地幔交代作用：研究进展、问题及对策

有关地幔交代作用的研究始于７０年代早期。近２０年来研究工作的贡献是使人们对与地幔演化和不均一性有关的地幔交代作用特征和交代作用机制有了更多的了解，地幔交作用很复杂，它取决于交代作用发生的时间、构造环境、交代介质的种类以及与不同深度地幔内各种地质事件有关的流体的组成。进一步深入开发有关交代作用成因、机制及其与各种地质事件关系的研究，对于深入认识岩石圈地幔的演化和不均一特征具有十分重要的意义。对不同构     

地幔交代作用与地幔流体

简要综述了地幔交代作用的特征、研究现状及研究热点，阐明了地幔流体在地幔中的宏观、微观分布及其交代作用机理。地幔交代作用及地幔流体的研究，将促进我们进一步认识岩石圈地幔的演化及不均一特征。     

地幔交代作用研究综述

地幔交代现象广泛发现于各地的碱性玄武岩或金伯利岩中的地幔橄榄岩包体中。地幔交代作用以地幔岩包体中不相容元素的高度富集和（或（出现角闪石、金云母为标志。岩石学、地球化学、同位素资料等显示地幔交代作用与岩板俯冲及部分熔融作用之间存在密切联系，地幔组成、结构、演化与大陆构造演化之间存在紧密的关系。同位素模式年龄暗示地幔交代作用可能是大陆构造活动的深部原因。     

地幔柱理论研究概述

本文介绍了地幔柱理论研究的一系列进展，诸如地幔柱特征，动力学主模式及其一系列地质铲应；阐明了地幔柱构造与板块构造的关系，地幔柱理论涉及的是地幔深部物质垂直运动的机制，其研究对于进一步了解地球深部动力学机制有重大意义。     

西太平洋雅浦海沟地幔演化与岩浆作用研究进展

俯冲带地幔演化与岩浆作用是地球各固体圈层之间发生物质和能量交换的重要地质过程.西太平洋雅浦海沟因其极短的沟-弧距离和洋脊碰撞等独特的地质构造特征成为研究复杂条件下俯冲带演化的理想场所.为了探究雅浦海沟地幔演化与岩浆作用,本文将前人对雅浦海沟火成岩的研究数据进行整合,分析了雅浦海沟火成岩的成因,并根据火成岩形成的制约条件,对卡罗琳板块俯冲到菲律宾海板块的地幔演化与岩浆作用过程进行了讨论.结果显示雅浦海沟火成岩均具有与俯冲相关火成岩的典型特征.橄榄岩地球化学特征指示雅浦海沟地幔熔融程度为20%~25%,地幔在部分熔融过程中受到了流体与熔体的双重交代作用.Re-Os同位素特征指示雅浦海沟地幔中存在约1.16 Ga非常古老的残余地幔,表明地幔可能经历过多期熔融事件,从而导致雅浦海沟地幔非常亏损.雅浦岛弧成因至今仍存争议,主要包括:(1)现今雅浦岛弧为帕里希维拉海盆洋壳的一部分,在中新世因卡罗琳洋脊的碰撞导致帕里希维拉海盆洋壳逆冲到原雅浦岛弧之上.(2)雅浦岛弧在不同构造时期经历过多期岛弧岩浆作用,包括俯冲初始阶段(~52 Ma)的弧前玄武岩、俯冲开始后的岛弧玄武岩(~25 Ma)、与卡罗琳洋脊碰撞(21 Ma)后的岛弧拉斑玄武岩(7~11 Ma).其中7~11 Ma的岛弧拉斑玄武岩指示雅浦岛弧岩浆活动并未因卡罗琳洋脊的碰撞完全停止,很有可能在晚中新世短暂恢复活动.      

