五种管口类纤毛虫的形态学研究

管口目纤毛虫由于个体微小且大部分种类缺乏现代分类学的研究,是纤毛门中较混乱的类群之一。为进一步了解其形态性状的种群间差异,借助显微活体观察及蛋白银染色法对采自青岛、湛江和香港近岸的斯雷腹沟虫(Coeloperix sleighi)、尖绒毛虫(Microxysma acutum)、乙状轮毛虫(Trochilia sigmoides)、阿氏直毛虫(Orthotrochilia agamalievi)和近岸类偏体虫(Agnathodysteria littoralis)5种管口类纤毛虫进行了形态学再研究,依据新采集种群,对其活体形态和纤毛图式特征进行补足性描述。结果发现,斯雷腹沟虫、乙状轮毛虫和阿氏直毛虫的形态性状极为稳定,而新采集的尖绒毛虫和近岸类偏体虫种群在伸缩泡数目上同前人描述略有差异。     

多毛类18S rDNA和GOⅠ基因序列片段及其分子系统发育研究

应用分子系统发育学的方法,以多毛类18S rDNA和线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚单位Ⅰ(CO Ⅰ)基因序列片段为分子标记,结合形态学特征对它们的分类地位进行了探讨.结果显示,四索沙蚕-梯斑海毛虫分枝的遗传距离为0.044,(四索沙蚕-梯斑海毛虫)-小头虫分枝的遗传距离为0.072,四索沙蚕分枝与岩虫分枝的遗传距离比较大,为0.091.分析结果显示18S系统发育树将仙女虫科定位为矶沙蚕目的内群分类单元,100%的Bootstrap值进一步表明仙女虫科和索沙蚕科的姐妹群关系;分析结果还显示了小头虫目与矶沙蚕目的亲缘关系密切.     

海水养殖鱼类外寄生车轮虫II.拟车轮虫属、小车轮虫属及两分虫属

依据干银法和蛋白银法染色法研究了黄渤海沿岸经济鱼类寄生的车轮虫科内 3属 4种纤毛虫 :球核拟车轮虫、斜拟车轮虫、劳牧小车轮虫及简单两分虫。其中球核拟车轮虫和斜拟车轮虫为我国的新记录。文中对所涉车轮虫的形态学、宿主、分布、流行情况等做了报道。     

闽南—台湾浅滩渔场多毛类的分布

1987年12月至1988年11月在闽南-台湾浅滩渔场获得83种多毛类，隶属于35科67属。欧努菲虫（Onuphis eremita）、锥唇吻沙蚕（Glycera o-nomichiensis）、拟特须虫（Paralacydonia paradoxa）和滑指矶沙蚕（Eunice indica）等出现频率较高。马氏独毛虫（Tharyx marioni）、奇异稚齿虫（Paraprionospio pin-nata）、多齿全刺沙蚕（Nectoneanthes multignatha）和梯额虫（Scalibregma inflatum）密集地分布于局部水域。闽南-台湾浅滩渔场多毛类年平均生物量为1.13g/m^2，年平均密度为25个/m^2，均低于台湾海峡北部、东山湾湖下带和大亚湾等水域。闽南-台湾浅滩渔场多毛类表现为低多样性特征。这些分布特征取决于底质类型，该海区沉积颗粒较粗，不利于多毛类繁衍。海流和水团也有重要作用。     

多毛类18S rDNA和CO Ⅰ基因序列片段及其分子系统发育研究

应用分子系统发育学的方法，以多毛类18S rDNA和线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚单位Ⅰ（COⅠ）基因序列片段为分子标记，结合形态学特征对它们的分类地位进行了探讨．结果显示，四索沙蚕-梯斑海毛虫分枝的遗传距离为0．044，（四索沙蚕-梯斑海毛虫）-小头虫分枝的遗传距离为0．072，四索沙蚕分枝与岩虫分枝的遗传距离比较大，为0．091．分析结果显示18S系统发育树将仙女虫科定位为矾沙蚕目的内群分类单元，100％的Bootstrap值进一步表明仙女虫科和索沙蚕科的姐妹群关系；分析结果还显示了小头虫目与矶沙蚕目的亲缘关系密切．     

海水养殖鱼类外寄生车轮虫Ⅱ.拟车轮虫属、小车轮虫属及两分虫属

依据干银法和蛋白银法染色法研究了黄渤海沿岸经济鱼类寄生的车轮虫科内3属4种纤毛虫: 球核拟车轮虫、斜拟车轮虫、劳牧小车轮虫及简单两分虫.其中球核拟车轮虫和斜拟车轮虫为我国的新记录.文中对所涉车轮虫的形态学、宿主、分布、流行情况等做了报道.     

