1982和2012年枯季长江口最大浑浊带悬浮泥沙和盐度垂向剖面特征对比

2012年1月在长江口北港、北槽和南槽水域纵断面开展枯季多船准同步观测,将获得的大小潮悬浮泥沙和盐度数据与1982年12月同水域调查结果进行对比分析。结果表明:2012年长江口最大浑浊带枯季悬沙浓度比1982年减小了约50%;北港、北槽、南槽相近测点的大潮垂向平均悬沙浓度相较于1982年分别减小了43%、60%和40%,2012年长江口表层平均悬沙浓度与1982年相比减少了约53%。北港断面浑浊带核心与1982年浑浊带核心位置相近;北槽浑浊带核心向内迁移;南槽浑浊带核心位置向外迁移。2012年与1982年枯季遥感反演的长江口同水域表层悬浮泥沙浓度也明显降低。在30年来入海泥沙持续减少背景下,长江口3条入海主汊的最大浑浊带特征依旧显著,径流与潮流的此消彼长、径流的季节分配不同以及口内汊道分流分沙比的变化影响了长江口最大浑浊带核心的移动,浑浊带悬沙浓度最高的地段也是盐度梯度最高的地区。     

长江口北槽口外悬沙浓度垂线分布的数学模拟

利用垂向一维悬沙运动模型,对长江口北槽口外大、小潮悬沙浓度垂线分布进行模拟,模拟结果同“六点法”实测值拟合较好,表明影响悬沙浓度垂线分布的主要因素为悬沙垂向扩散及絮凝沉降作用。     

长江口和东海海域沉积物粒径对有机质分布的影响

利用2007年11月采集于长江口和东海陆架区域的78个站位的表层沉积物样品,以及2007年11月、2008年4月采集于长江口东南和浙江近岸泥质区的悬浮物样品,对长江口和东海海域表层沉积物以及部分站位的悬浮物进行了粒度、有机碳和总氮的分析和研究,探讨了沉积物粒径对有机质运移和沉积过程的影响.结果表明:(1)水体中悬浮物的...     

Morphodynamic Characteristics and Medium-Term Simulation of the North—South Passage Under the Impact of the Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Navigation Channel Project

The morphological evolution characteristics of the North-South Passage area since the construction of the Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Navigation Channel Project(DNCP) are analyzed on the basis of the measured data. A twodimensional morphodynamics numerical model of the Yangtze Estuary is established to verify the morphological evolution of the North-South Passage under the influence of the DNCP and to predict the future evolution in the next 40 years. Data analysis shows that the North Passage has experienced rapid adjustment stages and adaptive stages after the construction of the DNCP. Slow erosion occurred along the main channel, and slow siltation could be observed in the area between the groins. The South Passage showed a state of upper section erosion and down section deposition. At present, the whole South Passage is in a slight erosion state. According to the numerical model, the eroding and silting speed of the North Passage will slow down in the future. The present state that erosion occurs in the main channel and siltation occurs between the groins will continue. The South Passage will still maintain upper section erosion and down section deposition in the future. Due to the main channel erosion of the North Passage and siltation of the South Passage, the sediment division ratio of the North Passage will increase in the future but still be smaller than 50%. After morphological evolution of 40 years, the direction of residual sediment transport caused by M2 and M4 tidal components in the North Passage has not changed, but the transport rate will decrease. It is considered that the morphological evolution of the North-South Passage could reach a relatively stable state after 40 years.     

长江口北槽抛泥流速和悬沙浓度时空分布观测

河口泥沙运动有其独特的规律,需要采用高分辨率的观测手段进行系统的现场观测,以此发现河口流速和泥沙分布结构,进而探讨其形成机制,应用声学多普勒流速剖面仪和声学悬浮泥沙观测系统,通过定点和走航式观测长江河口不同潮型和流态下流速和悬浮泥沙浓度时空分布发现:(1)不同潮型出现高浓度“事件”的次数和成因存在差异,中潮型出现高浓度“事件”的可能性最大;(2)抛泥泥沙浓度垂向分布至少有3种结构类型,即上小下大的“L”型、指数型和上大下小的“漂浮”型;(3)受抛泥泥沙输移的影响,断面流场形成低流速区,它们的强度随落潮流的扩散逐渐减弱;(4)不同潮型的落潮流表现出不同的输移行为,大、小潮型落潮流偏北,中潮型落潮流偏南;(5)在落潮流和颗粒重力共同作用下抛泥泥沙同时存在输移扩散和沉降过程,小潮型抛泥泥沙主要就近扩散和沉降,中潮和大潮型抛泥泥沙输移扩散范围较远。     

