从海相地层磷灰石的裂变径迹探讨楚雄盆地的热史及剥蚀史

磷灰石裂变径迹分析法是恢复沉积盆地热史的一种有效方法．以大量的磷灰石裂变径迹资料为基础,分析了楚雄盆地海相地层热历史及地层剥蚀量。本区测试的各个样品的单颗粒年龄分布特征总体上集中程度不太好,分散性较强,反映这些样品可能均未经历125℃以上的完全退火;封闭径迹长度的分布特征反映本区具有较复杂的热史,这可能与楚雄盆地构造变动强烈并伴有多期次火山活动有关。裂变径迹反映本地区3个主要不整合（D₁/O₂、T₃/D_2、K₂／J₂)具不同的剥蚀量,表明楚雄盐地曾有较为复杂的剥蚀史：其中云参1井3个不整合的剥蚀量分别为220m（D₁/O₂)、180m(T₃／D₂)和105m(K₂／J₂);云龙凹陷露头剖面3个不整合的剥蚀量为263m（D₁/O₂）、149m(T₃／D₂)和280m(K₂／J₂)。     

Remote sensing and GIS based comparative morphometric study of two sub-watershed of different physiographic conditions,West Godavari District,A.P.

In this present study, Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques were used to update drainage and surface water bodies and to evaluate linear, relief and aerial morphometric parameters of the two sub-watersheds viz. Jilugumilli and Regulapadu in the northern part of West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh. The area of Jilugumilli and Regulapadu watersheds spread over about 110 & 80 sq. km respectively. The morphometric analysis of the drainage networks of Regulapadu and Jilugumilli sub-watersheds exhibit sub-dendritic and sub parallel drainage pattern. The variation in stream length ratio changes due to change in slope and topography. It was inferred from the study that the streams are in a mature stage in Regulapadu and Jilugumilli watersheds, which indicated the geomorphic development. The variations in bifurcation ratio values among the sub-watersheds are described with respect to topography and geometric development. The stream frequencies for both sub-watersheds exhibit positive correlation with the drainage density, indicating increase in stream population with respect to increase in drainage density. The Jilugumilli watershed has a coarse drainage texture and Regulapadu sub-watershed is a fine drainage texture in nature. In the present study an attempt has been made to analyse the morphometric analysis of two sub-watersheds under different physiographic conditions. Morphometric analysis is one of the essential analyses required for development and management of watershed.     

剥离断层、板块内近水平的剪切带与伸展构造

地壳的水平伸展作用是形成大陆板块内部断陷盆地的重要因素.在山区的基底岩石中,这种伸展在上部层次表现为一系列低角度的剥离断层;在中深部层次表现为近水平的韧性剪切带。本文中阐明了它们的鉴别特征.据此,在北京西山新生代以前的地层中,已发现了多期的伸展与挤压作用交替所造成的复杂的构造.     

Prioritization of sub-watersheds for conservation measures in a semi arid watershed using remote sensing and GIS

Land and water resources development plans are generally adopted at watershed level. Delineation of watersheds and their prioritization within large river basins requires host of terrain parameters to be studied and analysed. Chopan watershed in Central India has been studied for sub-watershed delineation and prioritization based on drainage morphometry, land use/land cover and sediment yield index analysis using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The watershed was demarcated into five sub-watersheds on the basis of drainage flow directions, contour value, slope, elevation. Geocoded satellite data of 1989 and 2001 on 1:50 000 scale were visually interpreted to prepare land use/land cover and drainage maps which were later digitized using Arcview/ArcGIS. Linear and shape aspects of the sub-watersheds were computed and used for prioritization. The results show widespread variation in drainage characteristics, land cover changes and sediment yield rates across sub-watersheds. On the basis of morphometric, land use/land cover change and sediment yield index, sub-watersheds were grouped into low, medium and high priority. A correlation of results show that SW1 and SW5 are common sub-watersheds falling under high and low priority based on morphometric, land use change analysis and SYI. The priority list of sub-watersheds will be crucial for decision making and implementation of land and water resource conservation projects.     

