水流分配策略随下坡坡度变化的多流向算法

提出了一种新的多流向算法方法(MFD-fg),其基本思想是水流分配策略应在空间上随着与下坡坡度相关的地形参数而变,从而地形对水流分配的影响可以得到合理、有效的建模。比较分析表明,MFD-fg采用以最大下坡坡度的线性函数对水流分配进行加权,是较好的水流分配策略。应用实验表明,与目前具代表性的单流向算法与多流向算法相比,MFD-fg方法的结果可获得更合理的汇流面积。     

一种自动提取栅格数据中空间实体的算法

栅格数据是一类特殊的图像,准确地提取这类图像中的空间实体并矢量化表示对于这类图像的应用研究非常重要.针对栅格数据的特点,提出了一种自动提取栅格数据中空间实体边界的一种算法.算法的时间复杂度与数据总量的大小、数据中空间实体的类型和数目等因素有关.在MapInfo平台中用vB 6.0开发了该算法的程序,通过一个简单实例验证了算法的可行性和实用性.     

基于自适应松弛Picard法的高效非饱和渗流有限元分析

有效地模拟非饱和渗流过程对土质边坡稳定性分析、土石坝渗流、污染物迁移等众多领域有着重要的意义。描述非饱和渗流的Richards方程是具有强烈非线性的偏微分方程,通常需要采用有限元等数值方法并结合有效的迭代方法进行求解。Picard迭代法是实用的非线性计算方法,在非饱和渗流领域应用广泛,但经常会出现收敛震荡、速度缓慢和精度降低的问题。为提高计算性能,结合有限元法提出了一种高效的自适应松弛Picard法。通过模拟一维和二维渗流算例,并与传统方法的结果进行对比,对算法和程序的准确性、高效性和鲁棒性进行了验证。测试结果表明,该方法可以在保证计算精度的同时有效地减少数值震荡,提高收敛速度。研究成果对非饱和渗流有限元程序的开发和应用有一定的参考价值。     

基于栅格DEM的多流向算法述评

基于栅格DEM的流向算法是数字地形分析的重要研究内容之一。在分布式水文模型、土壤侵蚀等领域中,当需要获取与流向直接相关的水文参数(如汇流面积、地形指数等)的详细空间分布时,多流向算法(MFD)明显优于单流向算法(SFD)。根据所采用的水流分配策略,将现有MFD分为四类:(1)固定水流分配权重的MFD;(2)水流分配权重随汇流面积变化的MFD;(3)水流分配权重随局域地形特征变化的MFD;(4)基于局域形态单元的MFD。从模型合理性、算法复杂度和易用性、对DEM误差的敏感性等方面进行的分析表明,水流分配权重随局域地形特征变化的MFD优于其他三类MFD。目前对MFD采用人造DEM数据集的直接定量评价研究还十分不足,文章以一个例子来体现直接定量评价MFD的可行性及有效性,同时也定量反映出水流分配权重随局域地形特征变化的MFD具有更低的计算误差。目前通用的针对流向算法的DEM洼地平区预处理算法多针对SFD而设计,不适合MFD的实际应用,本文对适用于MFD的DEM预处理算法所应具有的特征也进行了讨论。     

基于扫描图的线性体统计分析方法

对线性体图像进行分析,提出了一种基于扫描图像的线性体统计分析方法。通过对节点及其信息进行提取,快速抓住线性体的总体拓扑结构,并以节点信息为指引对线性体进行跟踪和识别,解决了复杂的线性体交叉问题。对识别出的线性体,通过直线拟合的方法,精确计算得到其长度、方位等信息。算法的主要特点是直接对扫描图进行运算,不需要矢量化,充分利用栅格图像的特点实现信息的快速获取,算法还具有精度高、抗噪性好和适应性强的特点。     

Importance sampling based algorithm for efficient reliability analysis of axially loaded piles

In reliability analysis, the crude Monte Carlo method is known to be computationally demanding. To improve computational efficiency, this paper presents an importance sampling based algorithm that can be applied to conduct efficient reliability evaluation for axially loaded piles. The spatial variability of soil properties along the pile length is considered by random field modeling, in which a mean, a variance, and a correlation length are used to statistically characterize a random field. The local averaging subdivision technique is employed to generate random fields. In each realization, the random fields are used as inputs to the well-established load transfer method to evaluate the load–displacement behavior of an axially loaded pile. Failure is defined as the event where the vertical movement at the pile top exceeds the allowable displacement. By sampling more heavily from the region of interest and then scaling the indicator function back by a ratio of probability densities, a faster rate of convergence can be achieved in the proposed importance sampling algorithm while maintaining the same accuracy as in the crude Monte Carlo method. Two examples are given to demonstrate the accuracy and the efficiency of the proposed method. It is shown that the estimate based on the proposed importance sampling method is unbiased. Furthermore, the size of samples can be greatly reduced in the developed method.     