近期长江河口冲淤演变过程研究

基于长江河口1997年以来数字地形图和近期水文泥沙实测资料,分析研究了近期长江河口大量人工整治工程和流域水库工程建造影响下的河口河道自动调整过程。结果表明:1997-2013年河口段中上游河道微冲刷、拦门沙滩顶仍保持淤积外移、口门外侧近海域冲刷的态势略有增强,而其影响原因与历史时期的自然因素影响为主略有差异,近期人类高强度活动的影响贡献率增大。首先,南支至南港和北港中上游河段河床普遍发生冲刷,河床沙活动较活跃,床面微地貌沙波发育更明显,而口门外侧海域地形略有冲刷蚀退,这些变化与流域来沙锐减有直接关系;北支、北港口门、南槽和北槽河道拦门沙河段呈淤积,尤其北槽主航道的拦门沙河段6m水深浚深为12.5m后回淤量很大,这些与拦门沙河道动力结构环境、河口和海域再悬浮泥沙补给有关;局部河段出现强冲和强淤现象,与近期河口工程建造有关。所以,长江河口近期正处在对自然因素变化和人类活动增强的自我缓慢地自动调整和适应过程之中。     

长江口及邻近海域细颗粒沉积物中重金属的空间分布及沉积通量

长江每年输送大量的泥沙进入东海,其中细颗粒沉积物具有搬运距离远、扩散范围大的特点,成为示踪河口及近海沉积物源汇过程的良好载体。本文基于采自长江口及邻近海域的44个表层沉积物样品,分析了细颗粒组分中重金属的空间分布和沉积通量,探讨了重金属来源和搬运沉积过程。研究表明:长江口及邻近海域细颗粒沉积物中Cu、Cr、Ni、V和Zn含量、沉积通量的空间分布具有高度的相似性,总体表现为长江口及浙闽沿岸高,向外急剧降低;该区细颗粒沉积物中的重金属主要来自长江,入海后向两个方向扩散,其一为向西南方向扩散,沉积于内陆架泥质区;其二是向东的跨陆架输送,沉积于长江冲淡水影响的海域。从长江口向西南方向的输送和沉积是长江入海重金属最重要的汇。     

东海陆架中北部沉积物粒度特征及其沉积环境

通过对东海陆架表层沉积物粒级组成、粒度参数、14C年龄和微体古生物组合的综合分析,绘制了东海陆架的沉积物类型分布图;运用Folk等(1970)沉积物分类方法将东海表层沉积物分成砂、粉砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、砂质泥5种类型,其中粉砂质砂分布最广,砂质泥分布最少;沉积物由陆向海粒度变粗,反映沉积过程中的物源和沉积动力控制作用。根据沉积环境及成因分析,可将东海陆架沉积分为3类:分别是长江口外席状砂沉积区、现代泥质沉积区和陆架中部砂质沉积区。长江口外砂质沉积是全新世冰消期晚期潮流作用及风暴潮流共同作用的产物,是高海平面以来太平洋潮波系统作用下的潮流沙沉积,沙波地貌仍在发生变化。现代泥质沉积区包括长江前三角洲沉积、浙闽沿岸流沉积和济州岛西南泥质沉积三个区域,不同沉积区的成因机制不同。陆架中部砂质沉积是末次冰盛期之后海侵作用下发育的砂质沉积物,在海侵的不同阶段中沉积物被冲刷改造,具有不等时性特征,沉积环境与现代陆架海洋环流的动力特征不一致,现代沉积作用较弱,仅接受悬浮体细粒沉积。     