An extraction,analysis, and prioritization of Asna river sub-basins,based on geomorphometric parameters using geospatial tools

The Asna river basin is located in Hingoli and Nanded districts of Marathwada region of Maharashtra. A geomorphometric analysis is an important method for the investigation and management of natural resources of watershed. The geomorphometric analysis of Asna river basin classifies three sub-basins that have been delineated using GIS and remote sensing through measurements of linear, aerial, and relief aspects. The Asna river basin comprises an area of 1187 km² with seventh-order drainage pattern. As per Strahler classification, the upper part of the basin shows dendritic to sub-dendritic and the lower part exhibits parallel to sub-parallel drainage pattern. The total numbers of stream segments are 2422 and length of streams is 2187.92 km. The bifurcation value ranges from 1.26 to 5.58 indicating that there are no structural disturbances. The form factor value (0.49) indicates that the shape of the basin is moderately circular. The high values of drainage density, stream frequency, and low infiltration number indicate the high runoff due to impermeable lithology. The slope of the basin varies from 1 to 32.2%, terrain elevation ranges from 333 to 551 m, and overall relief of the basin is 218 m amsl. River sub-basin prioritization has an immense importance in natural resource management, especially in semi-arid regions. The present study is an attempt to prioritize the sub-basins of Asna river based on geomorphometric parameters. The weightage is assigned to different morphometric parameters of sub-basins based on erosion potential. The Asna river sub-basins have been classified into three categories as high, medium, and low on the basis of priorities for soil and water conservation. It is confirmed that sub-basin I is characterized as highly vulnerable to erosion and has high sedimentation load; sub-basin II has low priority, i.e., very low erodibility; and sub-basin III is of moderate type. The morphometric analysis and prioritization methods can be applied to hydrological studies in surface as well as subsurface water, climatic studies, rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharging sites, and watershed management.     

苏北盆地高邮凹陷晚白垩世—新生代构造沉降史分析与构造演化

本文应用回剥法及地层骨架厚度不变模型对苏北盆地高邮凹陷沉积地层进行了去压实校正,利用声波时差及镜质体反射率法对三垛期末盆地剥蚀量进行恢复,用艾里公式对盆地的构造沉降量及总沉降量进行估算,进而对苏北盆地高邮凹陷晚白垩世—新生代沉降史进行分析。研究表明：高邮凹陷为典型的裂陷盆地,经过了拗断期-断拗期-断陷期-坳陷期的盆地演化阶段。演化过程经历了三期沉降和两期隆升。在不同的阶段凹陷的沉降中心略有不同,其受主边界断层的控制,围绕着边界断层呈串珠状分布。     

Morpho-hypsometric evolution of the Karuvannur River Basin,a tropical river in central Kerala,southwestern peninsular India

An integrated morphometric and hypsometric analysis coupled with asymmetric factor used as a proxy for the landscape evolution of the catchment of Karuvannur River. The present study area is a sixth order tropical river in the central Kerala which supplies water and sediments to the Vembanad-Kol Ramsar site. The Karuvannur River Basin (KRB) has been divided into six sub-watersheds (SW). Morphometric parameters (areal, linear, and relief) and hypsometric and asymmetric factors are measured for the delineation of morphotectonic evolution of the area. High values of drainage density, texture, ruggedness number, and hypsometric integral with relatively high volume of leftover rocks in the basin in SW-II and SW-III compared to the entire basin of KRB imply that these two sub-watersheds have been influenced by the tectonic activities. Further, detailed asymmetric data indicated that these two watersheds are tilted in opposite direction. It may be the result of reactivation of Precambrian fault/lineament in recent past. This has been supported by recent tremors and neotectonic studies in Kerala. Moreover, detailed field evidence along with google imagery revealed that the entire basin is a part of regional anticline associated with PCSZ. Geomorphic response to disturbance will produce a sensible, recognizable response; it can be well studied in rivers through detailed study of their sensitivity or behavioral changes. Rivers have an enormous capacity to absorb perturbation and these types of studies are essential for identifying/measuring tectonic activities, sediment diffusion, surface runoff in a drainage basin, and as an important tool for target oriented micro watershed management.     

Uplift along the western margin of the Deccan Basalt Province: Is there any geomorphometric evidence?

In line with the passive margin landscape evolutionary model in vogue, sustained erosion and long-distance retreat of the Western Ghat escarpment are widely considered to be the results of erosionally-driven isostatic uplift since Tertiary by many workers. Others have postulated or adduced evidence for strong neotectonic activity in the Ghat region. An obvious question in this regard is whether there is any geomorphometric evidence in support of this widespread view? In order to test the hypothesis of ongoing post-rift fexural uplift or neotectonic activity in the western Deccan Basalt Province (DBP), geomorphometric analysis was carried out and commonly used geomorphic indices of active tectonics (GAT) were derived for 30 selected river basins on both sides of the Western Ghat. SRTM-DEM data and ArcGIS were used to derive the indices. Tectonic geomorphic analysis based on five proxy indicators suggests that the differences in GAT indices, both along strike and across the Western Ghat, are statistically insignificant. The index values are nowhere close to the GAT values typically associated with drainage basins affected by active tectonics and deformation. Mapping of the indices reveals lack of discernable trends. The adduced results indicate that the western DBP belongs to the class of relatively low tectonic activity.     

