铬在包气带的垂直污染机理研究

通过铬在包气带的垂直渗滤试验探讨了铬对地下水污染的机制，认识到地下水铬污染的主要途径是通过包气带渗入，铬在包气带中的垂直迁移性好，铬进入含水层后，在水动力条件及浓度的影响下，可发生运移—弥散作用，造成大面积地下水污染，严重影响生态环境。     

基于保护敏感目标的场地地下水污染风险评估

地下水污染风险评估是地下水污染防治的有效工具,对场地地下水污染风险评估开展研究,可以为地下水污染场地管理提供依据。我国目前的场地地下水污染风险评估忽略了场地内部污染差异性,且对受体敏感性不太关注。为此,采用场地风险评估概念模型,重点关注场地实际污染物分布特征及周边多种受体的敏感性,评价场地地下水污染风险。从污染源负荷、包气带防污性、含水层脆弱性和受体敏感性4个方面,运用层次分析法筛选了场地地下水污染风险评估的指标并确定了权重,构建了场地地下水污染风险评估指标体系,将风险划分为低、中、较高、高风险4个等级。以河南某六价铬场地为例,应用构建的风险评价体系,获取了场地的空间风险分布特征。研究结果表明,该场地整体处于中等风险水平,铬渣堆和掩埋铬渣处的东南部风险最高,污染风险主要来源于周边受体的潜在损失性及污染源负荷。敏感度分析表明各指标理论权重与有效权重几乎一致,说明所构建的场地地下水污染风险评价体系可行,可应用于其他特征污染物场地的污染风险评估。     

岩溶含水层饱和-非饱和流动与污染物运移数值模拟

岩溶含水层中的地下水是重要的可饮用水来源,由于其复杂的水文地质特征,采用数值模型分析和评价含水层中地下水环境极具挑战性。采用变饱和度流动方程描述含水层基质中的饱和-非饱和流动,采用管道流方程描述岩溶管道中的层流及紊流流动,基于流动解采用对流弥散方程分别描述基质与管道中的溶质迁移过程。根据相关实验数据以及MODFLOW-CFP程序的模拟结果对流动模拟的准确性进行验证,并基于此开展了岩溶管道以及非饱和参数对地下水流动及污染物迁移影响的模拟。结果显示,数值模型能很好地重现含水层中饱和区与非饱和区以及岩溶管道的地下水动态,岩溶管道对含水层的渗流场产生了较大的影响。管道中快速流动的特性使得周围的水向其中汇集,影响了局部流动场,进而使得泄露的污染物质随水流进入管道,快速向管道出口处(泉点)迁移,突破曲线显示管道出口处的污染物浓度响应速度远快于基质中对应的位置,非饱和参数对管道中污染物浓度的响应速率有着不同程度的影响。建立的模型完善了岩溶含水层中非饱和区地下水流动、污染物运移以及基质-管道流动与溶质运移耦合模拟等方面的工作,加深了对岩溶含水层地下水动力学以及污染物迁移过程的认识,对岩溶水文地质及地下...     

非饱和带轻非水相液体污染研究进展

通过对近年来轻非水相液体在非饱和带的污染机理、毛细压力-饱和度-相对渗透系数关系以及数学模拟的分析,总结了在三相流模拟过程中主要参数及物理过程的研究方法以及近年来研究非饱和带轻非水相液体污染的各种数学模型,论述了各种方法的优点和不足,提出需进一步研究解决滞后现象对油分布的影响;三相同时流动时气相对其他两相的影响;非等温条件下轻非水相液体进入包气带的污染迁移机理;开展原位实验研究复杂条件下的轻非水相液体污染迁移问题。     