不同盐度、饵料和光照条件培养下拟伍氏游仆虫的种群动力学响应

为探究不同盐度、饵料和光照条件培养下拟伍氏游仆虫(Euplotes parawoodruffi)的种群动力学响应,本实验采用酵母和杜氏盐藻2种不同类型的饵料喂食拟伍氏游仆虫,在一系列盐度梯度(5、10、15、20、25)及2种光照条件[光照(14 L∶10 D)、全黑暗]下,测定了拟伍氏游仆虫的种群动力学参数变化。使用种群动力学参数(环境容纳量K、种群内禀增长率r、及世代时间G)评价盐度胁迫和不同培养条件对拟伍氏游仆虫的影响。结果表明:在盐度15处理组拟伍氏游仆虫的环境容纳量达到峰值,高盐度下(20～25)拟伍氏游仆虫的环境容纳量显著下降(P<0.05)。随盐度变化,杜氏盐藻组拟伍氏游仆虫的种群内禀增长率呈先上升后下降的趋势,酵母组种群内禀增长率呈先下降后上升的趋势;酵母组喂养的拟伍氏游仆虫环境容纳量高于杜氏盐藻喂养组,内禀增长率低于杜氏盐藻喂养组。光照条件下拟伍氏游仆虫的环境容纳量高于全黑暗条件,内禀增长率低于全黑暗条件。拟伍氏游仆虫对盐度胁迫的响应敏感,可作为环境监测的指示生物,在盐度为15,光照条件(14 L∶10 D)下使用酵母投喂,可实现拟伍氏游仆虫高密度的培养。     

中国近海艾裂虫亚科(多毛纲:裂虫科)的初步研究

多毛纲的裂虫科Syllidae和沙蚕科Nereidae、海女虫科Hesionidae、白毛虫科Pilargiidae等同属于沙蚕型多毛类动物.它们与叶须虫科Phyllodocidae又有极近的亲缘关系.艾裂虫亚科是裂虫科中疣足具背、腹须,两触角至少一半以上愈合,体长多在2-5毫米的底栖动物.它们多栖于潮间带岩石海岸的海藻根部、牡蛎空壳下或砾岩石表面沉积的泥沙中.据报导,在深海底亦有分布.艾裂虫亚科的生殖除裂配生殖schizogamy(或称婚前现象)外,还具抱卵生殖gestation.     

中国沿岸水域养殖贝类及其养殖笼网污损苔虫7新种

拟小孔苔虫属Microporella和斑孔苔虫属Fenestrulina均隶于唇口目Cheilostomida有囊亚目Ascophorina皮壳次目 Lepraliomorpha裂孔超科Schizoporelloidea拟小孔苔虫科Microporellidae。这两个属的主要区别在于：拟小孔苔虫属具有鸟头体，而斑孔苔虫属无鸟头体。我们在研究中国沿岸水域养殖贝类及其养殖笼网的污损苔虫时发现，中国一些学者以前所报道的“纤毛拟小孔苔虫”并非 Pallas(1766)所鉴定的种，而是包括不同于纤毛拟小孔苔虫Microporella ciliata Pallas，1766的5个不同的独立种，即本文所描述的拟小孔苔虫属的5个新种：空穴拟小孔苔虫 Microporella vacuatus sp.nov.、小筛网拟小孔苔虫Microporella cribellata sp.nov.、无齿拟小孔苔虫Microporella inermis sp.nov.、异北方拟小孔苔虫 Microporella antiborealis sp.nov.和项链拟小孔苔虫 Microporella monilifera sp.nov.。这5个新种与纤毛拟小孔苔虫的主要区别是:5新种的口刺为2~6根，除无齿拟小孔苔虫的口上卵胞仅具一列边缘孔外，其他4新种卵胞前表面还有分散的穿孔；而纤毛拟小孔苔虫的口刺为6根，口上卵胞细颗粒状，无穿孔。研究中我们还发现前人所定名为“马氏斑孔苔虫”的种并非 Audouin(1826)所描述的种，而是4种不同于马氏斑孔苔虫 Fenestrulina mallusii Audouin，1826的独立种，其中两种不属于污损苔虫的范畴，另外的两种即本文所描述的斑孔苔虫属的两新种，即中华斑孔苔虫Fenestrulina Sinica sp.nov.和东方斑孔苔虫Fenestrulina orientalis sp.nov.。这两个新种与马氏斑孔苔虫的主要区别在于：两新种口刺均为4~6根，受孕个虫有2根裸露的口刺；而马氏斑孔苔虫的口刺为2~3根，受孕个虫无裸露的口刺。     