桃村拆离断层及其与金矿成矿作用的探讨

本文运用伸展构造理论,通过野外实地观察结合遥感影像判读和室内综合研究,提出了桃村断裂为一条拆离断层。并进一步剖析了与其伴生的变质核杂岩的构造特点;分析了拆离断层和变质核杂岩的影像特点;探索了它与该区成矿作用的关系。这对认识我国东部普遍存在的先压后张断层的成因和演化,了解我国东部与铀矿及其它矿产有关的区域拉张构造背景的关系,开拓新的找矿思路是有启迪的。     

拆离构造理论与找矿实践（一）

本世纪８０年代兴起的地学前沿──拆离构造理论，其研究热潮已波及了铀矿地质领域。为了研究应用拆离构造理论，指导找矿实践，应《铀矿地质》编辑部之约撰写本文分几次刊出，内容包括以下方面：（１）拆离构造研究在我国的新进展；（２）拆离构造概念的演生与地球圈层；（３）拆离构造基本含义与相关构造术语；（４）拆离构造形成的动力学讨论；（５）拆离构造的厘定和鉴别；（６）拆离构造的研究方法；（７）拆离构造控矿理论与找矿；（８）拆离构造研究的展望。     

川东北地区埋藏–剥露历史分析——来自盆地模拟和热年代的制约

构造热演化是沉积盆地基础地质研究的重要内容,更是油气勘探中不可或缺的部分,多种古地温方法的综合对比研究是目前热史研究主要发展趋势。本文将裂变径迹(FT)和(U-Th)/He热年代学、镜质体反射率法(Ro)和盆地模拟等技术相结合,运用正演和反演的方法重建了川东北地区埋藏–剥露热演化历史。研究表明川东北地区自晚白垩世埋深达到最大后进入剥蚀阶段,大约从92 Ma开始隆升,经历了快速隆升–缓慢隆升–加速隆升三个阶段,整个过程的剥蚀量大约3~4 km,且两次大的剥露过程分别受控于雪峰山的隆起造山以及大巴山的推覆和青藏高原的隆升作用。研究还建立了综合热年代学、Ro和盆地模拟技术恢复复杂构造–热演化历史的方法,这对于复杂环境下的构造热演化历史的恢复以及海相油气勘探具有重要的意义。     

桂东南石窝变质核杂岩区金银成矿地质特征、控矿规律及找矿方向

石窝地区金银矿主要为构造蚀变岩型矿床,其成矿作用一方面与该区早期的以基底剥离断层为特征的变质核杂岩有关,矿床主要分布在剥离断层控制范围内的岩石中,形成特定的“矿化层位”效应;另一方面金、银矿的最终成矿定位与燕山期岩浆活动及其伴生的脆性断层有关,容矿构造主要为该地区的燕山期脆性断层或剪切带,最终定位的成矿热液主要来自燕山...     

基于GIS/RS的流域水文过程分布式模拟——Ⅱ模型的校检与应用

GIS/RS是流域水文过程分布式模拟的重要技术支撑。结合泾河流域的实例研究,探讨了GIS支持下,基于栅格DEM流域水文特征的获取,降水、气温等资料的空间插值,以及土壤、植被等下垫面信息在水文模拟单元上的耦合。在此基础上,应用分布式水文模型对泾河流域的水文过程进行模拟。结果表明:所建模型结构上是合理的,在产流计算中泾河25个子流域在水量平衡方面误差均小于5%。潜在蒸发的模拟在趋势上与实测过程基本一致。径流模拟在4个检验站点上与实测过程的相关系数达到0.84～0.93。模型基本能够满足水资源规划与管理的需要。     

拆离构造动力学与地洼理论

拆离构造是当前地学中的研究热点,对其研究具有重要的理论与经济意义。在20世纪90年代初,笔者应《铀矿地质》编辑部之约,以“拆离构造理论与找矿实践”命题分八个方面在“铀矿地质”期刊断续刊登,其内容涉及:(1)拆离构造在我国研究的新进展;(2)拆离构造概念的演化与地球圈层;(3)拆离构造基本含义与相关构造术语;(4)拆离构造形成的动力学讨论;(5)拆离构造的厘定和鉴别;(6)拆离构造的研究方法;(7)拆离构造控矿理论与找矿;(8)拆离构造研究展望。本文仅就拆离构造的动力学机制研究和地洼理论在拆离构造动力学研究中的应用作简要论叙,并以此草文敬献陈国达院士九十华诞以兹纪念。     

