基于GIS的地质项目管理系统研究与实现——以战略性矿产远景调查专项项目管理系统为例

GIS在空间信息表达和管理方面有很强的优势,目前已广泛应用于社会各领域。地质项目管理是国家地质专项开展实施的重要工作,本文以战略性矿产远景调查专项项目管理系统建设为例,分析了战略性矿产远景调查专项项目管理的特点,提出了将地理信息技术应用于战略性矿产远景调查专项管理的方案,以综合管理地质项目的属性信息和空间信息。在此基础上,笔者对研发的战略性矿产专项项目管理系统进行了介绍。     

Uncertain spatiotemporal data modeling and algebraic operations based on XML

The problem of modeling and operating spatiotemporal data has received a great deal of interest, due to its various applications in the real world such as GIS and sensor database. A wide range of work covering spatial data, temporal data and spatiotemporal data assumes that the data is known, accurate and complete. But in reality, information is often imprecise and imperfect. In addition, traditional data models which are investigating in the context of traditional database suffer from some inadequacy of necessary semantics such as inability to handle imprecise and uncertain information. Consequently, the advent of XML, which has the advantages of simplicity, readability and extensibility, seems to provide an opportunity for modeling and operating uncertain spatiotemporal data. Hence, the new problem that emerges is how to model and operate uncertain spatiotemporal data in XML. Therefore, in this paper, we establish an uncertain spatiotemporal data model based on XML. Then, on the basis of the model we provide a set of algebraic operations for capturing and handling uncertain spatiotemporal data. By employing algebraic operations, we demonstrate how to translate queries expressed in XQuery to our algebra. A translation example shows that our algebraic operations are full of expressive power and illustrates that our algebra can be applied to general data. Apart from this, we also propose a set of equivalence rules to optimize the process of query and give an example to show how the optimization approach works.     

GIS-based hydrogeological databases and groundwater modelling

Reliability and validity of groundwater analysis strongly depend on the availability of large volumes of high-quality data. Putting all data into a coherent and logical structure supported by a computing environment helps ensure validity and availability and provides a powerful tool for hydrogeological studies. A hydrogeological geographic information system (GIS) database that offers facilities for groundwater-vulnerability analysis and hydrogeological modelling has been designed in Belgium for the Walloon region. Data from five river basins, chosen for their contrasting hydrogeological characteristics, have been included in the database, and a set of applications that have been developed now allow further advances. Interest is growing in the potential for integrating GIS technology and groundwater simulation models. A "loose-coupling" tool was created between the spatial-database scheme and the groundwater numerical model interface GMS (Groundwater Modelling System). Following time and spatial queries, the hydrogeological data stored in the database can be easily used within different groundwater numerical models. Electronic Publication     

Building a semantic based public transportation geoportal compliant with the INSPIRE transport network data theme

Interoperability is becoming essential for the today’s geographic information systems. Geographic information is usually available as datasets stored in databases and accessible via GIS. However, these information sources are increasingly heterogeneous and show differences in data formats, database schema and object concepts. To satisfy the increased demand for the use and sharing of geographic data in common applications, considering the heterogeneity and the methods to support interoperability are required by the GIS community. The implementation of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) such as the European INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community) enables accessibility and the sharing of geographic data and interoperability among the systems. In addition to this, traditional GIS systems perform spatial queries using a keyword-based method. However, this approach remains incapable of fully expressing the users' needs due to a lack of geographic concepts (semantics) in the dataset. Different terms may refer to similar concepts, while the same terms may refer to different concepts. This causes semantic heterogeneity in the dataset. In this context, the most promising approach is the implementation of geospatial semantics by means of ontology in the geospatial dataset to overcome this kind of ambiguity. The aim of this research is to investigate the implementation of INSPIRE as a SDI standard and the use of Semantic Technology to empower the traditional GIS approach. In this regard, a public transportation geoportal has been developed for the experimental investigation which uses a revised sample transportation data complaint with the INSPIRE Transport Network Data Theme and a developed Transportation Ontology Domain, including concepts, relationships and individuals to provide a semantic spatial search.     

