with the annual flow of matter within the global sedimentary cycle.However, the use of natural resources is still nonuniformly distributed, and a less than optimal use of the geoenvironment is occurring. A modern approach emphasizing the integrated use of natural resources and the geoenvironment is desirable. A given region/area should be treated as a single multicomponent space, like a complex web formed by, and held together with, many threads. This integrated approach is not static but, rather, is a dynamic system which evolves and changes over time. To create such a system, development of new methods of geological research, more effective methods and technologies of natural resources exploitation and the protection and restoration of geoenvironment is required. Importance of soil and groundwater are emphatic.Edited text of requested paper for the plenary version of International Geological Congress in Moscow, 1989.     

海洋自然资源分类体系探究

系统科学的海洋自然资源分类是海洋自然资源管理和综合调查的基本要求,是完善我国自然资源分类体系的重要工作手段,是自然资源部统筹管理全国范围内自然资源的理论基础。通过梳理总结国内外自然资源体系研究进展,基于我国基本国情,以自然资源科学和地球系统科学理论为指导,面向自然资源综合管理为基本原则,结合资源自然属性和国家相关法律法规,初步提出了涉及多学科、多门类的海洋自然资源三级分类体系,划分6个海洋自然资源一级类,以及相应的27个二级类和27个三级类; 并针对海洋自然资源综合调查的内容和基本要求,基于分类体系对海洋自然资源综合调查工作提出了相关建议,以期为生态文明建设和海洋经济高质量发展提供理论支撑。     

国内外自然资源监测与观测网络建设现状及经验启示

自然资源是人类生存、社会发展和经济建设的物质基础,监测与观测地球系统各圈层及山水林田湖草沙冰等要素对自然资源管理决策和地球系统科学研究具有十分重要的科学和现实意义。梳理了美国、英国、德国、法国、澳大利亚等国家自然资源相关网络的建设思路及站点部署、监测与观测内容指标、技术方法、新型装备等,总结国际经验与启示,即注重地球系统科学框架下的系统监测与综合观测,提升标准化长期连续监测与观测能力,加强天-空-地立体化协同式监测与观测。分析中国自然资源相关监测网络的发展现状和存在不足,提出建设国家自然资源监测网络的初步构想,以期为中国自然资源监测体系建设提供参考与借鉴。     

全国自然资源要素综合观测体系建设需求及发展动态

自然资源要素综合观测工程围绕国家重大战略需求和自然资源部"两统一"职责展开,是一项具有战略性、基础性、紧迫性的系统工程,合理分析自然资源要素综合观测体系构建的各项需求,进一步明确建设思路,厘清目前发展动态,有利于自然资源要素综合观测工程下一步工作的开展.通过需求分析,明确了全国自然资源要素综合观测体系建设的各项需求,并...     

Geologic hazards of the Ocoña river valley,Peru and the influence of small-scale mining

Natural Hazards - The Ocoña River Valley, in the Arequipa Department in southern Peru, extends over 150 km from the Pacific coast to its headwaters in the Andes Mountains. While...     

从无人机遥感、数据融合、生态价值谈自然资源要素综合观测体系构建

自然资源要素综合观测体系建设是自然资源部全面贯彻习近平生态文明思想、践行山水林田湖草是生命共同体发展理念、实施自然资源“两统一”管理的重要举措。这项基础性、公益性、紧迫性的建设工程对于解决我国自然资源长期且连续定位观测研究不够、预判资源环境数据支撑不足、实现以自然资源综合区划为管理单元、评价资源综合承载力、研究资源间耦合平衡过程、预判资源环境生态演变趋势及优化自然资源空间结构配比,具有十分重要意义。自然资源调查、监测与观测研究是获取自然资源现状、预判未来状态的主要手段。我国自然资源调查、监测体系相对完善,但观测研究体系相对不系统,数据积累相对不足。为了更好地搭建自然资源要素综合观测体系,分别从无人机遥感观测、数据融合及自然资源资产价值方面给出了建议: 充分利用和发挥无人机组网遥感观测、倾斜摄影测量等技术,开展自然资源立体观测; 借鉴降水、陆面、海表和三维云气象多元数据融合经验,开展自然资源要素综合的数据融合; 利用森林资源生态服务价值评价经验,开展自然资源资产价值核算。这些建议对自然资源综合观测体系的科学构建具有借鉴作用。     

