On the Huanghai (Yellow) Sea circulation: a review by current measurements

INTRODUCTIONTheHuanghaiSea(hereafterHS)isashallow,semi-enclosedbasinsurroundedbytheChina'sMainlandtoitswestandmorth,andbytheKoreaPeninsulatOtheeast.TheHSreceivesabundantdischargeoffreshwaterandland-basedmaterialsthroughriversfromChinaandKorea,which ThisstudywassupportedbyagrantfromtheKoreaMinistryofaudienceandTechnoing.maybeaccumulatedpartlyinsidethebasinforacertainpenedormoveoutofthebasinintothenorthwesternEastChinaSea.TheHScirculationisknowntobemostlydependentuPOnsurfacewindfie…     

The circulation in the southern Huanghai Sea and northern East China Sea in June 1999

On the basis of hydrographic data and current measurement (the mooring system, vessel-mounted ADCP and toward ADCP) data obtained in June 1999, the circulations in the southern Huang-hai Sea (HS) and northern East China Sea (ECS) are computed by using the modified inverse method. The Kuroshio flows northeastward through eastern part of the investigated region and has the main core at Section PN, a northward flow at the easternmost part of Section PN, a weaker anti-cyclonic eddy between these two northward flows, and a weak cyclonic eddy at the western part of Section PN. The above current structure is one type of the current structures at Section PN in ECS. The net northward volume transport (VT) of the Kuroshio and the offshore branch of Taiwan Warm Current (TWCOB) through Section PN is about 26.2×106m3/s in June 1999. The VT of the inshore branch of Taiwan Warm Current (TWCIB) through the investigated region is about 0.4×106m3/s. The Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) has much effect on the currents over the     

A numerical study of the wintertime double-warm-tongue structure in the Huanghai(Yellow) Sea

Satellite remote sensing observations show that during winter, sea surface temperature (SST) presents the structure of double warm tongues in the Huanghai Sea trough:the western and the eastern warm tongues. Numerical experiments based on POM are carried out to study the forming mechanism of this thermal structure and its relation to the Huanghai Sea Warm Current (HSWC). The control experiment reproduces this phenomenon quite well, and comparing experiments investigate the effect of wind and tide. It is found that the western warm tongue is mainly caused by the HSWC, which can be strengthened by wintertime southward wind. The eastern warm tongue develops under the influence of an anti-clockwise circulation which is induced by the temperature front of the Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass (HSCWM) in summer and autumn. In the eastern portion of this circulation, the northward current carries warm water to the north, forming the eastern warm tongue, which remains till winter.     

1996年春季南黄海水文特征和水团分析

利用中韩“黄海水循环动力学及物质输运”合作研究项目第一航次1996初春所获得的CTD资料描述了南黄海初春温、盐和密度的水平和垂直分布特征,分析了水团结构,并揭示了春季在34°～36°N,121°45'～124°E的南黄海西部水域的中层冷水现象。分析结果表明初春黄海暖流上表层开始向济州岛方向退缩,黄海底层冷水团首先在青岛外海形成。     

Winter heat budget in the Huanghai Sea and the effect from Huanghai Warm Current (Yellow Sea Warm Current)

Four sources of surface heat flux (SHF) and the satellite remote sensing sea surface temperature (SST) data are combined to investigate the heat budget closure of the Huanghai Sea (HS) in winter. It is found that heat loss occurs all over the HS during winter and the area averaged heat content change decreases with a rate of -106 W/m². Comparing with the area averaged SHF of -150 W/m^-2 from the four SHF data sets, it can be concluded that the SHF plays a dominant role in the HS heat budget during winter. In contrast, the heat advection transported by the Huanghai Warm Current (Yellow Sea Warm Current, HWC) accounted for up to 29% of the HS heat content change. Close correlation, especially in February, between the storm events and the SST increase demonstrates that the HWC behaves strongly as a wind-driven compensation current.     

渤海、黄海、东海冬季海流场温度场数值模拟和同化技术

利用NASA高分辨率的卫星遥感资料SST,采用Nudging同化来模拟渤海、黄海、东海的三维温度场,减小用热通量作上边界条件所带来的误差.结果表明,模拟的海流场能较好地反映渤海、黄海、东海的环流特征.数据同化后的温度场优于未经同化的温度场.3个选择站点的同化值与实测值的均方根误差分别为1.307,0.526,0.744,用热通量资料模拟的水温与实测值的均方根误差分别为2.160,0.979,1.330.尽管只同化了海表温度,但数据同化对三维温度场结构都有影响.     