井筒混合效应和表皮效应对注水井溶质径向弥散的影响

注水井理论模型研究一直是水文地质学领域的热点问题。充分考虑含水层的非均质性,利用两区MIM(Mobile-Immobile)对流扩散模型来描述溶质在含水层中的运移过程,同时考虑表皮效应和井筒混合效应,建立一种描述注入井附近含水层溶质径向运移的动力学模型。并采用Laplace变换、Stehfest数值逆变换得到了该动力学模型的半解析解。然后改变表皮区的有效孔隙度和径向弥散度以及井筒的半径,来分析固定观测点的溶质穿透曲线和溶质浓度分布曲线的变化规律。研究表明,井筒混合效应和表皮效应对穿透曲线、溶质径向运移过程和影响区域均有着非常显著的影响。在考虑井筒混合效应时,井筒半径越大,井筒效应越明显。而表皮区域有效孔隙度越大,溶质的迁移扩展速率越小;径向弥散度越大,观测点的溶质浓度曲线越陡峭,表明该点的溶质浓度变化速率较快,且能更早达到稳定值。与前人研究相比,本研究模型能更好地描述注水井中的溶质径向弥散过程。     

岩溶洼地内涝蓄水量与不同级次裂隙对溶质迁移影响的室内实验与模拟

岩溶洼地在西南地区分布广泛,岩溶地下水为当地居民生产和生活的主要水源,研究岩溶洼地内涝条件下裂隙系统中的溶质迁移及响应规律可为峰丛洼地区岩溶地下水的污染防控提供科学依据。基于相似原理构建了岩溶洼地-裂隙系统物理模型,采用对流-弥散模型和脉冲响应模型对溶质迁移过程进行了模拟分析,探讨了不同级次裂隙和内涝蓄水量大小对溶质迁移的影响。结果表明:大裂隙作为优先水流通道,对溶质迁移起主要的控制作用;小裂隙对溶质迁移起暂时储存和缓慢释放的调蓄作用,其溶质迁移的叠加过程使总出口溶质迁移的"拖尾"效应更加明显;随着内涝蓄水量的增加,稀释作用增强,导致溶质峰值质量浓度降低、溶质质量浓度回归至本底值的时间延长、延缓释放溶质的质量增加。该物理模型是对复杂岩溶洼地系统内污染物迁移研究的一种新探索,其模拟结果进一步深化了对洼地内涝条件下面源污染物在岩溶水系统中迁移规律的认识。      

宝鸡电厂灰场污染物运移趋势

本文运用非饱和带纯水流模型,预报未来灰场污染物运移趋势。作者依据过去10年污染深度及含水量分布值,以非线性规划理论为基础,建立识别模型,反演求参(D(θ)和K(θ).从研究区水文地质条件出发,建立一维非饱和流预报模型,采用有限差分数值逼近法求解。通过运营模型,预报了未来20年污染深度为4.0～6.0m,从而得出该灰场对地下水无影响的结论.     

LNAPL在二维含水介质中运移规律的研究

为研究LNAPL （轻质非水相液体）污染物在均匀含水介质中的运移规律,本文建立微元模型推导出LNAPL在均匀含水介质中的对流--弥散方程。针对不同的介质模型,对二维对流--弥散方程运用差分法进行数值模拟,求其数值解。分析LNAPL污染物的运移特征,得出在均匀介质和非均匀层状介质中运移规律： LNAPL污染物在含水介质中的运移规律遵循对流--弥散方程,介质的弥散系数是影响LNAPL污染物运移的主要因素。     

灌溉对非饱和带中砷迁移转化过程的影响

通过场地灌溉试验,探讨了灌溉活动对非饱和带中砷迁移转化过程的影响机理。结果表明:灌溉过程中非饱和带中砷的迁移转化受多个地球化学过程共同控制,非饱和带ｐＨ 值、Ｅｃ值、ＳＯ２－４ 和 ＨＣＯ－３ 与 Ａｓ的竞争吸附以及氧化还原条件的波动都会影响土壤孔隙水中砷的质量浓度。灌溉活动导致土壤处于相对还原环境,铁氧化物矿物还原溶解,被吸附或与之共沉淀的砷被释放进入水相,灌溉结束后,土壤逐渐恢复相对氧化环境,重新生成铁氧化物矿物,土壤孔隙水中砷以吸附／共沉淀形式被其固定。因此,通过改变非饱和带氧化还原条件导致铁氧化物矿物的沉淀／溶解是灌溉作用下非饱和带水体中砷迁移转化的主要原因。      