拟穴青蟹大眼幼体对卤虫的摄食率和摄食选择

研究了拟穴青蟹（Scylla paramam osain）大眼幼体在不同饵料密度和组合条件下对卤虫（Ar-tem iasp.）无节幼体及成体的摄食率、摄食节律等,发现：光照-视觉因素对拟穴青蟹大眼幼体捕食卤虫无节幼体的数量无显著影响,但对捕食卤虫成体的影响显著（p〈0.05）.饵料密度较低（如卤虫无节幼体密度〈10 ind/cm3）时,饵料密度与拟穴青蟹大眼幼体摄食率呈正相关;饵料密度较高时饵料密度变化对拟穴青蟹大眼幼体摄食率的影响不显著（p〉0.05）.禁食后投饵,在高饵料密度（如卤虫无节幼体密度≥10 ind/cm3）下拟穴青蟹大眼幼体的摄食率在短时间（如4 h）较高,随供饵时间的延续摄食率开始下降,较长时间（24 h）摄食率显著较低.以干重计,拟穴青蟹大眼幼体对卤虫成体的摄食率全面高于对卤虫无节幼体;但混合投喂卤虫无节幼体和成体时拟穴青蟹大眼幼体摄食的卤虫成体数量较少,表明在卤虫无节幼体和成体同时存在的情况下拟穴青蟹大眼幼体倾向于放弃卤虫成体捕食无节幼体.拟穴青蟹大眼幼体的摄食行为受到被捕食风险和饵料斑块分布的显著影响.育苗生产中对拟穴青蟹大眼幼体投喂卤虫无节幼体的密度无需高于10 ind/cm3.     

纤毛虫原生动物的细胞发生模式研究--多样性与新进展

本文以纤毛门腹毛亚纲内两个目(游仆目、腹毛目)之部分代表性阶元为例,介绍了该大类高度分化的原生动物在细胞分裂过程中皮膜、纤毛器、核器的发生、演化模式以及基本规律,这些工作涉及纤毛虫口器发生中表层与深层远生型等不同亚型类群在无性分裂中皮膜结构的分化模式与发生学,包括对各相关类群特殊发生型的介绍以及对作者等所揭示的部分新发现等内容的报道。文中同时对纤毛虫细胞发生学与系统学研究间的关系、意义、目前所存在的若干未明和热点问题以及发生学资讯与当今其它系统学研究方法的互补与拟和问题做了归纳性讨论和表述。     

15种陆生贝类齿舌形态的比较研究

采用扫描电镜技术对江西省分布的7科11属15种陆生贝类的齿舌进行了观察与详细描述.结果显示所研究的15种陆生贝类中,除环口螺科的矮小双边凹螺Chamalycacus nanus侧齿和缘齿均仅有单列外,其他各科种类均由多横列组成.每一横列上又包含若干个齿片.不同科的种类齿片上缘或侧缘的数目和形态有较大差异.同一属间种类的齿片形态较为相似.     

