Estimation of transmissivity from specific capacity data in fractured carbonate rock aquifer,central Jordan

Transmissivity of an aquifer is determined from pumping test analysis, but due to the difficulty of performing such tests as well as the relatively high cost of these test, it is often estimated from specific capacity data. In this study an empirical relation is derived using 237 pairs of transmissivity and specific capacity values that are obtained from groundwater wells penetrating a fractured and karstified carbonate aquifer. Linear and logarithmic regression functions have been performed and it is found that the logarithmic relationship predicting transmissivity from specific capacity data has a better correlation (r=0.95) than linear one (r=0.84). This is logically true because both transmissivity and specific capacity are lognormally distributed. The spatial distribution of transmissivity is also affected by the presence of fracturing and karstification phenomena within the aquifer matrix.     

岩石变形破坏全过程的变形场和能量演化研究

以白光数字散斑相关方法作为试验观测手段,通过单轴压缩试验对一种红砂岩变形破坏全过程的变形场和能量演化特征进行研究。利用CCD(charge-coupled device)相机记录试验加载全过程的试件表面散斑场图像,采用数字散斑相关方法对试验图像进行分析,计算得到了岩石变形破坏过程中试件表面变形场、变形局部化区域的位移错动量值和试件表面变形能密度量值,并对变形局部化带的位移演化和变形能量演化特征进行分析。从试验结果分析得出：岩石试件变形局部化带的位移演化在加载峰值前基本上保持线性演化规律,而其位移错动加速与加载峰值点相对应,岩石试件加载峰值后阶段的承载力变化主要受变形局部化带的位移演化影响;岩石试件在加载过程中的能量释放和能量积累规律与局部化带的演化有关,体现出局部能量释放和整体能量释放两种形式。     

巷道开挖围岩能量释放与偏应力应变能生成的分析计算

巷道开挖,围岩能量释放,同时在围岩中产生偏应力。围岩应力是原岩应力与偏应力的叠加,偏应力或偏应力能控制岩体破坏。在静水压力 和岩体体积应变为0的条件下,利用文[1]在弹性、非线性软化本构模型导得的巷道围岩应力分布表达式,用重积分计算了围岩弹性区和软化区中的偏应力应变能 ,证明了 可以简捷地用地应力 关于巷壁位移 做一次积分再乘巷壁周长的途径来得到,阐述了该计算途径的原理。巷道开挖过程围岩释放的能量等于围岩压力 关于 的积分乘巷壁周长。由此,可通过 ~ 曲线、 ~ 曲线所围面积的几何形式,表示围岩偏应力能、围岩弹性能释放量随 变化的情况。所得研究结果可以深化围岩由于开挖产生的力学响应及挖成后围岩工况规律的认识。     

基于岩石力学特性和机械比能理论的钻头评价和优选

针对川西某构造的地质构造和地层特征,本文以井史资料和测井数据为基础,建立了地层强度参数和岩石力学参数剖面,得出了分布规律,即岩石强度和可钻性级值普遍较高,且变化趋势同弹性模量、粘聚力、内摩擦角等力学参数一致,在2500～2700 m地层达到峰值,而泊松比则相反,达到最低值。提出了基于岩石力学特性和机械比能理论的钻头评价和优选方法,得出了每段地层钻头的机械比能值,对已使用钻头的使用效果进行系统评价,发现采用的PDC钻头效果不理想,形成了牙轮钻头、孕镶钻头为主的钻头推荐方案,为工区钻井提速设计提供指导。     

复合岩层中滚刀旋转切割破岩效率试验研究

TBM掘进经常遇到复合岩层,在该地层中施工对滚刀破岩非常不利。为了提高掘进效率,降低工程造价,开展复合岩层滚刀破岩效率研究很有必要。鉴于此,采用滚刀岩机作用综合试验台对砂岩、花岗岩复合(复合比例为4(25) 6)而成的岩层进行5组刀间距下3种贯入度的3把滚刀同步旋转切割试验;试验过程中监测破岩总法向力、总扭矩,并分别收集两种岩石的岩渣进行筛分、称重;依据试验结果分析不同刀间距、贯入度下的法向力、扭矩及比能的关系。研究表明:不同刀间距时,平均法向力、平均扭矩随贯入度的增加而增大但两者的增加趋势不同,即平均法向力随着贯入度的增加几乎呈直线增大,而平均扭矩随着贯入度的增加其递增趋势减小;不同贯入度下存在不同的最优刀间距;砂岩、花岗岩切割轨迹长度比例为4:6时刀间距与贯入度的比值在14左右,破岩效率最高。     