An adaptive mesh refinement algorithm for compressible two-phase flow in porous media

We describe a second-order accurate sequential algorithm for solving two-phase multicomponent flow in porous media. The algorithm incorporates an unsplit second-order Godunov scheme that provides accurate resolution of sharp fronts. The method is implemented within a block structured adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) framework that allows grids to dynamically adapt to features of the flow and enables efficient parallelization of the algorithm. We demonstrate the second-order convergence rate of the algorithm and the accuracy of the AMR solutions compared to uniform fine-grid solutions. The algorithm is then used to simulate the leakage of gas from a Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) storage cavern, demonstrating its capability to capture complex behavior of the resulting flow. We further examine differences resulting from using different relative permeability functions.     

基于栅格径流汇流模拟的西藏林芝市泥石流灾害预警模型初探

西藏林芝市泥石流灾害频发,亟需建立泥石流灾害预警模型,预测林芝市泥石流灾害可能发生的区域,减少泥石流灾害导致的损失。文章提出了一种基于栅格径流汇流的林芝市泥石流灾害预警模型,从栅格像元尺度上模拟流域各位置上的水深,以提高泥石流预警的空间针对性。该模型将泥石流致灾因子分为背景因子和激发因子。通过林芝市裸岩率、河床纵比降等因子的逻辑回归,获取林芝市泥石流灾害概率,作为泥石流预警模型的背景因子;引入栅格径流汇流模型,以站点降水和雪水当量为模型的水量输入,模拟预警时段内的流域各位置上的模型水深,作为泥石流预警模型的激发因子。利用二元逻辑回归的方法计算背景因子和激发因子的权重,建立泥石流预警模型。利用2011—2020年18次历史灾害对模型进行验证,落入预警区内的灾害点占比64.4%,预警精度较高,对于林芝市泥石流灾害预警具有一定的指导意义。     

An improved specimen generation method for DEM based on local Delaunay tessellation and distance function

Discretizing a domain of interest into a set of particles for discrete element simulation is the first step to generate a specimen. An improved algorithm, the Seed Expansion Method (SEM), is proposed in this work. A seed is first generated inside a given domain. Then, the domain is filled by the seed expansion based on a local Delaunay tessellation and a distance function. An optional operation, refilling, is suggested to further improve the packing density after the completion of SEM. Polydisperse dense packing can be generated by the proposed method for an arbitrarily shaped domain in both 2D and 3D. A specimen can be obtained that approximately conforms to a specified size distribution and packing density. Multiple subdomains of a domain can be filled by packings with different densities and size distributions. A specimen with higher density can be obtained by comparing it with the existing methods. Mathematically, the features of the method include both simplicity and high efficiency. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prediction of the run-out distance of the debris flow based on the velocity attenuation coefficient

Our aim is to determine the run-out distance of the debris flow that is crucial in the assessment, prevention and control of the debris flow hazard. Based on the variation characteristic of debris flow velocity in the alluvial fan, this paper proposes the calculation method of the velocity attenuation coefficient of the debris flow. By defining the velocity attenuation coefficient and deducing its calculating formula, this paper puts forward a new method to determine the run-out distance of the debris flow based on the velocity attenuation coefficient, and Gangou debris flow in Luding County, Sichuan Province is selected as a case for calculation and verification. Having 10 m as its measuring spacing, this paper measured 19 sections at the alluvial fan of the Gangou debris flow (among them, 11 sets of data are valid). And based on the measurement, this paper analyzes the characteristic of the velocity attenuation and calculates its velocity attenuation coefficient after the 2005 debris flow. The study indicates that when the velocity of Gangou debris flow at the alluvial fan is greater than 12 % of the initial velocity (at the mouth of gully), the attenuation is quite remarkable. But when the velocity at the alluvial fan is less than 12 % of the initial velocity, the attenuation is quite slow. Besides, when Gangou debris flow rushes out of the gully mouth (the initial velocity is 10 m/s) and when it attenuates to the 32 time, its velocity is less than 0.1 m/s, the debris flow is considered to stop flowing, and the run-out distance of Gangou debris flow is calculated to be 320 m. But the present alluvial fan of Gangou debris flow is measured to be 285 m in length, and the calculated run-out distance is 320 m, which is 35 m longer than its present length. This means when the debris flow runs out in 2005, it blocked up the main river (Dadu River) in some extent. And this finding is generally in accordance with that from the field survey. The findings can be of theoretical and practical significance in the debris flow hazard assessment, as well as its prevention and mitigation.     