Adaptive DTM generalization methods for tangible GIS applications

Several international studies attempt to construct tangible GIS systems, forming real 3D surfaces using a large number of mechanical parts along a matrix formation. Most of these attempts suffer in cost, accuracy, resolution and/or speed. In order to facilitate data handling in GIS tangible systems, the generalization process becomes crucial, accommodating compression, visualization and comprehension of spatial data under various scales. Under this perspective, the main objective of the proposed adaptive generalization approach is to provide optimized representation of 3D digital terrain models with minimum loss of information, serving specific applications. That is, to minimize the number of pixels in a raster dataset used to define a DTM, while reserving surface information and enhancing the important semantic features. To this aim, this paper presents specific computationally efficient surface generalization approaches, which can be incorporated in applications of tangible GIS systems, due to their low processing time, facilitating real-time results. The research methods developed and tested include adaptive variations of a) the Douglas-Peucker line simplification algorithm in 3D data and b) the spatial Laplace filter that estimates the significance of each node, based on its nearest neighbors. The proposed strategy also dynamically incorporates topology and semantic restraints, in order to preserve important information and depict it with variable detail level, according to the application at hand. The algorithms are evaluated on their accuracy for a specific wildfire application and for different reduction levels in two different types of terrain data. They are also compared to their original-basic implementations in terms of performance.     

北疆牧区积雪图像分类与雪深反演模型的研究

利用NOAA/AVHRR晴空气象条件下的资料, 建立积雪监测反演模型, 动态监测雪灾期间大范围的积雪空间分布状况, 对牧区雪灾综合评价及防灾救灾具有重要的意义. 使用北疆地区1996-97年2次雪灾期间的4个时相的晴空NOAA卫星数据及20个地面气象台站观测资料, 研究了云与雪的判识及图像去云处理方法, 提出了云层覆盖下图像缺值插补处理的一种新算法; 采用线性混合光谱分解方法, 研究了基于像元的积雪覆盖率及积雪空间分类算法, 模拟出北疆地区积雪深度遥感地学反演模型. 研究结果可为牧区雪情动态监测、分析与综合评价系统的建设提供科学依据.     

基于SSM/I和MODIS数据的天山山区积雪深度时空特征分析

以天山山区为研究区,利用MODIS 8d最大积雪合成数据MOD10A2,分析天山山区积雪的时间变化和空间变化情况以及不同高程带的积雪覆盖率的变化情况;结合SSM/I亮温数据和站点观测数据建立的雪深反演模型并反演研究区的雪深,根据研究区的地势起伏情况,提取特殊地形进行分析其雪深变化情况,进一步分析整个天山山区的积雪深度的时空特征,并对结果进行验证,并且对不同高程带的积雪深度进行分析.研究结果表明:1)天山山区积雪面积分布的趋势表现为自西向东、自北向南减少,总体是呈波动中减少的趋势,到了2012年天山山区年最大积雪面积为37.69×10⁴ km².2)积雪覆盖率与高程呈正比,在高山区可达70%以上.积雪深度分布呈自西向东、由北向南减少,深度最大的是在天山北部的博格达峰、河源峰附近,可以达到80 cm以上,最小在哈密地区的托木尔提峰附近积雪深度仅在10 cm左右.积雪深度与海拔呈正相关,最大雪深出现在4500 m以上的高山区.3)对雪深反演结果的精度评价表明,模型在10~30 cm雪深范围内,反演平均误差为-2.47 cm;在雪深<10 cm或>30 cm的局部地区存在较大偏差.     

1951-2006年黑龙江省积雪初终日期变化特征分析

利用黑龙江省1951-2006年积雪初终日期资料, 采用统计方法研究了黑龙江省积雪初终日期的时空变化特征. 结果表明: 黑龙江省多年平均有5.5个月的可积雪期, 积雪初日北早南晚, 南北相差1个月;终日南早北晚, 南北相差1.3个月. 积雪初日推后1.9 d·(10a)~(-1), 终日提早1.6 d·(10a)~(-1). 积雪初/终日期的退后/提前主要在较低纬度的平原地区.     

1980-2010年西藏波密地区典型冰川变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

运用遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(GIS)技术, 结合波密县1960-2010年气象数据, 分析了西藏波密地区冰川的主要分布特征和典型大冰川1980-2010年的时空变化. 结果显示: 波密县共有冰川数量2 040条, 总面积为4 382.5 km², 其中, 分布在海拔4 000~6 000 m的高山冰川总面积达4 086 km², 占冰川总面积的93.2%; 南坡分布冰川1 504条, 面积3 180.04 km², 分别占波密冰川总量的73.73%和72.56%, 而北坡占还不到三分之一. 提取1980、 1990、 2000和2010年4期面积大于20 km²的24条大冰川面积进行对比分析, 1980-2010年间波密县大冰川面积总体呈减小趋势, 由1980年的1 592.78 km²退缩至2010年1 567.04 km², 共退缩了25.74 km²; 其中, 1980-1990年冰川变化贡献最大, 冰川面积退缩了16.62 km², 占冰川总面积退缩量的64.6%. 波密县气象站数据显示, 50 a来冰川退缩主要受温度持续上升的影响, 降水量变化对冰川变化影响不大.     