有入渗补给的层状非均质含水层圆岛潜水井流模型

作为圆岛状均质含水层稳定井流模型,经典的Dupuit井流模型既没有考虑普遍存在的降水入渗补给,也不适用于层状非均质含水层系统,有必要加以完善。在考虑降水入渗补给改进Dupuit井流模型的基础上,进一步将其拓展到层状非均质潜水含水层。引入Гиринский(吉林斯基)势函数,根据水均衡原理建立极坐标下的地下水流微分方程,再依边界条件解析得到了相应的流量方程、水位方程和分水岭公式。以双层结构为例,观察30组不同参数条件的典型水位曲线组,发现不同渗透系数的水位曲线交于一点的特殊现象并从理论上给出了证明。解析模型仍引入Dupuit假定,且没有考虑抽水井的井壁“水跃”现象,为判断这些条件对解析公式适用能力的影响,建立轴对称剖面二维流数值模型并做了对比研究。除抽水井附近外,水位解析方程产生的相对误差一般低于4%,在最偏离Dupuit假定的分水岭处,距离和水位的解析误差均小于0.1%。Dupuit假定并没有严重影响解析模型的适用性。     

Stability analysis of an unsaturated soil slope considering rainfall infiltration based on the Green-Ampt model

Based on the principle of saturated infiltration and the Green-Ampt model, an unsaturated infiltration model for a soil slope surface was established for either constant moisture content, or depth-varying moisture content and the slope. Infiltration parameters in the partially saturated slope were revealed under sustained rainfall. Through analysis of the variation of initial moisture content in the slope, the ponding time, infiltration depth, and infiltration rate were deduced for an unsaturated soil slope subject to rainfall infiltration. There is no ponded water on the surface of the slope under sustained low-intensity rainfall. The results show that the infiltration parameters of an unsaturated slope are influenced by the initial moisture content and the wetting front saturation, the soil cohesion and rainfall intensity under sustained rainfall. More short-term slope failures can occur with the decrease of cohesion of the soil of the slope. The ponding time and infiltration depth differ considering constant or different initial moisture content respectively in the soil slope. Then, best-fit curves of the infiltration rate, ponding time, and infiltration depth to the wetting front saturation were obtained with constant or different initial moisture contents. And the slope failure time is roughly uniform when subject to a rainfall intensity I5 mm/h.     

Hydro-mechanical analysis of rainfall-induced fines migration process within unsaturated soils

Seepage-induced fines migration under rainfall infiltration is a main cause leading to shallow failures in loose colluvial slopes. To describe the full process of fines migration within unsaturated soils during rainfall infiltration and the associated hydro-mechanical behaviors, a seepage-erosion-deformation coupled formulation is proposed in this paper. The governing equations proposed are implemented into a finite element code and used to investigate the influences of skeleton deformation on the rainfall infiltration process through unsaturated soil columns. The numerical results were presented in detail for a better understanding of the rainfall-induced fines migration process within unsaturated soils. Further, the obtained results are integrated into an infinite slope model for slope stability analysis. The results show that, the skeleton deformation will affect the rainfall infiltration rate and hence the timing of slope failures; meanwhile their influences are more evident if the fines deposition process is taken into account. Moreover, the slope stability could be reduced gradually due to the soil strength loss along with loss of fine particles. Therefore, particular attentions should be paid to analyzing the stability of soil slopes susceptible to internal erosion.     