南黄海环流的若干特征

主要根据近几年来中韩黄海水循环动力学合作调查结果,结合有关历史资料,对南黄海环流的若干特征进行了分析。所得主要认识为:(1)南黄海环流存在明显的季节变异。冬、夏季环流的基本形态有着较大的差别。(2)黄海暖流的路径和强度均有一定的年际变化。分析显示,1997年冬季,暖流路径明显偏于槽的西侧;而1986年冬,暖流的主流路径则沿槽北上。(3)黄海暖流并非对马暖流的直接分支。黄海暖流水是对马暖流水和陆架水混合而成。而且,它主要是在济州岛西侧海域,从锋区中衍生出来的。(4)夏季黄海表、底层环流大致皆是由一大的道时针向流系构成。但在其表层海盐尺度的气旋式环流内部还存在小的气旋和反气旋流环。分析亦表明,不论表层或底层,皆无高盐暖水从济州岛邻近海域进入黄海东部的明显迹象。     

黄、东海温盐跃层的分布特征及其季节变化

利用“中韩水循环动力学合作研究”和“中国近海海洋环境综合调查”( 1 996年 4月 -1 999年 1月 )期间各季节 1 2 8°E以西的校正后的 CTD现场水文调查资料 ,对黄、东海温、盐跃层在 4个不同时期 (成长、强盛、消衰和无跃期 )的各特征值的分布特性及其季节变化作了探讨和分析。结果表明 :( 1 )黄海底层显著冷水团的存在 ,使黄海以温跃层占绝对主导地位 ;东海的沿岸海区因受长江径流的影响则以盐跃层为主导。 ( 2 )温跃层的强度主要取决于与其相联的上、下层水团的强弱。冷水团的存在是产生强跃层的根本原因。( 3)夏季东海区双温跃层从浙江近海到济州岛以南水域连成片 ,其分布范围恰好与冬季入侵陆架的黑潮水相一致。 ( 4 )长江冲淡水舌状盐跃层强度等值线在各季节的伸展情况反映了长江冲淡水在各季节的扩散情况 ,一年当中 ,其轴向先从南往北转 ,再从北往南转。 ( 5 )苏北浅滩以及台湾海峡北部终年为无跃区     

Seasonal variability of the zooplankton community in the southwest of the Huanghai Sea (Yellow Sea) Cold Water Mass

Samples were collected with a plankton net in the four seasonal cruises during 2006-2007 to study the seasonal variability of the zooplankton community in the southwest part of Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass (HSCWM, Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass). The spatial and temporal variations of zooplankton species composition, biomass, abundance and biodiversity were examined. A total of 122 zooplankton species and 30 pelagic larvae were identified in the four cruises. Calanus sinicus and Aidanosagitta crassa were the most dominant species, and Themisto gaudichaudi and Euphausia pacifica were widely distributed in the HSCWM area. The spatial patterns of non-gelatinous zooplankton (removing the high water content groups) were similar to those of the total zooplankton biomass in autumn, but different significantly in the other three seasons. The seasonal means of zooplankton biomass in spring and summer were much higher than that in autumn and winter. The total zooplankton abundance averaged 283.5 ind./m~3 in spring (highest), 192.5 ind./m~3 in summer, 165.5 ind./m~3 in autumn and 65.9 ind./m~3 in winter (lowest), and the non-gelatinous groups contributed the most total abundance. Correlation analysis suggests that the non-gelatinous zooplankton biomass and abundance had a significant positive correlation in the whole year, but the relationship was insignificant between the total zooplankton biomass and abundance in spring and summer. The diversity index H of zooplankton community averaged 1.88 in this study, which was somewhat higher than historical results. Relatively low diversity in summer was related to the high dominance of Calanus sinicus, probably due to the strongest effect of the HSCWM in this season.     

