Thermal and rheological computations for artificially frozen ground construction

Design considerations for frozen retaining structures are summarized including geology and groundwater conditions; ground deformations due to freezing; the strength and deformation of the frozen earth retaining structures; the thermal assumption and methods of computation; and the refrigeration system. Brief case histories of typical construction projects that illustrate the use of mechanical refrigeration and liquid nitrogen for freezing are presented. Emphasis is placed on the constitutive equation for creep deformation of frozen earth structures and the thermal calculations for predicting times to freeze a structure as well as estimating the energy and power required for different stages of freezing.     

Ground freezing for support of open excavations

A practical discussion of critical factors for designing and constructing temporary frozen earth ground support and groundwater control systems for large open excavations is reported. Many construction projects require extensive subsurface work which can best be completed in a large open excavation, shaped to accommodate the subsurface structure. Frequently, lateral ground support of adjoining property and groundwater control within the excavation are major problems for completion of subsurface work. Construction ground freezing has now become an economically competitive solution for many such applications, particularly in bad ground.

The general experience gained from completing ground freezing for numerous open excavation projects over the past ten years is reported to assist in the evaluation, design and construction of future projects. The principal emphasis of this report is the practical construction and field instrumentation procedures necessary successfully to complete ground freezing for a project. Examples from past projects ranging from large nuclear power plants to small sewerage pumping stations are employed to emphasize important points.     

排桩冻结法深基坑施工监测与反馈分析

对于润扬大桥南锚碇排桩冻结法深大基坑,冻结作用使基坑的受力过程变得更为复杂,根据排桩冻结法基坑结构和场地工程地质条件,建立了大型安全监测系统。本文介绍了润扬大桥南锚碇场地工程地质条件、排桩冻结法基坑的结构和南锚碇基坑监测方案、分析了南锚排桩冻结法深基坑各项监测数据的变化规律,包括侧向土压力、内支撑轴力、排桩钢筋应力和排桩水平位移随时间变化规律,并基于施工监测进行了反馈分析,保障了南锚碇排桩冻结法深基坑的安全与稳定。监测结果分析表明,排桩冻结法是基坑工程的一种可行的施工工法,润扬大桥南锚碇排桩冻结法深大基坑的成功实践为今后类似工程的建设积累了宝贵经验。     

广州地铁超长水平冻结多参量监测分析

广州地铁3号线天河客运站折返线工程是目前国内最长、开挖断面最大的水平冻结隧道工程。文中根据不同施工阶段中对盐水温度、土层温度、地表变形、冻土压力、隧道衬砌变形等多个参量的现场监测数据,从时间和空间上分析了冻结帷幕演化过程、冻结帷幕发展速度等;探讨了土层温度变化规律以及冻土压力与土体温度间的相互关系,得出了在积极冻结期,沿测温孔深度方向土体温度的变化梯度随冻结时间增加不断减小,土体温度变化速率随时间增加而降低的特征;对比研究了冻结阶段、隧道开挖阶段和融沉阶段地表变形特征,并提出了缩短积极冻结期的建议和方法。     

State-of-the-art report — engineering practice in artificial ground freezing

In the present paper an attempt has been made to summarize the current state-of-theart of engineering practice in artifical ground freezing. The paper shows the tremendous increase in knowledge and diversified applications in ground freezing over the past ten years and, together with other papers ih the Symposium, provides a useful background against which practicing engineers may. gain an understanding of ground freezing. As discussed in this paper, there are gain an understanding of ground freezing. As discussed in this paper, there are However, it is the author's assessment that the current state of knowledge is sufficient for safe designs and that future refinements in the area of structural analysis will only lead to more accurate deformation predictions and to possibly thinnerdesign frozen sections. Since the sizes of frozen sections are often more a function of construction practicality rather than design requirements, it is questionable whether potentially thinner sections will have a significant impact on actual construction.

An area that promises to have tremendous impact on the competitive nature of freezing for soft-ground tunneling is in improved horizontal drilling techniques. Several contractors are currently developing drilling equipment for horizontal drilling over large distances, whereas today the maximum economical distance is in the range of 30–40 m.     