An efficient transient‐state algorithm for evaluation of leakage through defective cutoff walls

Artificial barriers are widely used to prevent leakages. However, due to construction errors during the wall installation, passages with small dimensions may occasionally penetrate through the barrier, undermining its tightness. A three‐dimensional discretized algorithm (TDA) is proposed for quantitatively estimating the transient‐state discharge rate through defective cutoff walls. By discretizing the wall into a three‐dimensional refined mesh grid, the algorithm enables an examination of penetrating passages, an evaluation of defect dimensions, and an estimation of discharge rate through the penetrating passages. A rigorous realization‐by‐realization comparison between the TDA and the finite element method (FEM) was made, and it was found that the TDA results show strong correlations with the FEM results, but at a remarkably lower (1/10³‐1/10⁴) computational cost. The TDA generally gives a discharge rate that is 0.1‐1.0 times greater than its FEM counterpart, as the lengthened seepage distance due to random corrugations in the penetrating untreated zone cannot be replicated by the TDA.     

An integrated law of the wall for hydrodynamically transitional flow over plane beds

The velocity profile for unidirectional currents is usually determined by two forms of the law of the wall, which are valid for smooth and rough boundaries, respectively. The law of the wall for smooth boundaries outside the viscous sublayer and buffer layer applies where the boundary Reynolds number (Re_*) is less than 5. The velocity in this case depends only on the dimensionless distance (y_d) from the bottom. For rough boundaries where Re_* is more than 65, the law of the wall is independent of the boundary Reynolds number, but the bottom roughness (k) has to be taken into account. The mean or median particle grain size (D) is commonly substituted for bottom roughness. At present, there is no generally accepted law of the wall for the transitional flow regime between hydrodynamically smooth and rough conditions. In this paper, an integrated law of the wall is proposed for the transitional regime, yielding velocity profiles that correspond well to observed velocity profiles under these conditions. The result is applied to a set of flume data, using an improved procedure to determine the bedload transport rate.     

基于合成孔径雷达技术及DEM的公格尔山冰川动力特征分析

冰川流速是冰川动力状况的重要标志,利用合成孔径雷达技术能快速获得大范围冰川的表面流速.利用日本高级陆地观测卫星(ALOS)相控阵型合成孔径雷达L波段(PALSAR)及欧洲太空局的ENVISAT/ASAR数据的特征匹配方法获得帕米尔高原公格尔山区冰川表面流速,并结合合成孔径雷达干涉相干与不同时期数字高程模型对公格尔山区典型冰川动力进行分析,获得研究区不同时间基线冰川表面相干性、表面流速以及基于不同时相DEM的典型冰川表面高程变化信息.结果表明:30 a来克拉牙依拉克冰川表面高程下降了(15±12.1)m,表碛区域近期运动速度变化不大;其木干冰川平均表面高程几乎无变化,但2007-2011年夏季表面流速明显减缓,靠近末端附近部分区域可能已经演化为非活动区;姜满加尔冰川位于西风带的迎风坡,积累区面积大,冰川流速较快,无表碛覆盖,但表面高程仍下降了(8.8±12.7)m.编号为5Y663D0009的冰川冰舌表碛覆盖区可能已经演化为非活动区,30 a来表面高程下降(8.6±12.0)m.综合分析表明,冰川规模特别是积累区面积的大小及所处位置、地形对冰川演化具有重要影响.     

基于轮廓线三维矿体表面重建的一种改进算法

基于轮廓线的三维矿体表面建模方法是矿体建模的主流方法,但在实际应用中,传统的建模方法显现出了不足之处,笔者对该方法进行了针对性地改进.对于一组单轮廓线可自动添加矿体趋势线,并且还可以进行人工编辑修改,然后利用中间加密轮廓线的方法实现对矿体形态的控制.通过投影计算封闭轮廓线之间的最短距离自动添加分支点,利用平面的带洞限定三角剖分实现分支的自动构建,大大节省了人力资源,同时保证了分支矿体的准确性.针对初始构建的三维矿体表面模型几何质量差,引入了质量控制,实现了表面模型的重构,保证了模型质量和后续的计算.这些改进在实际的应用中取得了良好的效果.     

Slurry flow in mills with TCPL — An efficient pulp lifter for ag/sag mills

The difficulties associated with slurry transportation in autogenous (ag) and semi-autogenous (sag) grinding mills have become more apparent in recent years with the increasing trend to build larger diameter mills for grinding high tonnages. This is particularly noticeable when ag/sag mills are run in closed circuit with classifiers such as fine screens/cyclones.     

我国煤层气高效开发关键技术研究进展与发展方向

"十三五"期间,围绕"突破煤层气单井产量低"这一制约我国煤层气高效开发的重大难题,借助国家科技重大专项和其他技术攻关研究,煤层气勘探开发理论认识和工程技术都取得明显进展,表现在4个方面:(1)勘探理念从寻找富集甜点区向高产甜点区转变,开发部署由平铺式到精细化调整转变.(2)围绕高效增产技术方面,在实现由二维地震向三维地...     