近年来人类活动影响下长江河口的变化模式

To evaluate the controlling factors for coastline change of the Changjiang(Yangtze River) Estuary since 1974,we extracted the mean high tide line from multi-temporal remote sensing images that span from 1974 to 2014 at 2-year intervals.We chose 42 scenes to constrain the changing pattern of the Changjiang Estuary coastline,and implemented GIS technology to analyze the area change of the Changjiang(Yangtze) Subaerial Delta.Runoff,sediment discharge and coastal engineering were withal considered in the analysis of the coastline changes.The coastline has transgressed seaward since 1974,and a part of it presents inter-annual variations.The area of the Changjiang Subaerial Delta increased by 871 km2,with a net accretion rate of 21.8 km2/a.Based on the change of sediment discharge due to the major projects in the Changjiang River Basin,we divided the changing pattern of the coastline into three stages:the slow accretion stage(1974–1986),the moderate accretion stage(1987–2002),and the rapid accretion stage(2003–2014).Liner regression analysis illustrated that there is a significantly positive correlation between the area changes and sediment discharge in the Chongming Eastern Shoal and Jiuduansha.This suggested that sediment load has a fundamental effect on the evolution of the Changjiang Estuary.Construction of Deep Waterway in the North Passage of the Changjiang River(1998–2010) led to a rapid accretion in the Hengsha Eastern Shoal and Jiuduansha by influencing the hydrodynamics in North Passage.Coastal engineering such as reclamation and harbor construction can also change the morphology of the Changjiang Estuary.We defined a contribution rate of area change to assess the impact of reclamation on the evolution of Changjiang Estuary.It turned out that more than 45.3% of area increment of the Changjiang Estuary was attributed to reclamation.     

崎岖列岛邻近海域的水文泥沙特征

崎岖列岛邻近海域具有良好的水深条件 ,为了开发和利用这一资源 ,于 1 996年冬季和1 997年夏季 ,对该海域进行了水文泥沙调查。分析结果表明 ,该海域的水动力条件取决于长江和钱塘江径流与潮流、波浪的力量对比 ;其泥沙的输运和沉积主要受制于长江口南下泥沙量的多少及水动力的强弱。从动力学的角度阐述了该区泥沙输运和沉积机制 ,得出流急、悬沙浓度高而落淤少是该地区的特点。     

Estimation of Sediment Transport with An in-situ Acoustic Retrieval Algorithm in the High-Turbidity Changjiang Estuary, China

A comprehensive acoustic retrieval algorithm to investigate suspended sediment is presented with the combined validations of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and Optical Backscattering Sensor (OBS) monitoring along seven cross-channel sections in the high-turbidity North Passage of the Changjiang Estuary, China. The realistic water conditions, horizontal and vertical salinities, and grain size of the suspended sediment are considered in the retrieval algorithm. Relations between net volume scattering of sound attenuation (Sv) due to sediments and ADCP echo intensity (E) were obtained with reasonable accuracy after applying the linear regression method. In the river mouth, an intensive vertical stratification and horizontal inhomogeneity were found, with a higher concentration of sediment in the North Passage and a lower concentration in the North Channel and South Passage. Additionally, The North Passage is characterized by higher sediment concentration in the middle region and lower concentration in the entrance and outlet areas. The maximum sediment flux rate, occurred in the middle region, could reach 6.3×105 and 1.5×105 t/h during the spring and neap tide, respectively. Retrieved sediment fluxes in the middle region are significantly larger than that in the upstream and downstream region. This strong sediment imbalance along the main channel indicates potential secondary sediment supply from southern Jiuduansha Shoals.     