An evaluation of structural analyses of discontinuities in carbonate rock

The main goal of the study was to compare two methods of structural analysis, based on different principles: an engineering method and the Eraso method. The first one was developed with the intention of studying geotechnical and hydraulic properties on freshly exposed rock surfaces, while the second one is based on microtectonic analysis and is mainly applied on surface outcrops. Structural analysis of discontinuities in fractured and karstified rock at one experimental field site in Slovenia was performed. Measurements were carried out on surface outcrops and in an underground artificial tunnel, twice in two different seasons (autumn 1999 and summer 1996), but by the same personnel. Both methods were found to be more or less repeatable and applicable both on the surface outcrops (weathered rock) and on freshly excavated rock surfaces (artificial tunnels and quarries), and on a macroscale. The results have shown that we can infer from the macroscale data set to the (regional) mega-scale. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Review: Thermal water resources in carbonate rock aquifers

The current knowledge on thermal water resources in carbonate rock aquifers is presented in this review, which also discusses geochemical processes that create reservoir porosity and different types of utilisations of these resources such as thermal baths, geothermal energy and carbon dioxide (CO₂) sequestration. Carbonate aquifers probably constitute the most important thermal water resources outside of volcanic areas. Several processes contribute to the creation of porosity, summarised under the term hypogenic (or hypogene) speleogenesis, including retrograde calcite solubility, mixing corrosion induced by cross-formational flow, and dissolution by geogenic acids from deep sources. Thermal and mineral waters from karst aquifers supply spas all over the world such as the famous bath in Budapest, Hungary. Geothermal installations use these resources for electricity production, district heating or other purposes, with low CO₂ emissions and land consumption, e.g. Germany’s largest geothermal power plant at Unterhaching near Munich. Regional fault and fracture zones are often the most productive zones, but are sometimes difficult to locate, resulting in a relatively high exploration uncertainty. Geothermal installations in deep carbonate rocks could also be used for CO₂ sequestration (carbonate dissolution would partly neutralise this gas and increase reservoir porosity). The use of geothermal installations to this end should be further investigated.     

岩质高挖方边坡锚杆参数优化设计研究

针对某220 kV变电站岩质高挖方边坡,采用极限平衡法和数值分析法,设置不同锚杆打入角度和长度方案对边坡的稳定性进行了计算对比分析,优化了锚杆设计参数,评价了坡顶位移监测、深层水平位移监测和锚杆应力监测对锚杆加固效果。结果表明,（1）随着锚杆打入角度的增加,边坡安全系数先增大后减小,存在最优锚固角度,确定22°为最优锚固角度;（2）边坡下部锚杆受力大于上部锚杆受力,设计时应有重点考虑下部锚杆参数。当边坡安全系数不满足设计要求时,应适当增大下部锚杆截面尺寸或增加锚杆长度;（3）各排锚杆应进行不等长设计,锚杆长度通过极限平衡法量取潜在滑动面到坡面的距离进行确定和验算;（4）现场监测结果显示优化设计后的锚杆参数加固效果良好,经济效益可观。     

Computer controlled cutting of multiple identical joints in real rock

Summary This novel method for reproducibly cutting joints in real rock will allow shearing of identical joints under varying stress paths. Shearing of such identical joints will greatly reduce the effect of sample variation and the need for scaling results.Joint surfaces are cut with a diamond band saw through a computer controlled feed table. As constructed, the system is capable of cutting samples 20.3 cm (8 in) thick and 30.5 cm (12 in) long. The 6.35 mm (0.25 in) blade used in these tests allows cuts with a maximum radius of curvature of 1.6 cm (0.625 in). A maximum asperity inclination (i) of 28 degrees is possible with the largest samples. These characteristics, in general, are not inherent in the method but rather imposed by the current dimensions of the device.The resulting surfaces, which have been produced in limestone, are analyzed in terms of surface finish at a micro scale, geometrical conformity to the desired surface, reproducibility of the surface and matchability of the two surfaces produced by one cut. These measures indicate a high level of accuracy which should produce repeatable test results when the joints are sheared under laboratory conditions.     