大型锚碇基础围护工程冻结帷幕力学性态研究

冻结围护是利用人工制冷技术,使地层中的水结冰,将天然土层变成冻土作为围护挡土止水的新技术。依据冻结基本原理,在大型锚碇深基础中采用排桩内支撑结构并结合冻结帷幕止水是一种新的基坑围护形式,含水土层冻结后形成的冻结帷幕具有良好的封水性能,冻土墙刚度和强度较原土层有很大的提高且质量易于控制。相对于常规围护工程,冻结围护结构的冻胀力学特性复杂且研究资料贫乏,因此,其力学性状的研究将进一步完善冻结围护技术理论,保障基础工程顺利安全进行。通过对锚碇基础围护工程冻结帷幕温度场-应力场耦合的三维非线性数值模拟分析研究,得到冻结围护工程中冻结帷幕的冻胀力学性状特征,结合大型锚碇基础冻结围护工程实例的现场测试成果分析,验证数值模拟分析方法结果的合理性以及冻结围护技术的可靠性,研究成果将为今后冻结围护技术的工程推广应用提供理论基础。     

A three‐phase thermo‐hydro‐mechanical finite element model for freezing soils

Artificial ground freezing (AGF) is a commonly used technique in geotechnical engineering for ground improvement such as ground water control and temporary excavation support during tunnel construction in soft soils. The main potential problem connected with this technique is that it may produce heave and settlement at the ground surface, which may cause damage to the surface infrastructure. Additionally, the freezing process and the energy needed to obtain a stable frozen ground may be significantly influenced by seepage flow. Evidently, safe design and execution of AGF require a reliable prediction of the coupled thermo‐hydro‐mechanical behavior of freezing soils. With the theory of poromechanics, a three‐phase finite element soil model is proposed, considering solid particles, liquid water, and crystal ice as separate phases and mixture temperature, liquid pressure, and solid displacement as the primary field variables. In addition to the volume expansion of water transforming into ice, the contribution of the micro‐cryo‐suction mechanism to the frost heave phenomenon is described in the model using the theory of premelting dynamics. Through fundamental physical laws and corresponding state relations, the model captures various couplings among the phase transition, the liquid transport within the pore space, and the accompanying mechanical deformation. The verification and validation of the model are accomplished by means of selected analyses. An application example is related to AGF during tunnel excavation, investigating the influence of seepage flow on the freezing process and the time required to establish a closed supporting frozen arch. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人工冻结技术在上海地铁施工中的应用

对人工冻结工程中的监测采集数据进行了全面分析.结果表明:人工冻结法施工中冻结区的温差较大边界和刚性约束边界对冻结法施工影响明显.温差较大边界是冻土帷幕强度和止水作用的薄弱环节,而刚性约束边界距离人工冻结区越近冻土的冻胀力越大;同时也表明在一定的工程地质条件下,通过合理选取盐水冻结系统所采用的各项指标、降温梯度及其设置冻胀吸收孔,能够将冻结产生的冻胀力与冻胀量控制在周围环境的容许范围内.     

城市盾构隧道水平冻结地层加固的数值分析

冻结地层加固法是一种环境影响小、加固效果好的地层加固方法,人工冻结壁的形成是一个复杂的热-力耦合问题。依托实际盾构隧道始发施工中冻结加固工程,采用有限差分软件Flac3D建立数值模型分析了地铁隧道水平冻结施工中温度场随时间的发展和分布特征,同时采用准热-力耦合的方法,分析了冻结施工中地表冻胀隆起变形规律。分析结果表明：冻结壁模拟交圈时间和设计交圈时间基本一致;冻结壁交圈前,地表冻胀隆起位移速率快,冻结壁交圈之后,地表冻胀变形逐渐趋近稳定。计算结论可供设计和施工参考,提供了一种简便的人工冻结加固施工的数值模拟方法。     

青藏线冻土地球物理模型的建立

通过对青藏线冻土勘探综合物探资料的分析 ,建立了 2种有代表性的冻土地球物理模型 ,此模型的建立不仅有助于野外冻土资料的判释 ,而且对今后冻土物探工作有一定的指导意义。     

Ice lens structures, compression strengths and creep behavior of some synthetic frozen silty soils

This research paper concerns the frozen state properties of several silty soils encountered in the construction of a large LNG storage cavern near Carlstadt, New Jersey.