长江口南北槽分流口洪季水沙变化过程研究

河口分流口的水沙变化过程是影响河口三角洲发育的核心环节,对下游河势的稳定起着关键性的作用。本文通过对北槽二、三期工程前后的南北槽分流口河段洪季大潮期间的同步水沙观测数据进行分析,以探讨长江口深水航道工程整治对分流口水沙过程的影响。结果表明:(1)北槽二期工程到三期工程后,分流口洪季以落潮优势流、优势沙为主的格局基本没有发生改变,但南槽优势流、优势沙出现略有变大,而北槽略有变小现象;(2)分流口洪季的水体输移主要受控于欧拉余流的变化,除北槽入口段水体净输移量一直较小外,其他河段在二、三期工程实施期间均有大幅提升,其中斯托克斯余流变化不大,拉格朗日余流与欧拉余流变化相一致,南槽呈波动状上升,北槽先增后减;(3)在二期到三期工程期间,北槽分流比明显减小,入口段落潮流速减小,含沙量较高,水体输移量降低,输沙强度减弱,由此导致二期工程以来北槽入口河段淤积强度加重。     

长江口沙波统计特征及输移规律

利用多波束测深系统对长江口南港、北槽、横沙通道和北港水下地貌进行测量,对沙波波高、波长、迎流倾角、背流倾角、水深和沉积物特征进行统计,并根据流速、沉积物粒径及水深估算其潮周期内净位移。结果表明:长江口沙波基本都为大型沙波,且沙波大小与其所在区域沉积物粒径呈正比关系;长江口各个区域沙波的对称性不同,涨、落潮优势流越明显,则沙波对称性越差,净位移越大;沙波对称性能反映此区域水动力强弱及潮周期内沙波净位移大小。     

长江河口悬浮泥沙向浙闽沿岸输运近期变化的遥感分析

利用2000~2015年Terra-MODIS(terra-moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer,中等分辨率成像光谱仪)数据和2014年洪枯季现场数据建立泥沙反演模型,分析入长江河口泥沙大幅减少后河口表层悬沙向浙闽沿岸输运的时空变化和扩散形态。结果表明:(1)利用MODIS数据的二次型模型能够揭示长江口及邻近海域悬沙分布及输运特征,入海输运的长江口悬浮泥沙是浙闽沿岸连续悬浮泥沙带存在的物源;(2)受季风和沿岸流动力驱动,长江口悬沙向浙闽沿岸输运具有明显的季节性:春季,悬浮泥沙从长江口向浙闽沿岸呈条带状输运,春夏之交,南下的悬沙至温岭近岸海域出现中断现象;夏季,长江口大量悬沙滞留在长江口杭州湾近岸,仅有少量悬沙向南输运,泥沙带中断;秋季,10月下旬—11月中旬逐渐形成连续的近岸泥沙带;历冬至春,循环复始;(3)受近年来长江流域进入河口的泥沙减少影响,浙闽沿岸秋冬季连续的输沙带在春季提前断开,在秋季有推迟恢复的现象。本研究对于探究浙闽沿岸泥沙减少新格局,分析近海生态环境新变化具有重要意义。     