天然沉积中间土的力学特性研究

长江口北岸天然沉积土主要由粉粒和细砂粒组成,其渗透系数介于10-7～10-3 cm/s之间,既不属于完全排水的砂性土,也不属于完全不排水的粘性土,针对这样的天然沉积中间土的我国研究并不多见。通过大量的物理力学试验,探讨了天然沉积中间土的物理力学性状,结果表明天然沉积中间土具有类似于软粘土的物理性质,但原位静力触探试验显示其天然沉积中间土的原位强度却与天然含水量分布在塑限附近的硬粘土差不多。研究结果亦表明颗粒分布对天然沉积中间土的原位强度有较大的影响。同时采用灰理论中的关联度分析,对这类中间土物理状态指标与力学特征指标间相关性进行了分析,认为孔隙比用于亚砂土稠度划分,含水比用于亚粘土、粘土稠度划分更加合理     

New perspectives on natural resource development in developing countries

The link between natural resources and economic development is more and more regarded as a fact today even though the whole process of development is only partially understood. The awareness has now spread to the developing countries of the world where resources have yet to be developed to bring about an improvement in standards of living especially for rural populations, as well as a general improvement in the quality of life for the people. Unfortunately many of the resources of these countries are still to be surveyed and development planning is often based on flimsy, inadequate or even unreliable natural resource data. The improvement of data base for resource planning would go a long way to ensure more knowledge about natural resources in developing countries and better use and management of the available resources. There are economic, technological and environmental difficulties to be overcome before more efficient natural resource utilization in these countries could be achieved. The role of population growth in resource realization is still clouded with an inconclusive debate. But even more important is the need for technological assistance and the application of modern technology to food and agriculture and to other resources to ensure a better life for the populations of developing countries. Developments in agriculture will need the greatest attention since it is a primary resource which provides employment for large proportions of the population, food for the rural and urban populations and exportable surpluses required for the purchase of industrial goods for use in the other sectors of the economy. The activities of transnational corporations distort developments in agriculture and mining in many developing countries and many of these countries are today making greater moves to realize full sovereignty over their natural resources as a first step towards more efficient and meaningful planning for economic growth and development. Energy resources, and in particular the development of new and renewable sources of energy, present one of the greatest challenges to developing countries. Examples of the development of rural energy systems in China and India are promising to open the way to alternative forms of energy for the rural masses of other similarly placed developing countries. Finally, new developments in the natural resources debate concerned with the sharing of the resources of the oceans as seen in the Law of the Sea Conference are a pointer to a more equitable approach to the use of global resources for the continued development of the developed as well as the developing countries of the world.The view expressed in this paper are those of the author alone and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations University.     

Floods: impacts on livelihood,economic status and poverty in the north-west region of Pakistan

Natural Hazards - Climate change-induced floods have diversified effects on the physical and economic system of the dwelling societies. These effects mainly hit agricultural livelihood and...     

学理与法理和管理相结合的自然资源分类刍议

科学合理的自然资源分类是自然资源统一管理的重要基础,是自然资源部落实统一行使全民所有自然资源资产所有者职责和统一行使所有国土空间用途管制和生态保护修复职责的迫切要求。文章在系统梳理国内外自然资源分类体系基础上,以地球系统科学理论为指导,基于自然资源的科学内涵,充分考虑我国有关自然资源的法律规定和政府管理职责,提出了地球圈层与自然资源分层分类关系基本框架方案,初步划分了10个自然资源一级类和相应的34个自然资源二级类,并对自然资源综合调查的内涵和服务目标、地表基质分类及调查方法等方面提出了工作建议。     

Methodology of natural risk assessment in Russia

The Russian Federation territory is prone to various natural hazards. The paper analyzes the most hazardous natural processes that may cause human deaths, injuries and health damage, as well as considerable economic loss. The history of studies in the assessment of different natural risk indices in the interests of particular end-users is described, and the conceptual instruments used in the assessment of natural risk indices are considered. The principle GIS-based methodical approaches to the assessment and mapping of natural risk are provided. The examples of estimation and mapping of natural risk are cited and their application by different end-users (i.e., state and municipal authorities, Ministry of Construction of Russia, Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defence, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (Emercom of Russia)).     