冬季黄海暖流西偏机理数值探讨

利用海洋数值模式(MITgcm)模拟了冬季黄海流场并对冬季黄海暖流西偏的机理进行了探讨。冬季黄海流场模拟试验表明,黄海暖流由济州岛以西约32.5°N,125°E附近进入黄海,然后沿着黄海深槽西侧70 m等深线附近向北偏西运动;海面高度调整对黄海暖流路径具有重要影响,沿着黄海暖流路径的海面高度梯度比周围海区大,由海面高度梯度产生的地转流引起的北向体积输运占总的北向体积输运的78%。狭长海湾地形控制试验表明,单纯的黄海地形分布不足以引起黄海暖流西偏。黄海典型断面试验与渤海、黄海、东海地形控制试验说明,黄海暖流进入黄海的地理位置对流场分布有重要影响,黄海暖流进入黄海的位置恰好位于深槽西侧地形坡度较大区域,在位涡守恒的约束下黄海暖流受地形捕获沿70 m等深线附近向北偏西运动;试验还表明,黄海暖流进入黄海的位置与东海北部环流和地形分布有关,在冬季风的作用下东海北部环流的一部分沿着地形陡坡进入黄海形成黄海暖流。由此认为,黄海、东海环流在其特殊地形的约束下对冬季风的响应和调整,是引起黄海暖流西偏的主要原因。     

东海西部陆架海域水团的季节特征分析

On the basis of the CTD data and the modeling results in the winter and summer of 2009, the seasonal characteristics of the water masses in the western East China Sea shelf area were analyzed using a cluster analysis method. The results show that the distributions and temperature-salinity characteristics of the water masses in the study area are of distinct seasonal difference. In the western East China Sea shelf area, there are three water masses during winter, i.e., continental coastal water（CCW）, Taiwan Warm Current surface water（TWCSW） and Yellow Sea mixing water（YSMW）, but four ones during summer, i.e., the CCW, the TWCSW, Taiwan Warm Current deep water（TWCDW） and the YSMW. Of all, the CCW, the TWCSW and the TWCDW are all dominant water masses. The CCW, primarily characterized by a low salinity, has lower temperature, higher salinity and smaller spatial extent in winter than in summer. The TWCSW is warmer, fresher and smaller in summer than in winter, and it originates mostly from the Kuroshio surface water（KSW） northeast of Taiwan, China and less from the Taiwan Strait water during winter, but it consists of the strait water and the KSW during summer. The TWCDW is characterized by a low temperature and a high salinity, and originates completely in the Kuroshio subsurface water northeast of Taiwan.     

Temperature inversion in the Huanghai Sea bottom cold water in summer

Using conductivity-Temperature-depth data of a recent cruise during July 22-28, 2008 and historical data, it is found that temperature inversions occur from time to time in the Huanghai Sea(Yellow Sea) cold water mass (HSCWM) in summer. The temperature inversions are produced by the movement of the fresh and cold HSCWM masses above the warm and saline Huanghai Sea Warm Current water at the central bottom of the Huanghai Sea Trough. The non-homogeneous profiles of the temperature and the salinity suggest that vertical mixing in the HSCWM, which is of great importance to the circulation in the Huanghai Sea in summer, is weak. Trajectories of satellite-tracked surface drifters suggest that waters in the northern reach of the Huanghai Sea move southward along the 40-50 m isobaths and descend into the southern Huanghai Sea to form the western core of the HSCWM.     

Seasonal Variations of Water Masses and Sea Level in the Southwestern Part of the Okhotsk Sea

A new grid data set for the southwestern part of the Okhotsk Sea was compiled by using all the available hydrographic data from the Japan Oceanographic Data Center, World Ocean Atlas 1994 and the other additional data sources with the resolution of about 10 km. We examine the seasonal variations of areas and volumes of Soya Warm Current Water (SWCW) and East Sakhalin Current Water (ESCW) and show that the exchanges of these water masses drastically occur in April and November. The peculiar variation of sea level in this region is also related with the water mass exchange. Sea level at the Hokkaido coast of the Okhotsk Sea reaches its minimum in April about two months later than in the case of ordinary mid-latitude ocean, and its maximum in December besides the summer peak. The winter peak of sea level in December is caused by the advent of fresh and cold ESCW which is accumulated at the subsurface layers (20–150 m) through the Ekman convergence by the prevailing northerly wind. Sea level minimum in April is caused by the release of the convergence and the recovery of dense SWCW that is saline and much colder than that in summer.     