我国煤层气高效开发关键技术研究进展与发展方向

吸附/解吸参数是煤层气储量及产能潜力评估的核心,而解吸过程规律与煤层气井产能动态密切相关。为研究不同煤阶煤储层吸附/解吸特征及其对产能的影响,基于沁水盆地南部樊庄、安泽区块和鄂尔多斯盆地东缘保德、柳林区块的49件煤心样品的煤岩煤质、含气量及等温吸附测试数据,结合试井及排采资料,揭示了煤岩煤质特征对等温吸附特征的影响,划分并对比了煤层气解吸阶段特征差异,建立了煤吸附/解吸特征参数与煤阶之间的数学关系,基于20口典型煤层气井探讨了解吸特征参数对气井产能的影响,并对不同煤阶煤储层煤层气勘探开发策略给出针对性建议。结果表明：(1) 从山西保德到晋城樊庄区块,随着煤阶的增高,煤储层解吸过程中的转折压力、启动压力和敏感压力均逐渐增大,低效、缓慢、快速和敏感解吸阶段范围逐渐向高压区间方向偏移;高阶煤对应的有效解吸阶段区间宽度明显要大于低阶煤,对煤层气开发更有利。(2) 高阶煤与中低阶煤相比,煤层气井的解吸指数更高,达到稳产的时间更短且产气潜力更高,但较低的渗透率是制约其产能的关键。(3) 综合考虑资源丰度、解吸能力和渗透率,高阶煤优势在于解吸指数较高,而中低阶煤优势在于渗透性较好;高阶煤煤层气高产的关键在于大规模高效压裂技术,中低阶煤则在于煤层气资源富集甜点区的精准优选技术。

     

我国煤层气高效开发关键技术研究进展与发展方向

中国深部煤层气资源丰富,是煤层气进一步开发的重要领域,但深部煤层气地质条件复杂,具有低孔、超低渗特征。在钻井过程中,钻井液进入储层易造成近井污染,常规水力压裂技术趋于在最大水平主应力方向造缝,全井眼的解堵困难。激光热裂技术具有短时间破裂岩石、同时通过机械设备调控能自由改变激光照射角度,形成径向裂缝、解决近井污染等优势。使用ABAQUS有限元软件,建立激光热裂煤层模型,探讨激光热裂机理及激光工艺参数的影响。分析裂缝长度与数量的变化规律,优选出解决现场近井污染区域的最佳激光参数。结果表明：(1) 激光照射热裂煤层是使煤层表面存在温差而产生热应力导致煤层破裂。(2) 裂缝数量与激光功率、激光照射煤层的时间呈正相关,激光功率由400 W增大到1 000 W时,裂缝数量由10条增加到37条;激光功率600 W时,照射时间由1 s增至15 s,裂缝数量由24条增至36条;裂缝数量与激光频率呈负相关,随着激光照射煤层距离增大先增大后减小,照射距离为10 cm时产生裂缝数量最多。(3) 裂缝长度与激光功率、照射煤层时间以及激光频率呈正相关,与照射煤层距离呈负相关,其中激光照射时间影响最明显,照射时间1 s时裂缝长度为1.52 mm,照射时间增加到5 s时裂缝长度激增为57.6 mm。以陕西韩城深部取心样品为例,激光热裂深部煤层2 m范围内的近井污染最佳激光功率为20 kW,最佳激光照射时间为2 280 s。相较于水力压裂,激光热裂煤层能形成更加复杂的裂缝,但形成的裂缝长度较小,实际应用中,建议将水力压裂技术与激光热裂技术相结合,以实现解堵和增渗的目的。

     

Pre-processing data using wavelet transform and PCA based on support vector regression and gene expression programming for river flow simulation

An accurate estimation of flow using different models is an issue for water resource researchers. In this study, support vector regression (SVR) and gene expression programming (GEP) models in daily and monthly scale were used in order to simulate Gamasiyab River flow in Nahavand, Iran. The results showed that although the performance of models in daily scale was acceptable and the result of SVR model was a little better, their performance in the daily scale was really better than the monthly scale. Therefore, wavelet transform was used and the main signal of every input was decomposed. Then, by using principal component analysis method, important sub-signals were recognized and used as inputs for the SVR and GEP models to produce wavelet-support vector regression (WSVR) and wavelet-gene expression programming. The results showed that the performance of WSVR was better than the SVR in such a way that the combination of SVR with wavelet could improve the determination coefficient of the model up to 3% and 18% for daily and monthly scales, respectively. Totally, it can be said that the combination of wavelet with SVR is a suitable tool for the prediction of Gamasiyab River flow in both daily and monthly scales.