基于GIS的孔隙水文地质层三维空间离散方法

针对自然界中孔隙水文地质层空间分布的不连续性与厚度分布的不均匀性,研究基于GIS的孔隙水文地质层三维空间离散实现的技术路线,提出基于GIS的孔隙水文地质层不规则六面体元的三维空间离散方法.该法不仅能最大限度地保证不规则六面体元中水文地质层类型的一元性,而且可充分利用GIS的空间分析与数据的自动提取功能,快速提取各个计算结点上空间位置坐标与各类计算参数,大大缩短水文地质模型空间离散与相关数据文件组织所需的时间,提高地下水三维有限差分数值模拟的时效性,具有较高的实用价值.     

Development of a 3D GIS and its application to karst areas

There is a growing interest in modeling and analyzing karst phenomena in three dimensions. This paper integrates geology, groundwater hydrology, geographic information system (GIS), database management system (DBMS), visualization and data mining to study karst features in Huaibei, China. The 3D geo-objects retrieved from the karst area are analyzed and mapped into different abstract levels. The spatial relationships among the objects are constructed by a dual-linker. The shapes of the 3D objects and the topological models with attributes are stored and maintained in the DBMS. Spatial analysis was then used to integrate the data in the DBMS and the 3D model to form a virtual reality (VR) to provide analytical functions such as distribution analysis, correlation query, and probability assessment. The research successfully implements 3D modeling and analyses in the karst area, and meanwhile provides an efficient tool for government policy-makers to set out restrictions on water resource development in the area.     

Review on snowmelt runoff simulation in mountain regions,Northwest China北大核心CSCD

Snowmelt runoff is a valuable water resource in Northwest China. In the past few decades, progress has been achieved in snowmelt runoff simulation in mountainous areas, including observation and simulation of snow melt process, improvement and development of distributed snow melt runoff model, and ability for application of snow melt runoff model with temporal and spatial distribution driving data. The development of interpolation algorithm, remote sensing and data assimilation technology provides data support for the widespread application of distributed snowmelt runoff model in northwest mountainous regions of China. Climate warming and economic and social development will further aggravate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in the arid regions of Northwest China, which requires higher precision and detail spatial and temporal resolution of snowmelt runoff simulation. Based on the progress and challenges on snowmelt runoff simulation in mountainous regions of Northwest China, following studies need more attention：the mechanism of snow accumulation and ablation, snow cover spatial and temporal distribution monitoring and high precision of snow distribution data acquisition, quantitative climate change impact on river basin snowmelt runoff. © 2022 The authors.     

GIS-based spatial and temporal prediction system development for regional land subsidence hazard mitigation

An integrated GIS-based approach for establishing a spatial and temporal prediction system for groundwater flow and land subsidence is proposed and applied to a subsidence-progressed Japanese coastal plain. Various kinds of fundamental data relating to groundwater flow and land subsidence are digitized and entered into a GIS database. A surface water hydrological cycle simulation is performed using a GIS spatial data operation for the entire plain, and the spatial and temporal groundwater infiltration quantity is hereby obtained. Through the data transformation from the GIS database to a groundwater flow code (MODFLOW), a 3D groundwater flow model is established and unsteady groundwater flow simulation for the past 21 years is conducted with results which compare satisfactorily with observed results. Finally, a Visual Basic code is developed for land subsidence calculations considering aquifer and aquitard deformation. Future land subsidence in the plain is predicted assuming different water pumping scenarios, and the results provide important information for land subsidence mitigation decision-making.     

Automated derivation and spatio-temporal analysis of landslide properties in southern Kyrgyzstan

The study area located in southern Kyrgyzstan is affected by high and ongoing landslide activity. To characterize this activity, a multi-temporal landslide inventory containing over 2800 landslide polygons was generated from multiple data sources. The latter include the results of automated landslide detection from multi-temporal satellite imagery. The polygonal representation of the landslides allows for characterization of the landslide geometry and determination of further landslide attributes in a way that accounts for the diversity of conditions within the landslide, e.g., at the landslide main scarp opposed to its toe. To perform such analyses, a methodology for efficient geographic information system (GIS)-based attribute derivation was developed, which includes both standard and customized GIS tools. We derived a number of landslide attributes, including area, length, compactness, slope, aspect, distance to stream and geology. The distributions of these attributes were analyzed to obtain a better understanding of landslide properties in the study area as a preliminary step for probabilistic landslide hazard assessment. The obtained spatial and temporal attribute variations were linked to differences in the environmental characteristics within the study area, in which the geological setting proved to be the most important differentiating factor. Moreover, a significant influence of the different data sources on the distribution of the landslide attribute values was found, indicating the importance of a critical evaluation of the landslide data to be used in landslide hazard assessments.     