东海内陆架泥质沉积体研究进展

陆架海现代泥质沉积研究具有重要的地质学、环境科学和气候学意义,数十年来一直受到海洋科学家的关注,尤其是近年来在我国兴起了一股研究陆架泥质沉积体的热潮,取得一大批重要成果。本文对我国最大的东海内陆架泥质沉积体的研究进展进行回顾,作为典型区域呈献给读者。东海内陆架泥质沉积区从长江口水下三角洲向南,沿闽浙近岸浅海一直延伸到台湾海峡中部,全长800km,宽约100km,面积约80000km2,相当于两个台湾岛的大小,实属我国乃至亚洲浅海规模最大(体积排第二)的楔式泥质沉积体和现代沉积区。该区中晚全新世沉积地层厚度较大,局部厚达40—80m,总体上呈近岸厚、向海方向逐渐变薄,一般在50—60m等深线、局部可达75m甚至90m等深线附近尖灭。该区泥质沉积物粒度较细,主要由黏土和粉砂组成(大于90%),砂含量很低(小于10%),黏土和粉砂含量在泥质沉积区外缘急剧降低,而砂含量突然增加。沉积物类型为粉砂质黏土和黏土质粉砂,外侧与黏土-粉砂-砂(混合沉积)或泥质砂为界。粒度分布南北有一定差异,北段(长江口外至瓯江口外)近岸较粗外侧较细,近岸为黏土质粉砂,外侧为粉砂质黏土;而南段(自瓯江口至台湾海峡北部)则相反;深入台湾海峡中部的远端泥质沉积也较粗,为黏土质粉砂。现代沉积速率从长江口水下三角洲至闽浙沿岸近海以及从近岸向外陆架方向逐渐降低,与地层厚度分布相一致。悬浮体浓度空间分布,尤其是冬季悬浮体的分布与沉积速率的分布基本一致,表明沉积物是从长江口沿闽浙近海向南和从近岸向海输运的。矿物、化学和环境磁学指标等均显示沉积物主要来自长江,老黄河对该区北部,台湾物质对南部有一定影响,闽浙沿岸河流在局部也有少量贡献。该泥质沉积体的形成与全新世中期约7.3ka BP以来持续高海面及相应的总体沉积动力过程密切相关,主要包括闽浙沿岸流将长江物质源源不断地向南输送和沉积过程、台湾暖流、上升流在其外侧的阻挡作用,以及下降流和穿刺锋的横向输运等动力控制因素。沉积物输运主要发生在冬季,冬季风导致海洋动力加强的作用功不可没,热带气旋-台风风暴对泥质体起到了一定助长与破坏的双重作用。由于该泥质沉积体的形成与季风和沿岸流的密切关系,在形成过程中打上了气候环境的烙印,是冬季风和夏季风演化记录的良好载体,近年来的研究成果很好地揭示了中晚全新世以来千年、百年、十年尺度甚至更高分辨率的气候演化历史及气候突变事件。该泥质沉积区对人类活动的响应也较敏感,自3.0ka BP以来对长江流域燃火变化以及历史上中国人口的几次大迁徙均显现在沉积记录中,特别是对近几十年,尤其是三峡水库蓄水以来,长江来沙的变化也有明显的响应。未来的研究需要进一步澄清泥质体形成发育过程不同阶段中长江、黄河、台湾、闽浙河流物质以及残留区物质的定量贡献及时空差异;深入了解人类活动的响应及环境记录研究;加强现代沉积动力过程的观测和精细的数值模拟研究,揭示泥质积区动力背景的空间差异性,这不仅是深化泥质沉积形成机制的需要,也可为古环境恢复提供科学支撑。     

Relationship between hydrology and seasonal distribution of suspended sediments on the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay

Numerous oceanographic cruises (with hydrology, water sampling, drift current measurements) carried out since 1980 on the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay, together with available NOAA/AVHRR infra-red images, form the basis of a proposed explanation for the processes responsible for the distribution of suspended sediments on the shelf. The seasonal hydrographic structure of continental shelf waters is of paramount importance in sediment distribution. In summer, there is an horizontal stratification of water masses, and suspended sediment distribution is closely related to the thermo-haline structure. A fresher water mass with less suspended material lies on a thicker and more turbid homogeneous layer. During winter, when sediment discharge from the rivers often reaches its annual maximum, an oceanic thermo-haline wedge occurs on the shelf at around −100 m. As a result, winter turbidity values on the outer continental shelf are low (comparable to summer values), and a permanent nepheloı̈d layer is never observed. The wedge, which lasts for several months, may act as a filter, preventing transport to the slope. High turbidities on the external shelf and the continental slope are only measured in spring, when the thermo-haline wedge disappears. It seems possible that during winter time, suspended materials brought by rivers are deposited in the “Grande Vasière” (the “large mud patch”). It is postulated that the position of this mud patch is linked to the long-term stable location of the thermo-haline front that separates oceanic waters from the colder and less salty coastal waters.     