地幔对流及其对地壳表层拉张盆地的影响

回顾近十年来在地幔对流方面的最新研究进展,阐述了板块俯冲后在地幔中的演化特征,以及地幔上升流即地幔柱的驱动机制和地质效应。特别介绍了地幔柱对地壳表层拉张盆地形成和充填过程的影响。进一步探讨了地幔柱活动在济阳坳陷的地质表现及其引发的火山岩浆活动、碎屑充填特征。认为盆地演化的阶段性间接反映了地幔对流的阶段性。     

地幔流体研究进展

介绍了在地幔流体的成分、源区、形成机制、运移方式和分异模式以及地幔流体与地幔交代作用、岩浆作用和成矿作用的关系等方面研究的一些新进展 ,总结了地幔流体的研究途径和方法的一些新突破 ,并指出了今后的重点研究方向。     

河南鹤壁地区地幔包体特征及内部NAMs的含水量研究

地幔包体作为研究岩石圈深部过程的直接对象,其内部"名义无水矿物"(NAMs)的地球化学和含水量特征,以及所在的地质背景、产出位置等为揭示岩石圈地幔演化提供了重要途径。河南鹤壁位于华北活化克拉通与稳定克拉通之间的过渡带上,区内出露的超基性、基性岩体中含有丰富的地幔包体,为研究过渡带中上地幔的温、压条件及含水量特征等提供了重要的窗口。本文通过EMPA和Micro-FTIR手段,对地幔包体中NAMs的主量元素和红外吸收光谱进行观测,利用各种地质温压计以及Beer-Lamber含水量分析方法对这些数据进行处理,得到了不同深度来源的地幔包体当时所处的温、压条件,地球化学属性以及内部NAMs所对应的含水量等信息,为研究鹤壁地区与世界各地不同地质背景下NAMs的含水量差别以及NAMs的含水量与地球化学元素之间的相关性提供了重要线索。     

贵州矿产与峨眉地幔柱演化阶段的成因联系探讨

贵州境内与峨眉地幔柱不同演化阶段有关的矿产初步分为三类,一类是在峨眉地幔柱演化的壳幔相互作用阶段,因地壳隆升于遵义断拱内形成的石炭纪沉积型铝土矿;第二类是在峨眉地幔柱演化的喷发—消退阶段,与玄武岩有直接成因关系的热水沉积型锰、铁锰、含锰菱铁矿,玄武岩铜矿及火山—沉积型硫铁矿等;第三类可能主要于峨眉地幔柱喷发—消退阶段,因壳幔相互作用,地幔热流上升诱发地壳的重熔以及各种地质响应而形成的中-低温热液矿床,还有一些是在喷发-消退阶段后期,与残留在地壳底部的固化地幔柱"活化"有关的中-低温热液矿床。     

初论地幔热柱与成矿——以冀西北金银多金属成矿区为例

作者通过对冀两北金、银多金属矿化集中区成矿规律和物探航磁、重力及遥感信息的综合研究,提出冀西北地区存在一个超越内蒙地轴与燕山褶皱带两个不同历史大地构造单元之上的中生代地幔热柱构造。文中例举了地幔热梓构造标志特征,探讨了地幔热柱构造地质作用（超变质作用、岩浆作用、成矿作用）及其时空演化规律,建立了地幔热柱构造的壳幔成矿模式。     

Genesis and evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the Buffalo Head Terrane, Alberta (Canada)

Mantle xenoliths and xenocrysts were retrieved from three of the 88–86 Ma Buffalo Hills kimberlites (K6, K11, K14) for a reconnaissance study of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath the Buffalo Head Terrane (Alberta, Canada). The xenoliths include spinel lherzolites, one garnet spinel lherzolite, garnet harzburgites, one sheared garnet lherzolite and pyroxenites. Pyroxenitic and wehrlitic garnet xenocrysts are derived primarily from the shallow mantle and lherzolitic garnet xenocrysts from the deep mantle. Harzburgite with Ca-saturated garnets is concentrated in a layer between 135–165 km depth. Garnet xenocrysts define a model conductive paleogeotherm corresponding to a heat flow of 38–39 mW/m². The sheared garnet lherzolite lies on an inflection of this geotherm and may constrain the depth of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) beneath this region to ca 180 km depth.

A loss of >20% partial melt is recorded by spinel lherzolites and up to 60% by the garnet harzburgites, which may be related to lithosphere formation. The mantle was subsequently modified during at least two metasomatic events. An older metasomatic event is evident in incompatible-element enrichments in homogeneous equilibrated garnet and clinopyroxene. Silicate melt metasomatism predominated in the deep lithosphere and led to enrichments in the HFSE with minor enrichments in LREE. Metasomatism by small-volume volatile-rich melts, such as carbonatite, appears to have been more important in the shallow lithosphere and led to enrichments in LREE with minor enrichments in HFSE. An intermediate metasomatic style, possibly a signature of volatile-rich silicate melts, is also recognised. These metasomatic styles may be related through modification of a single melt during progressive interaction with the mantle. This metasomatism is suggested to have occurred during Paleoproterozoic rifting of the Buffalo Head Terrane from the neighbouring Rae Province and may be responsible for the evolution of some samples toward unradiogenic Nd and Hf isotopic compositions.