安徽省地貌分区和分类

安徽地貌单元可分为区、亚区、形态成因类型和微地貌４级。全省有：１）淮北平原、２）江淮波状平原、３）皖西山地、４）沿江丘陵平原和５）皖南山地５个地貌区，包括１５个地貌亚区。根据４ｋｍ２内的最大高差划分了地貌形态类型。安徽省内平原、丘陵、山地均有，以平原为主。平原占全省总面积的６２％。考虑外营力种类ｈ作用方向，以及地貌发育历史，在安徽境内划出：１）堆积、２）堆积－剥蚀、３）堆积－侵蚀剥蚀、４）剥蚀－堆积、５）剥蚀侵蚀、６）侵蚀溶蚀和７）侵蚀７种地貌成因类型。     

Erosion potential assessment of watersheds through GIS<Emphasis Type="Bold">-</Emphasis>based hypsometric analysis: a case study of Kurram Tangi Dam

Sediment discharge due to soil and rock erosion within the watersheds is the major cause of siltation in water reservoirs. Siltation in reservoirs reduces the capacity for power production, irrigation water supply, and other domestic purposes. Hypsometric analysis has widely been used to identifying the geomorphic development stages (stabilized, equilibrium, and un-stable) to assess the erosion proneness of watersheds. In this study, watershed of Kurram Tangi Dam and its four sub-watersheds (SWs) were considered to determine their sediment discharge capacity through hypsometric analysis. The boundaries of watershed and sub-watersheds were delineated from Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The hypsometric parameters i.e., hypsometric integral (HI) and curves were generated using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. The HI values of SW-1 (0.41) and SW-2 (0.36) indicated that these two SWs were relatively more prone to erosion and contributed higher sediment discharge in Dam siltation. The results were validated through sampling the main drainage channel (Kurram River) to determine the sediment concentration at 12 sites during summer, winter, and spring seasons. Comparison of HI and sediment concentration of SWs presented high correlation (R²?=?0.87). The results emphasized the effective watershed management, extensive afforestation, and construction of silt-control structures at appropriate locations in sub-watersheds. This will ultimately maintain the water and power generation capacity as well as extending the life span of the Dam.     

浅论伸展构造在基岩中的表现型式

伸展构造在基岩中的表现,取决于其形成时的变形相及岩石的变形行为,可以归纳为五种主要型式:高角度正断层系组成的地堑或盆岭式构造;剥离断层;岩层的普遍变薄与糜棱岩化;相对强硬层的香肠化和缺失;褶叠层的普遍存在。文中比较详细地讨论了剥离断层与冲断推覆构造的差异及糜棱岩的识别,尤其是对碳酸盐糜棱岩识别的主要标准。     

Hypsometric analysis of Shakkar river catchment through geographical information system

Hypsometric analysis of watershed (area-elevation analysis) has generally been used to reveal the stages of geomorphic development (stabilized, mature and young). The geologic stages of development and proneness of the watersheds for erosion are quantified by hypsometric integral. The estimation of hypsometric integral is carried out from the graphical plot of the measured contour elevation and encompassed area by using empirical formulae. In this study, efforts were made to estimate the hypsometric integral values of Shakkar river watershed which is a tributary of Narmada river located in Madhya Pradesh. The watershed was delineated into eight sub-watersheds and hypsometric analysis was carried out for all of them using digital contour maps, which was generated using Arc/Info GIS. The hypsometric integral values for all the sub-watersheds of Shakkar river ranges between 0.47 and 0.51. In the study area, only mature stage of erosion cycle is identified.     

Watershed prioritization using morphometric and land use/land cover parameters: A remote sensing and GIS based approach

Jaggar watershed is a constituent of the Gambhir river basin, in eastern Rajasthan and covers an area of 352.82 km², representing arid climate. The drainage network is dendritic to sub-dendritic pattern however parallel to sub-parallel has also developed locally. The Jaggar watershed has been divided into fourteen sub-watersheds, designated as SW1 to SW14, for prioritization purpose. The prioritization of the sub-watersheds has been done on the basis of morphometric analysis and land use/land cover categories. Various morphometric parameters (linear and shape) have been determined for each sub-watershed and assigned rank on the basis of value/relationship with erodibility so as to arrive at a compound value for final ranking of the sub-watersheds. Land use/land cover mapping has been carried out using IRS LISS III data of 1998. Based on morphometric and land use/land cover analysis and their ranks, the subwatersheds have been classified into four categories as very high, high, medium and low in terms of priority for conservation and management of natural resources. The prioritization results based on morphometry reveal that only SW7 and SW10 fall under very high priority, whereas SW6, SW11 and SW13 fall under very high priority on the basis of land use/land cover analysis. However on the integration of morphometry and land use/land cover only SW14 show common priority whereas rest have little or no correlation.     

Quantitative Geomorphic Approach for Identifying Active Deformation in the Foreland Region of Central Indo-Nepal Himalaya

Geotectonics - Globally the remote sensing and geomorphometric analysis are frequently used for the assessment of tectonic activity. We used satellite-driven DEM data to analyze regional scale...