Tripod measured residual currents and sediment flux: Impacts on the silting of the Deepwater Navigation Channel in the Changjiang Estuary

Four bottom-mounted instrument-equipped tripods were deployed at two sections spanning the region characterized by severe sedimentation rates in the Deepwater Navigation Channel (DNC) along the North Passage of Changjiang Estuary in order to observe currents, near-bed suspended sediment, and salinity. Seaward residual currents predominated in the up-estuary section. In contrast, a classical two-layered estuarine circulation pattern occurred in the down-estuary section. Flow moved seaward in the upper layer and a heavier inflow, driven by the salinity gradient, moved landward in the lower layer. The near-bed residual currents in the up-estuary section and the down-estuary section acted in opposing directions, which implies that the region is a convergence zone of near-bed residual currents that trap sediment at the bottom. The maximum salinity gradient at the maximum flood current indicates the presence of a strong front that induces sediment trapping and associated near-bottom convergence of sediment, which explains the high sedimentation rates in this section of the estuary.     

Surficial sediments on the continental margin off the west coast of South Africa

A combination of climatic and oceanic factors has resulted in slow sedimentation rates on the continental shelf off the west coast of South Africa since Tertiary times. This has enabled a study to be made of the residual Late Tertiary, relict Pleistocene and Holocene sediments.Sediments on the continental shelf form rough belts parallel to the coast. Most of the coarse sediment is confined to the littoral zone and Holocene mud is concentrated at the base of a rocky nearshore platform. A veneer of Quaternary quartzitic sand seawards of the Recent mud belt wedges out onto a Tertiary erosion surface on the mid shelf. Residual glauconite and phosphorite sands derived by erosion during Tertiary sea-level fluctuations cover large parts of the mid shelf in the south. Most of the slope and parts of the outer shelf in the north are draped by Recent foraminiferal and coccolithophorid debris.     

Hydrodynamic evolutions at the Yangtze Estuary from 1998 to 2009

Over the past decade, the Yangtze Estuary has witnessed an unprecedented scale of human interventions and modifications through extensively varied resource utilizations. During the processes, mankind has obtained various resources and benefits via the “golden waterway”, such as navigation channel, harbor, shipping industry, shoreline, reclaimed land, freshwater and fishery resource. At the same time, the estuary and coast have also experienced a series of gradual changes in characteristics, such as sedimentation, erosion, sand hungry, water pollution, intertidal area loss, self-purification capacity decrease, and biological reduction. With the help of measurement data and numerical modeling, this study analyzed the response and feedback mechanisms between hydrodynamic evolutions and morphological processes in the Yangtze Estuary from 1998 to 2009. The results of this study indicate the following. (i) The water level along the main outlet of the Yangtze Estuary increased from 1998 to 2009. This increase was induced by the variation of the whole river regime (including natural geomorphodynamic process and local topography feedbacks from extreme metrological events and human activities). (ii) The decrease of the flow partition ratio at the 3rd bifurcation is directly induced by the Deepwater Navigational Channel (DNC) project and the corresponding morphological changes in the North Passage. (iii) The estuarine environmental gradients (salinity and suspended sediment concentration) were compressed, and the fresh-salt gradient became steeper. This has the indirect effect of backfilling in the waterway, i.e., strengthening the stratification effect near the ETM area and enhancing the tendency of up-estuary sediment transport. The results of this study give insights into explaining other phenomena such as deposition in the middle reach of the DNC, bathymetry evolutions, variations in vertical velocity and sediment concentration profiles, waterway backfilling and delta reclamation.     

基于遥感技术对黄河口水色与岸线季相变化特征研究

使用Landsat-5 TM 2004年11月24日与2005年5月13日黄河口遥感影像,配合准同期外业实测资料,进行黄河口水体水色物质叶绿素a与悬浮泥沙的动态反演与河口岸线解译.研究表明由于秋末与春初黄河上游来水物质含量的差异,上述悬浮指标值存在显著的季相差异.根据样值与光谱特征建立的反演模型得出的反演值与实测值有平均在0.85以上的相关关系,具有很好的反演效果.岸线解译成果表明,黄河口岸线演变迅速,在河流平枯水量时期仍然具有较强的变化,岸线推进尤以新河口附近显著.这表明,使用遥感手段是进行河口生态环境质量监测的有效手段,是进行岸线动态变化研究的一种基本技术支撑手段.