Detecting Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems in the Southern Ocean using research trawls and underwater imagery

To ensure that destructive bottom fishing activities do not have significant adverse impacts on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) in high seas areas of the World Ocean, as required by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 61–105, knowledge of the locations of VMEs is required. Quantifying the occurrence and abundance of VME indicator taxa in research bottom-trawl samples, as well as from in situ observations with underwater photography, provides methods for detecting these ecosystems. A case study is presented in which a threshold density of indicator taxa was used as the basis for VME designation. In 2009, high densities of VME indicator taxa were encountered at 11 sites off th`e South Orkney Islands in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. In most cases, thresholds were exceeded by a limited number of VME indicator taxa, primarily representatives of the class Demospongiae (siliceous sponges), Hexactinellida (glass sponges) and Ascidiacea (tunicates). In situ imagery further showed the importance of bryozoans (lace corals), scleractinians (stony corals) and stylastrids (hydrocorals) in the study region. The approach outlined here, which relies on widely used sampling techniques, could be employed throughout the World Ocean to detect and document the presence of VMEs from existing datasets. To illustrate this point, the method was applied to a separate dataset, collected in 2006, from a research cruise off the northern Antarctic Peninsula, which led to the detection of 17 VMEs. The VMEs from both the 2006 and 2009 data are now registered and influence the management of fisheries in the Southern Ocean.     

Wave interactions with multiple-row curtainwall-pile breakwaters

In this study, a mathematical model has been developed that can compute various hydrodynamic characteristics of a multiple-row curtainwall-pile breakwater. To examine the validity of the developed model, laboratory experiments have been conducted for double- and triple-row breakwaters with various combinations of drafts of curtain walls, porosities between piles, and distances between rows. Comparisons between measurement and prediction show that the mathematical model adequately reproduces most of the important features of the experimental results. As a whole, the transmission coefficient decreases with an increase in relative water depth, whereas the reflection coefficient, normalized run-up and force exhibit an opposite trend in their variations. With fixed values of the draft of the curtain wall and the porosity of lower perforated part of the first row of a double-row breakwater, as these values of the second row increase and decrease, respectively, the transmission coefficient decreases, as expected. On the other hand, their effects on wave reflection, run-up, and wave force change with the relative depth. As for the distance between the rows, the transmission coefficient becomes a maximum when it is about one half of the wave length, suggesting that this condition should be avoided to achieve the advantage of the breakwater in reducing wave transmission. It is shown that for prototype breakwaters, on an average, the transmission coefficient would be smaller than 0.3 for wave periods less than 6.0 s, and it would be about 0.45 even for the wave period of 9.0 s, although there would be a variation depending on the geometry of the breakwater. It is also shown that wave transmission is significantly reduced by multiple-row breakwaters compared with a single-row breakwater, while the difference between double-row and triple-row breakwaters is marginal. Finally, engineering monograms are provided for double-row breakwaters to be used in practical engineering applications of the breakwaters.     

Rotenone treatment has a short-term effect on New Zealand stream macroinvertebrate communities

Invasive fish eradication is a key management strategy in aquatic ecosystems, and is often accomplished using piscicides such as rotenone. However, the effects of piscicides on aquatic invertebrate communities are poorly understood, particularly over long time scales. We monitored invertebrate communities in two treatment and two reference streams prior to and for one year following the use of rotenone to eradicate trout in Zealandia wildlife sanctuary, Wellington. Immediately following treatment, invertebrate density and taxonomic richness declined significantly, and community composition diverged markedly relative to reference streams, with pollution sensitive taxa declining greater than more tolerant taxa. Treatment streams recovered to pre-treatment conditions within 4–12 months of rotenone application, indicating minor long-term impacts on invertebrate communities. Speed of recovery of individual taxa appeared to be associated with life history variables, e.g. generation times and dispersal ability. Untreated upstream reaches and nearby water bodies likely facilitated successful invertebrate community recovery. Our results demonstrate that rapid recovery of New Zealand stream invertebrate communities is possible within one year of rotenone application.     

Dispersal, Genetic Differentiation and Speciation in Estuarine Organisms

For some of their occupants, estuaries represent spatially discrete habitats, isolated from each other by barriers to dispersal or physiological tolerance. We present contrasting strategies for the retention or export of larvae from their estuary of origin, and consider the implications these have on population structure and divergence. Reported patterns of genetic differentiation and inferred gene flow in estuarine taxa (principally animals) are reviewed, and difficulties in the interpretation of existing genetic data discussed. Species concepts and models of speciation relevant to estuaries are outlined, and patterns of speciation of estuarine taxa reviewed. It is concluded that estuarine environments tend to restrict gene flow and impose distinct selective regimes, generating physiologically adapted populations divergent from their marine counterparts, and the potential for in situ speciation in complete or partial isolation. The resulting taxa may represent sibling or cryptic species groups of truly estuarine origin, rather than simply estuarine populations of marine eurytopes.     