东海、黄海底层鱼类数量分布季节变化的因子分析

根据2000年春(4月)、夏(6月)、秋(9月)、冬(12月)四季东海、黄海底拖网鱼类资源调查资料,使用因子分析的方法分析了该海域鱼类数量分布的季节变化特征。R型分析发现,春季关系最密切的鱼种有4种:斑鳐、凤鲚、海鳗和黑鳃梅童鱼;夏季有5种:鳀、小黄鱼、黄鮟鱇、绿鳍鱼和长蛇鲻;秋季也有5种:带鱼、灰鲳、虻鲉、日本鲭和小黄鱼;冬季有3种:带鱼、鳄齿鱼和发光鲷。历史资源调查证实,夏季的这5个鱼种之间以摄食与被摄食关系为主。进一步分析发现,各季节关系密切的鱼种所聚集分布的水域,正是这些鱼种各季对应的生理周期洄游分布的主要水域。根据Q型分析可以得到各季的综合优势鱼种及其优势分布水域,发现带鱼和小黄鱼是东海、黄海渔业资源的绝对优势鱼种,除了带鱼、小黄鱼以外,其他的综合优势鱼种都是一些价值较低的、生长速度较快的小型鱼类。     

南黄海表层沉积物粒度特征季节变化及其影响因素

通过对南黄海春季和秋季27个相同站位表层沉积物的粒度分析,并结合水文观测资料,研究了南黄海表层沉积物粒度的季节变化,参考文献资料初步讨论了粒度变化的影响因素。研究结果显示,按照Folk分类,南黄海表层沉积物可以分为粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、粉砂和泥四种类型。秋季与春季相比,总体上砂和粉砂的含量增加,黏土含量降低,相应地平均粒径相对变粗,分选系数和峰态的变化较小,而偏态表现为更加正偏。季节性变化还表现出明显的区域差异,主要是受环流系统、河流来沙及波浪的季节性变化的影响。     

A restudy of ostracode assemblages in the surface sediments of the Huanghai Sea

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东海、黄海鱼类群落结构的季节变化研究

根据2000年春(4月)、夏(6月)、秋(9月)、冬(12月)四季东海、黄海底拖网鱼类资源调查资料,分析了该海域的鱼类群落结构的四季变化特征.四季全部调查海域中出现的优势鱼种有8种:带鱼、小黄鱼、黄鲫、发光鲷、细条天竺鲷、鳀、鳄齿鱼和刺鲳,其中带鱼和小黄鱼是常年优势种.鱼种季节迁移变化以黄海南部波动最大,东海中部相对较为稳定,东海北部稳定性介于两者之间.生物多样性指数中丰富度指数(D)和Shannon-Wiener多样度指数(H')变化趋势一致,在春、夏两季3个区域相差不大,而在秋、冬两季黄海南部与东海北部和中部有明显分异;种类均匀度指数(J')在四季节3个区域之间相差不大.在暖季(夏、秋)南部鱼类呈向北迁移,而在冷季(冬、春)北部的鱼类有向南迁移的趋势.     

A Review on the Currents in the South China Sea: Seasonal Circulation, South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio Intrusion

Researches on the currents in the South China Sea (SCS) and the interaction between the SCS and its adjacent seas are reviewed. Overall seasonal circulation in the SCS is cyclonic in winter and anticyclonic in summer with a few stable eddies. The seasonal circulation is mostly driven by monsoon winds, and is related to water exchange between the SCS and the East China Sea through the Taiwan Strait, and between the SCS and the Kuroshio through the Luzon Strait. Seasonal characteristics of the South China Sea Warm Current in the northern SCS and the Kuroshio intrusion to the SCS are summarized in terms of the interaction between the SCS and its adjacent seas.     

南黄海溶解氧的平面分布及其季节变化

根据中韩“黄海水循环及物质通量合作研究”项目1996～1997年现场调查获得的资料,首次对南黄海整个海域溶解氧的平面分布特征及其季节变化规律进行了探讨.对一些主要海洋过程如黄海暖流、台湾暖流、沿岸流、长江冲淡水、黄海冷水团及浮游植物的光合作用等对南黄海溶解氧含量分布的影响进行了讨论.     

Recent advances in ocean-circulation research on the Yellow Sea and East China Sea shelves

Recent advances in ocean-circulation research on the Yellow Sea and East China Sea shelves are summarized. Observations using acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) suggest that the connectivity of mean-volume-transports is incomplete between the Tsushima (2.6 Sverdrups; 1 Sv = 10⁶ m³/s) and Taiwan Straits (1.2 Sv). The remaining 1.4-Sv transport must be supplied by onshore Kuroshio intrusion across the East China Sea shelf break. The Yellow Sea Warm Current is not a persistent ocean current, but an episodic event forced by northerly winter monsoon winds. Nevertheless, the Cheju Warm Current is detected clearly regardless of season. In addition, the throughflow in the Taiwan Strait may be episodic in winter when northeasterly winds prevail. The throughflow strengthens (vanishes) under moderate (severe) northeasterly wind conditions. Using all published ADCP-derived estimates, the throughflow transport (V) in the Taiwan Strait is approximated as