The creep and compression strengths were correlated with both field and laboratory-measured mechanical properties. These cryogenic mechanical properties were related to ice lens structures, sizes and occurrences, and to heat flow and geological structure effects. Three distinct and separate types of ice lenses were identified. These cryogenic ground data pertain to the prediction of the engineering properties of frozen earth for large structures. Sample size effect problems were investigated, this in relationship to the number and size and orientations of the ice lenses present.     

浅覆土下矩形冻结加固的模型试验研究

为获得浅覆土下矩形冻结加固体的温度场分布及冻胀变形规律,以广州地铁6号线穿越3号线的冻结工程为原型,根据相似理论,设计进行了水平冻结的模型试验。结果表明,在地表散热的影响下浅埋冻结工程中紧邻地表的冻结区域降温速度较慢,形成的冻结壁是整个加固体的薄弱环节;冻结过程中冻结壁向内发展较快,其平均发展速度是向外发展速度的1.5倍左右;形成封闭的冻结壁前,采用较高的盐水温度进行冻结,可有效地控制土体的冻胀变形,冻结壁封闭后,降低盐水温度,冻胀变形会明显增加;冻胀过程中产生的冻胀力对上部土层有压密作用,使土层的冻胀变形随着埋深的变浅而减小;对于浅埋矩形地下冻结工程,上部覆土和冻结加固体之间相互影响作用明显,上部土层的散热会影响冻结加固体内温度场的分布规律,而下部冻土的冻胀作用也会压密上部土层。     

L型挡墙冻土融化深度变化趋势测试及分析

在多年冻土地区,土工结构稳定的核心是结构自身的热稳定性。在多年冻土区修建挡土建筑物,改变了原地面的热平衡条件,从而引起了多年冻土上限及其上部季节融化层的变化,有可能影响到工程结构的稳定性。因此,研究某一特定结构物的冻土上限或温度场分布及随季节的变化趋势是有意义的。结合青藏铁路格拉段目前唯一的支挡结构--L型挡墙这一工程措施,对L型支挡结构整个横断面进行了地温测试,分析了最具典型意义墙后回填土的上限或最大融化深度变化情况,得到了不同断面地层融化深度分布形状,回归了随季节变化相应的温度场。测试表明,由于开挖和施工扰动破坏了土体热平衡的自然状态,但L型挡土结构作为一种开敞式工程结构,地温场、冻土上限或融化深度都存在周期性变化,只要没有新的扰动,能够逐渐形成稳定状态或这一平衡是能够恢复的。此外,冻胀和冻结影响也不能忽略。总之,分析研究L型支挡结构的设计思想和工程措施,可为今后类似工程应用提供参考依据     

软土地区人工冻土无侧限瞬时抗压强度的试验研究

冻结法施工在上海隧道建设中(如隧道旁通道、地下泵房等的设计与施工)得到广泛应用,也曾引发过严重的地质灾害(如上海地铁4号线外滩段的地质灾害)。因此安全、经济、合理地将冻结法用于上海软土地区隧道建设中已经成为上海工程建设中的一个重要的研究课题。本文以上海复兴东路越江隧道旁通道冻结法施工中遇到的第⑥层粉质粘土及第⑦层粉细砂为研究对象,针对设计冻结壁重要强度参数无侧限瞬时抗压强度,进行了室内试验研究,揭示了两种土的冻结强度随温度的变化关系,同时研究了粉细砂的冻结强度随含水率的变化规律。     

Studies on Construction Pre-control of a Connection Aisle Between Two Neighbouring Tunnels in Shanghai by Means of 3D FEM,Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic

The ground freezing construction technique is one of the most effective and widely applied site construction methods in soft soil areas, like Shanghai. Some elevation-inclined refrigeration pipes are arranged for the artificial freezing excavation of the Pudong-side first-storey connection aisle, which is designed to connect two adjacent tunnel lanes of Shanghai East-Fuxing-Road tunnel project. No advanced research results could be found for computing the temperature field of tunnels and aisles frozen with inclined refrigeration pipes. Anyhow the computation of the relevant temperature field is of high importance for the safe and economical excavation of the above-mentioned aisle. In this paper, a method for computing the aisle temperature field using 3D FEM is given, and the computation accuracy is verified by contrasting the computed and site measured results. The back propagation neural networks are also applied to the temperature prediction using self-developed Neural Network-Expert System software, the predicted results are also very satisfactory. The mechanism during freezing and aisle excavation will be discussed on the basis of 3D FEM simulation. The authors believe that studying the parameter-sensitivity of temperature field is very important for the optimum selection of parameter values. So, in this paper, the parameter-sensitivity of temperature field is also discussed. In order to obtain the optimum frozen wall thickness, the relation between the frozen wall thickness and the initial freezing brine temperature is studied. At the end, an excavation pre-control plan is proposed by means of fuzzy logic theory for improving the excavation safety. The research result of the current paper is very helpful for projects that will be excavated by freezing construction technique.     

隧道水平冻结施工期地表融沉的历时预测模型

隧道冻结工程中所形成的人工冻结壁为临时支护结构,隧道衬砌结构施工后,冻结壁要进入解冻期,由于冻结壁解冻过程中的地层融沉现象对隧道周边环境影响较大,因此,应建立合理的方法对地表融沉量进行预测,以便于实际施工中采取相应的融沉控制措施。为此,考虑冻结壁的自然解冻过程,基于随机介质理论,建立了隧道水平冻结施工期地表融沉的历时预测模型。并提出冻结壁自然解冻条件下瞬态温度场由平板解冻理论近似求解,基于平板解冻理论和一维情况下已融土层的稳定融沉量计算公式,确定了预测模型中解冻锋面半径和融缩区域内半径这2个关键参数的取值方法。将所建立的预测模型应用于隧道全断面水平冻结工程中,得到了地表融沉随解冻时间的变化规律。研究结果表明,地表融沉在解冻初期增长速度较快,而在解冻后期增长速度减缓,地表历时融沉量与崔托维奇通过试验得出的天然冻土历时融沉量变化规律相一致。     

地铁联络通道冻结监测分析

南京地铁一期工程联络通道采用冻结法施工中,对冻结盐水温度、冻土温度、地表变形等方面进行了跟踪监测;通过对监测结果进行分析研究,获得了冻结盐水温度、冻土温度、冻涨压力、卸压孔压力的变化规律,在此基础上提出了联络通道冻结施工的建议。研究成果可供其他工程参考。     

The artificial freezing and cooling of soils at construction sites

The paper presents a short survey of large Soviet experience in the field of artificial freezing and cooling of soils. Some examples of artificial ground freezing used for the development of mineral deposits, in mining and coal industry, in subway construction are given.

A special field of the cold application in the construction is the cooling of soils which have already had the negative temperature. This engineering method is applied in permafrost regions for improving the strengthening properties of the weak soils used as the bases of structures.

In the USSR this method is used successfully for improving the bearing capacity of frozen soils and for the creation of frozen waterproof screens in hydrotechnical engineering as well. Some examples of the employment of this method are also given.     

环形单圈管冻结稳态温度场解析解

人工地层冻结技术被广泛应用于地下工程施工中。冻结温度场的计算是人工冻结法理论研究的基础,也是冻结施工设计的重要依据。人工地层冻结施工常使用环形单圈冻结管冻结,而至今尚无关于其温度场的解析解。基于水-热异类相似原理,根据传热过程与地下水流动相似的特点,利用保角映射、汇源反映和势函数叠加原理,类比推导了环形单圈冻结管稳态温度场解析解,并用热学数值模拟方法加以验证,同时提出了简化的解析公式。结果表明,解析解计算结果与数值模拟结果较吻合,其简化公式得到的结果与原解析公式基本一致。在解析公式的基础上,经过简化,反推得到外部冻结壁厚度公式。解析解、简化公式以及厚度公式可为环形单圈冻结施工与设计提供理论的依据与指导。