基于GIS的地下水资源分区研究及承载本底评价

地下水资源承载本底与自然属性密切相关,地下水资源分区是评价地下水资源承载本底的重要基础工作。文章以新一轮地下水资源评价成果和主要平原盆地、部分省（区市）地下水资源最新调查评价成果为基础,综合地形地貌、构造单元、气候分带、地表水流域、含水层介质等多项指标,把地表水和地下水看作一个整体,将全国划分为26个一级区、143个二级区、412个三级区。通过将地下水资源分区与县级行政区划耦合确定了4 942个计算单元,利用地下水可开采模数指标,实现了地下水资源承载本底评价由以自然单元的评价到县级行政单元的成果表达,从而建立了地下水资源承载本底评价空间数据基础,可服务于地下水资源承载能力动态评价和地下水合理开发利用与管理。地下水资源承载本底结果显示:我国地下水资源承载本底总体表现出平原盆地区为中-高水平,北方干旱区为低水平,区域差异性较大。承载本底等级为高、较高、中、较低、低的县（区、市）分别为774,332,798,387,573个,面积占比分别为11.15%、5.87%、19.56%、12.09%、52.34%,基本反映出我国地下水资源禀赋条件和区域分布规律。     

Designing a model for organizing volunteer personnel in disasters and emergencies in Tehran’s hospitals: an integrated approach of Fuzzy Delphi and interpretative structure modeling (ISM)

Natural Hazards - Organization of volunteer personnel and proper management of these enormous and valuable human resources to make that most of their scientific, experiential, physical, and...     

承德自然资源综合地质调查工程进展与主要成果

为积极探索地质调查支撑服务生态文明建设和自然资源管理的新举措、新机制,丰富地质调查工作转型升级的实践经验,2017年以来,中国地质调查局先后组织实施了"承德市生态文明示范区自然资源综合地质调查"项目和工程.通过需求对接、野外调查与勘察、室内评价与编图等系列工作,初步取得了一批重要成果和认识:①基本查清了承德市水、土、地质遗迹、生态等自然资源禀赋特征和环境本底条件,提出了矿山地质环境、林草湿地等地质问题及潜在风险;②从自然资源与历史文化综合调查评价、全域生态文化旅游新格局打造和林果业种植结构优化等方面,探索了自然资源综合调查的地质支撑服务模式;③基本查明了地质建造对农业和生态格局的控制关系,据此提出了耕地资源和植树造林的优选区域;④以双滦区为例,探索了地表基质层的分布特征,为宜林、宜耕、宜草提供了理论基础;⑤提出了基岩山区矿泉水成因模型和土地资源数量、质量、生态"三位一体"的调查评价工作方法.该工程取得的初步进展及成果为承德市国土空间规划和用途管制、生态保护与系统修复、生态文明建设和自然资源管理等提供了科技支撑.     

含天然气水合物沉积物相平衡问题研究综述

天然气水合物是一种战略性替代能源。同时,开发天然气水合物将是全球气候环境问题和地质灾害的诱发因素之一。含天然气水合物沉积物（简称HBS）的相平衡问题对天然气水合物资源勘探、评估与开发利用以及环境影响均具有重要的基础作用。自然界中赋存于沉积物之中的天然气水合物的生成与分解与纯水体系中水合物的生成与分解具有很大区别。通过总结国内外研究资料,以天然气水合物开发利用中的岩土工程问题研究需要为出发点,详细介绍了HBS的沉积物物性、孔隙水盐度和气体组分对沉积物中水合物相平衡关系影响以及HBS相平衡研究中有关制样方法技术、各组分含量测试以及相平衡关系理论模型研究方面的国内外研究现状。研究成果表明,HBS的沉积物物性、孔隙水盐度和气体组分均对天然气水合物相平衡关系具有显著影响,试验研究中应用了很多先进方法技术,但仍然存在定量精度较低或实施成本较高等问题;基于微观尺度建立的有关HBS的相平衡宏观模型能较好地模拟与预测HBS的相平衡关系,但其表达式复杂、参数较多和不易获得制约了其在天然气水合物开采中的有关岩土力学与工程理论研究和工程实践中应用     