时态GIS中时空数据表达综述

尽管GIS和空间数据库已经存在了30多年，但是直到近几年时间才引起计算科学和地理界同行们的广泛关注，这是现实的客观需求，也是GIS深入发展的必然趋势；本文综述了近段时期在时空方面基本的表达和分析方法，望对同行有所裨益。     

时态GIS的基本概念、功能及实现方法

数据在具有空间性的同时亦具有时间性, 时态地理信息系统是具备处理数据时间性功能的地理信息系统.简要介绍了时态GIS中的时间、时间粒度、时间戳、应答时间等基本概念及其分析、更新、显示等功能, 以及时空数据表示、不确定性、多标度等时态GIS的相关问题. 重点讨论了时态GIS的2个基本数据模型: 关系模型和面向对象模型.关系模型具有语义丰富、理论完善、高效灵活等特点, 从而使人们开始尝试在关系模型中加入时间维, 并利用关系代数和查询语言来处理时态数据, 关系模型包括归档保存、时间片、记录级时间戳等实现方法.面向对象模型提供了聚合、关联等机制, 易于支持时态GIS中的各种时空数据, 面向对象模型包括OSAM/T模型和Inith OO模型等.      

面向实体的空间数据模型

空间数据模型是地理信息系统(GIS) 研究的基础内容.为适应新一代大型GIS的数据量大, 拓扑关系复杂, 数据种类多等特点, 提出了一种新型GIS数据模型---面向地理实体的空间数据模型.它以实体为基本表达对象, 具有较强的空间和语义表现力, 支持语义表达和转换, 便于实现等优点.从空间数据管理, 概念数据模型等方面详细地介绍了该种数据模型.实践表明, 采用该数据模型, 系统对真实世界的实体表现力将大大增强, 数据组织更加合理.      

新疆雪密度时空分布及其影响特征研究

对29个有雪密度观测的气象站40 a气象资料进行聚类和回归分析.结果表明:降水、雪深、大风、吹雪等因子与雪密度有密切正相关关系,由此建立雪密度与气候因子关系模型.另选无雪密度观测的50个站40 a气象资料,用关系模型计算出各站雪密度,从而使有雪密度值的站点增加到79个,为深入细致研究新疆雪密度时空分布打下了基础.研究表明,新疆雪密度有明显稳定期和不稳定期之分,稳定期雪密度是时间的函数.采用Map Gis65,结合卫星遥感资料,研制了新疆雪密度(稳定期)空间分布图.新疆雪密度的分布呈现从盆地及其周边到山地及其周边最后到海拔3 800-4 000 m以上高山带,随高度的升高雪密度依次升高.依据雪密度分布图和时间函数计算得出,稳定期新疆雪密度最大平均值为0.191 g·cm^-3.     

GIS-based multicriteria analysis: an approach to select priority areas for preservation in the Ahaggar National Park,Algeria

This paper presents a geographic information system (GIS)-based multicriteria decision-making approach for biodiversity preservation of the Ahaggar National Park in Algeria. This tool named spatial decision-making aid (SDMA) enables decision makers to evaluate the relative priorities of conserving the biodiversity in protected areas basing on a set of preferences, criteria and indicators of the area. In this study, we have developed conceptual and methodological solutions to integrate outranking methods (such as elimination and choice to translate reality TRI, preference ranking organizational methods and analytical hierarchy process) of multicriteria analysis in the GIS software to enhance its potential as tools of spatial decision support in land management problems. We integrated the results and other data relevant studied area in a GIS as a starting point for our SDMA prototype for resources management. Through the application, we have designed functionalities that allow producing maps of areas which needed urgent preservation. These methods are more appropriate to decision-making problems and their integration into GIS software (ArcView GIS 3.2 software from Environmental Systems Research Institute) that constitutes a powerful tool of spatial decision-making aid.     

Applications and researches of geographic information system technologies in bibliometrics

Although the research and application of a geographic information system (GIS) in bibliometrics remains in its initial stage, several valuable attempts have been made in recent years. This paper provides our overview regarding this area. We first reviewed the spatial information mining derived from literature, including structured and unstructured data. The spatial display and the basic spatial operations for the geographic information derived from literature were then introduced, demonstrating that GIS can be directly used to construct digital libraries. Some literature database websites have begun to utilize WEBGIS to display the spatial distribution of an author’s location. Additionally, the spatial distribution information can be displayed in various modes with other specialized tools. Potential spatial analyses in bibliometrics were then discussed, introducing geostatistical and buffer analyses as case studies. Finally, several bibliometric indicators attached with research units were investigated. When the quantitative research index units are linked with the research spatial position, they can be displayed, queried and retrieved spatially. Future work to advance the application and research of GIS in bibliometrics is still warranted.