Disturbed Re–Os isotope systematics, evident in implausible model ages, were obtained in situ for sulfides in several spinel lherzolites and suggest that many sulfides are secondary (metasomatic) or mixtures of primary and secondary sulfides. Sulfide in one peridotite has unradiogenic ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os and gives a model age of 1.89±0.38 Ga. This age coincides with the inferred emplacement of mafic sheets in the crust and suggests that the melts parental to the intrusions interacted with the lithospheric mantle.

A younger metasomatic event is indicated by the occurrence of sulfide-rich melt patches, unequilibrated mineral compositions and overgrowths on spinel that are Ti-, Cr- and Fe-rich but Zn-poor. Subsequent cooling is recorded by fine exsolution lamellae in the pyroxenes and by arrested mineral reactions.

If the lithosphere beneath the Buffalo Head Terrane was formed in the Archaean, any unambiguous signatures of this ancient origin may have been obliterated during these multiple events.     

Oxidation of the Kaapvaal lithospheric mantle driven by metasomatism

The oxidation state, reflected in the oxygen fugacity (fO₂), of the subcratonic lithospheric mantle is laterally and vertically heterogeneous. In the garnet stability field, the Kaapvaal lithospheric mantle becomes progressively more reducing with increasing depth from Δlog fO₂ FMQ-2 at 110 km to FMQ-4 at 210 km. Oxidation accompanying metasomatism has obscured this crystal-chemical controlled depth-fO₂ trend in the mantle beneath Kimberley, South Africa. Chondrite normalized REE patterns for garnets, preserve evidence of a range in metasomatic enrichment from mild metasomatism in harzburgites to extensive metasomatism by LREE-enriched fluids and melts with fairly unfractionated LREE/HREE ratios in phlogopite-bearing lherzolites. The metasomatized xenoliths record redox conditions extending up to Δlog fO₂ = FMQ, sufficiently oxidized that magnesite would be the stable host of carbon in the most metasomatized samples. The most oxidized lherzolites, those in or near the carbonate stability field, have the greatest modal abundance of phlogopite and clinopyroxene. Clinopyroxene is modally less abundant or absent in the most reduced peridotite samples. The infiltration of metasomatic fluids/melts into diamondiferous lithospheric mantle beneath the Kaapvaal craton converted reduced, anhydrous harzburgite into variably oxidized phlogopite-bearing lherzolite. Locally, portions of the lithospheric mantle were metasomatized and oxidized to an extent that conversion of diamond into carbonate should have occurred. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

岚皋碱性镁铁-超镁铁质潜火山杂岩中金云角闪辉石岩类地幔捕虏体矿物学特征

金云角闪辉石岩类捕虏体产于扬子板块北缘岚皋县境的早古生代碱性镁铁质-超镁铁质潜火山杂岩中,它们的典型矿物组成为单斜辉石、角闪石、金云母、磷灰石和钛铁矿。捕虏体岩石具粗-细粒等粒结构、板状等粒结构、三联点结构、碎裂结构和肯克带结构,交代结构十分发育。岩石产状、结构和矿物成分特征研究表明,金云角闪辉石岩类捕虏体是地幔交代作用产物,可能代表了该区碱性镁铁质-超镁铁质潜火山杂岩的源区岩石。     

造山带橄榄岩记录的大陆俯冲带多期壳幔相互作用

俯冲带是地壳与地幔之间物质交换的主要场所.前人对大洋俯冲带壳幔相互作用进行了大量研究,但是对俯冲带壳幔相互作用的物理化学过程和机理仍缺乏明确认识.在大陆俯冲带出露有造山带橄榄岩,它们来自俯冲板片之上的地幔楔,是解决这个问题的理想样品.通过对大别-苏鲁和柴北缘造山带橄榄岩进行系统的岩石学和地球化学研究,发现地幔楔橄榄岩由于俯冲地壳的交代作用而含有新生锆石和残留锆石,它们能为地壳交代作用时间、交代介质来源、性质和组成提供制约.地幔楔橄榄岩在大陆碰撞过程的不同阶段受到了俯冲大陆地壳衍生的多期不同性质流体的交代作用.地幔楔橄榄岩还受到了陆壳俯冲之前古俯冲洋壳衍生流体的交代作用.深俯冲陆壳衍生熔体与橄榄岩反应形成的石榴辉石岩具有高的水含量,能提供高水含量的地幔源区.      