Field experiment of rainfall infiltration on a soil slope and simulations based on a water-air two-phase flow model

Rainfall infiltration on a soil slope is usually an unsaturated seepage process that can be described by a water-air two-phase flow model. The effect of pore air pressure on rainfall infiltration has been widely recognized and validated by means of numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. However, whether a slope can actually seal pore air continues to be debated by researchers. In this study, a water-air two-phase flow model is used to simulate the rainfall infiltration process on a soil slope, and a field experiment is conducted to realistically test the sealing conditions of a slope. According to the numerical simulation, the areas of water and air flow in and out on the slope surface are relatively stable and can be classified as the "inhalation zone" and "overflow zone", respectively. Intermittent rainfall on the soil slope has an amplifying effect on pore air pressure because rainfall intensity is usually at the millimeter level, and it causes pore air pressure to reach the cm level. A field experiment was performed to determine whether a slope can realistically seal pore air and subsequently verify the regularity of rainfall infiltration. Air pressure sensors were buried in the slope to monitor the pore air pressures during the rainfall process. The monitoring results show that the pore air pressure in the slope changed, which indicates that the slope can seal air. Moreover, the amplification effects of intermittent rainfall on pore air pressure were observed for natural rainfall, which agrees well with the numerical simulation results.     

The Effect of Flow on Pollution and Remediation in Groundwater

1IntroductionFlow is the key mechanism by which pollutants are transmitted from one point to another in hydro-geologic systems. Groundwater flow is not indepen-dent of the geological formation within which it occurs. Hydraulic conductivity which is a measure of groundwater flow is strongly related with the am-bient geologic properties such as texture,porosity and topography. These properties do not only con-trol the rate of groundwater flow but also limit the occurrence,hence the dispersion of…     

The Effect of Flow on Pollution and Remediation in Groundwater

Flow, solute transport and pollution remediation through attenuation in unconsolidated porous media were investigated in this study. The variables used in the investigation include soil texture, porosity, topography and hydraulic conductivity. The study revealed that hydraulic conductivity is highly dependent on soil texture, porosity and topography.Hydraulic conductivity was noted to have a controlling influence on groundwater flow and residence time, and the degree of natural attenuation in hydrogeologic systems. Contaminant transport simulated with the MODFLOW Model revealed dominance of advective transport of contaminants in unconsolidated porous media. However, attenuation through sorption (linear isotherm equilibrium controlled) and reaction (first-order irreversible decay) also retarded contaminant plume migration. Thus natural attenuation was found to be highly feasible in clay formations due to low hydraulic conductivity and long groundwater residence times. Though natural attenuation processes including dispersion, diffusion, dilution, mixing, volatilization and biodegradation were not investigated for in this paper, it is shown to be a sound remediation technique of contaminated ground water due to its capacity to destroy or transform contaminants or at least retard their flow.     

于家沟地下水反应溶质运移规律数值仿真

针对矸石淋滤液对于家沟地区地下水污染的实际情况,分析其在含水层中运移的规律,充分考虑了地下水变密度对浓度分布的影响,建立了多组分溶质在地下水中运移的耦合动力学数学模型,采用Galerkin有限元方法和Picard迭代法相结合对耦合模型进行了离散,通过室内土柱实验求得基本参数并对地下水污染的动态过程进行了仿真模拟,预测了污染浓度的时空分布特征。结果表明:污染面积随时间推移不断向两轴方向扩大,且纵向显著;不同组分由于各自特征的巨大差异,受到地下水密度影响的程度也有很大差别;渗滤液浓度拟合误差小于6%,从而验证了模型的可靠性和实用性。     

Debris flows introduced in landslide deposits under rainfall conditions: The case of Wenjiagou gully

Debris flows often occur in landslide deposits during heavy rainstorms. Debris flows are initiated by surface water runoff and unsaturated seepage under rainfall conditions. A physical model based on an infinitely long, uniform and void-rich sediment layer was applied to analyze the triggering of debris-flow introduced in landslide deposits. To determine the initiation condition for rainfall-induced debris flows, we conducted a surface water runoff and saturated-unsaturated seepage numerical program to model rainfall infiltration and runoff on a slope. This program was combined with physical modeling and stability analysis to make certain the initiation condition for rainfall-introduced debris flows. Taking the landslide deposits at Wenjiagou gully as an example, the initiation conditions for debris flow were computed. The results show that increase height of surface-water runoff and the decrease of saturated sediment shear strength of are the main reasons for triggering debris-flows under heavy rainfall conditions. The debris-flow triggering is affected by the depth of surface-water runoff, the slope saturation and shear strength of the sediment.