The birth of El Niño: Geoarchaeological evidence and implications

The oceanographic phenomenon known as El Niño is the subject of intensive recent study. Any hypotheses regarding physical causes and predictability of El Niño should consider its geological history. New geoarchaeological evidence suggests that the El Niño phenomenon did not exist along the northern and central coasts of Peru before about 5000 years B.P. Molluscan faunas from archaeological sites at Pampa las Salinas and Salinas de Chao permit temporal bracketing of a major structural change in the East Pacific water mass. The boundary between the warm Panamic Province and the cold Peruvian Province, which today occurs at about 5 degrees south latitude, was some 500 km further south from at least 11,000 years B.P. to about 5000 years B.P. This conclusion is corroborated by many other lines of evidence including phosphorite distribution, timing of glacial retreat, sea level change, radiolarian, diatom and fish scale distributions, and beach ridge patterns. The present day arid coastal climate of north central Peru is probably a post-5000 year B.P. development. Hunter–gatherer populations of the area would most likely have exploited more land-based seasonal resources from grasslands and forests before 5000 years B.P., and relied less upon the diminished productivity of warm water maritime resources.     

Increasing the resilience of financial intermediaries through portfolio-level insurance against natural disasters

Financial intermediaries [FIs] in developing and emerging economies are poorly equipped to manage natural disasters. These events create losses for FIs, eroding capital reserves and compromising their ability to lend. Portfolio-level insurance against disasters can improve FI management of these events. We model microfinance intermediaries [MFIs] exposed to severe El Ni?o in Peru that can now insure against this disaster risk. Our analyses suggest that insurance allows these lenders to manage this risk more efficiently and effectively. These risk management improvements can translate into better financial performance, expansion of banking service outreach, lower interest rates, and reduced volatility in access to credit. Based on these analyses, a large MFI in Peru with which we collaborated is now managing its disaster risk using El Ni?o insurance.     

新疆准噶尔盆地南缘"天然地下水库"调蓄功能的保护分析

较详细地阐明了新疆准噶尔盆地南缘"天然地下水库"形成的地质构造、岩性结构及水文地质特征,对"天然地下水库"调节功能进行了分析,并提出了保护措施.     

Recycling waste from natural stone processing plants to stabilise clayey soil

For the countries with a developed stone industry the waste generated in the natural stone processing plants pose environmental and economic problems. The utilisation of stone waste in various areas is still under research. In addition, there are only a limited number of studies concerning the use of stone waste obtained from processing plants in the stabilisation of clayey soil. Furthermore, none of the studies in the literature investigated the effect of the characteristics of the stone on the stabilisation of the soil. This is the first study that compares the efficiency of the waste calcitic marble, dolomitic marble and granite powder as additives for the stabilisation of clayey soil. Artificial soil samples were prepared in the laboratory using bentonite and kaolinite. Natural stone waste powder was added to the soil samples at different percentages, and the index and compaction parameters of the stabilised soil were analysed. The results showed that the types of waste powder used in this study, like lime, could be used as stabilisers. As the percentage of additives increased, the plasticity index of the clayey soil decreased and the physical properties of the soil changed from clay to silt. In terms of compaction parameters, the use of all types of natural waste powder in the study resulted in a decrease in the optimum water content and an increase in the maximum dry unit weight. The lowest optimum water content and the highest maximum dry unit weight were obtained from the dolomitic marble powder.     

试论吉林省天然矿泉水资源及其价值

吉林省天然矿泉水资源十分丰富 ,在全国占有重要地位。本文根据大量的实际资料 ,从理论上对矿泉水的形成机制和分布规律进行了探讨。同时从矿泉水的资源属性出发 ,对其价值问题提出了新的认识。