Metasomatism and sulfide mobility in lithospheric mantle beneath eastern Australia: Implications for mantle Re–Os chronology

Spinel lherzolite xenoliths from Tertiary basaltic host magmas at Allyn River, eastern Australia reveal two distinct petrographic and geochemical types. One group is distinguished by xenoliths with undeformed, equilibrated microstructures and interstitial melt patches; The second group shows deformation and contains abundant fluid inclusions but no melt patches. Trace-element signatures of clinopyroxene in these xenoliths provide evidence for metasomatism by a silicate agent with hydrous component and by a carbonate-rich agent respectively.

Melt patches in the undeformed xenoliths contain secondary minerals including clinopyroxene, olivine, feldspar, Mg- and Ca-rich carbonate, apatite, ilmenite and spinel. They are interpreted to represent volatile-rich melt captured shortly prior to entrainment in the host basalt. Sulfide globules, now recrystallised to discrete sulfide phases but inferred to be molten at lithospheric mantle T and P, are closely associated with the melt patches. The close association between sulfide and highly mobile, volatile-bearing fluid has important implications for the mobility of Re and Os, the use of their isotopes in dating mantle events, and the possible effect of volatile-bearing metasomatic agents on their composition.     

郯庐断裂带中-南段新生代火山活动与深部过程

郯庐断裂带中南段新生代火山活动主要发生在古近纪、中新世和更新世3个阶段,前者出现在断裂带的伸展活动中,后两者出现在挤压活动中。随着时代变新,玄武岩碱性逐渐增强,轻、重稀土元素分离程度及不相容元素富集程度也逐渐增强。Sr、Nd同位素显示,源区地幔具有轻微富集型(EMⅠ)→洋岛型→洋中脊型的演化规律。断裂带所影响的地幔发生了地幔剪切变形及显著的交代作用,两者相互促进。断裂带在新生代演化中切割深度不断加大,火山源区不断加深,现今已切穿了整个岩石圈。断裂带在新生代软流圈上隆的背景下,经过地幔剪切、减压、地幔交代及部分熔融等深部过程,从而出现了大规模的玄武岩喷发。     

40Ar/39Ar-dating of phlogopite from mantle xenoliths: Evidence for deep ancient metasomatism of the Siberian craton lithosphere

By applying the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar-dating method, age estimates for phlogopites of mantle xenoliths with different parageneses from the Udachnaya and Mir kimberlite pipes (Yakutia, Russia) were obtained. The oldest ages determined are 2.6–2.3 Ga, which far transcends the Paleozoic age of kimberlite entrainment. The phlogopite formation of these ages reflects ancient metasomatic events following rearrangement processes in the mantle in the Archean-Early Proterozoic, particularly during and after accretion of the Pangea-0 super-continent. A multistep age spectrum of UV162/09 was obtained from several generations of phlogopite and indicates a later multistage metasomatic process taking place in the mantle under Udachnaya pipe. Several stages of mantle metasomatism of various ages and scales are detected within the Siberian platform.     

大陆岩石圈地幔的组成与交代作用

结合前人研究成果,总结了大陆岩石圈地幔的研究方法和研究对象,并对研究方法及研究对象作了评述.Griffin等将岩石圈地幔分为Archon、Proton、Tecton三类.Archon大陆岩石圈地幔相对原始地幔来说是强烈亏损的;大多数Tecton相对于原始地幔是适度亏损的;而Proton的组成在Archon和Tecton大陆岩石圈地幔2个端元之间.总体上看,古老岩石圈地幔亏损程度最大,而年轻岩石圈地幔相对古老岩石圈富集.富集过程主要与地幔交代作用有关.从交代作用的表现形式、交代剂的性质与来源方面,通过研究地幔捕虏体/捕掳晶,可以很好地认识岩石圈地幔的富集过程.