Environmental evaluation and development problems of the Mexican Coastal Zone

The coastal zone is the main source of foreign currency for Mexico so that federal policies are adjusting to try to improve its conditions. To that end, a large and comprehensive study was financed by the government to assess the state of knowledge of the water quality of coastal waters and the environmental status of the whole coastal area in Mexico. Based on the existing literature found in the most important research institutions of the country, as well as on field visits to 42 coastal cities from 1996 to 1998, and complemented with interviews of more than 80 persons (“key informants”) involved in the different key activities of the sites visited, the main environmental parameters useful to assess water and environmental quality were selected. All the sites where data existed and in particular the 42 main coastal cities were then analyzed according to the different categories of stress to which they are subjected and the degree of damage observed and reported. As a result, an environmental diagnosis of the Mexican coastal zone is outlined, divided by type of activity. The oil and related petrochemical industries as well as the big tourist resorts were identified as the largest contributors to the degradation of the natural ecosystems in the Mexican Coastal Zone.     

Gills of hydrothermal vent annelids: Structure, ultrastructure and functional implications in two alvinellid species

The anatomy, fine structure, diffusion distances and respiratory surface areas of the gills of two species of the polychaete family Alvinellidae have been investigated. Each gill consists of a stem on which are inserted two opposite rows of respiratory elements: flat sickle-shaped lamellae in Alvinella pompejana and cylindrical filaments in Paralvinella grasslei. Both lamellae and filaments have a ciliated mucous epidermis, a central layer of supporting and muscle cells and are devoid of coelomic cavity. Each respiratory element possesses one afferent and one efferent marginal vessel, united to each other distally, and connected proximally to separate longitudinal vessels running in the stem. Superficial parallel blood spaces connect the marginal vessels across the lamella or filament. Deeper, between the basal laminae of the epidermis and that of the central cell layer, a blood sinus is also present. The marginal vessels and the superficial blood spaces actually are intraepidermal extensions of this deep blood sinus. The diffusion distances are very small owing to the intraepidermal position of the respiratory blood spaces. The specific gill surface areas in A. pompejana and P. grasslei are the largest known today in polychaetes, respectively 12 and 47 cm² per g wet weight. The distinctive features of the gills are possibly related to a low oxygen content of the ambient seawater. Numerous crystalline granules scattered in the gill epidermis suggest that this epithelium has a detoxifying function.     

流体动力干扰对桩柱矩阵阵列波浪力的影响

随着超大型海洋结构物的设计和研究日益受到重视,研究多物体之间的流体动力干扰特性显得十分必要。用波动源在截面周线上分布的方法,就垂直桩柱间三维流体动力干扰对波浪力的影响进行了系统的研究,不仅可得到单行柱列的流体动力干扰力学机理的新特性,而且对多行桩柱阵列的研究也取得了若干新的发现：多行柱柱阵列的遮蔽作用强于单行的;无论是单行还是多行柱列,其流体动力干扰特性存在一个十分敏感的来波频域,在此区域内,力的幅值会大大超过其他频域的受力,而且桩柱阵列与交错阵列的力学特性也有所不同。这对超大型海洋结构物的设计有着重要的指导意义。     

Laboratory investigation on wave transmission through two rows of perforated hollow piles

Experimental investigations on perforated hollow piles in two rows were conducted in a two dimensional wave flume. The influence of water depth, incident wave steepness, clear spacing between the piles and the spacing of pile rows on transmission coefficient have been studied. The effect of staggering of piles in rows is investigated. The results are also compared with the results of experiments on piles without perforations. The investigations have revealed that perforated piles attenuate more wave energy than non-perforated piles. The transmission coefficient K_t decreases as the wave steepness increases for both non-perforated and perforated piles. For non-perforated piles as relative clear spacing between the piles (b/D) decreases, for waves of higher steepness, K_t decreases while for perforated piles as b/D decreases, K_t is decreasing for all the steepness considered. As the relative clear spacing between the pile rows (B/D) increases K_t initially decreases till B/D is around one and later it starts increasing for both non-perforated and perforated piles. Staggering of piles has little effect on K_t. It is also found that water depth has insignificant influence on transmission coefficient at higher steepness for both perforated and non-perforated piles. Wave period alone does not directly influence transmission coefficient K_t.