隐伏碳酸盐岩区第四系松散盖层稳定性分析

在被第四系松散岩类覆盖的碳酸盐岩分布区，由于地下水动力条件改变（如水源超采、矿山排水、矿坑突水等引起的岩溶水位变化），常引发岩溶塌陷地质灾害。为了解第四系松散堆积物厚度与发生岩溶塌陷的关系，通过综合分析山东省岩溶矿区和供水水源地历年来发生的岩溶塌陷分布规律、形态特征及发生过程等，采用应力平衡法剖析了岩溶塌陷的形成机理与松散盖层的稳定性，为隐伏碳酸盐岩区工程地质勘察和岩溶塌陷防治提供参考依据。     

Discrete element modeling of tool‐rock interaction I: rock cutting

Tool‐rock interaction processes can be classified as indentation or cutting depending on the direction of motion of the tool with respect to the rock surface. The modes of failure induced in the rock by an indenting or a cutting tool can be ductile and/or brittle. The ductile mode is associated with the development of a damage zone, whereas the brittle mode involves the growth of macrocracks. This is the first part of a series of two papers concerned with an analysis of the cutting and the indentation processes based on using the discrete element method. In this paper, numerical simulations of the cutting process are conducted to reproduce the transition from a ductile to a brittle failure mode with increasing depth of cut, which is observed in experiments. The numerical results provide evidence that the critical depth of cut d _* controlling the failure mode transition is related to the characteristic length ? = (K_Ic ∕ σ_c)² with K_Ic denoting the material toughness and σ_c its unconfined compressive strength. The nature of frictional contact between the cutter face and the rock in the ductile failure mode is also examined. It is shown that the inclination of the total cutting force is controlled by a multi‐directional flow mechanism ahead of the cutter that is related to the formation of a wedge of failed material, intermittently adhering to the cutter. As a result, the inclination of the total cutting force varies with the rake angle of the cutter and cannot be considered an intrinsic measure of the interfacial friction between the cutter and the rock. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

川东北深井剖面碳酸盐岩力学参数分布特征研究

研究深部碳酸盐岩力学特性参数分布规律,对于预防碳酸盐岩地层钻井事故的发生具有十分重要的意义。采集对应地层埋深从3 568～5 983 m的20组不同层系的碳酸盐岩露头岩芯,借助MTS815.03和RMT150C岩石力学试验系统、RSM-SYS5非金属声波测试仪等,完成显微电镜分析、单轴压缩、三轴压缩和围压声波测试等试验。试验结果表明,（1）南方海相碳酸盐岩主要以生物碎屑白云岩、泥晶灰岩为主,粒径范围在0.01～0.20 mm之间,孔隙类型以粒内溶蚀孔隙、粒间孔隙、晶间溶孔为主,孔隙率范围为2%～12%;（2）单轴抗压强度在空间分布上有一定的规律性,三轴抗压强度在空间上为无序分布,表现出某种混沌的特征;（3）碳酸盐岩纵波速度随围压的增加而增大,在低围压下纵波速度增加明显;高围压下纵波速度变化相对较小,围压下纵波速度增幅,白云岩大于灰岩,获得白云岩、灰岩的抗压强度与其纵波波速不同的相关关系。其结论可为深部碳酸盐岩地层安全钻进提供技术参数。     

多层状碳酸盐岩岩溶发育基本模式及其在水利工程中的应用实例

我国西南近代地壳抬升区的多层状碳酸盐岩岩组常被河流深切割.被河流深切割的这些多层状碳酸盐岩岩组其岩溶发育特征对水利水电工程建设具有重大的影响.受岩性的控制,多层状碳酸盐岩岩组的溶蚀作用一般仅在碳酸盐岩岩层内进行,岩溶顺层发育成多层状,在无特殊条件破坏情况下,层间非碳酸盐岩岩层成为相对隔水层,是水库防渗的良好依托;但一些张性、扭性断裂的切割作用或是层间非碳酸盐岩岩层塌陷,都可能导致层间隔水层遭受破坏,使岩溶出现穿层发育现象,对水库防渗极为不利.因此,在水库防渗设计中应特别注意是否存在层间渗漏缺口及其影响问题.     

A spatial estimation model for continuous rock mass characterization from the specific energy of a TBM

Summary  Basic principles of the theory of rock cutting with rolling disc cutters are used to appropriately reduce tunnel boring machine (TBM) logged data and compute the specific energy (SE) of rock cutting as a function of geometry of the cutterhead and operational parameters. A computational code written in Fortran 77 is used to perform Kriging predictions in a regular or irregular grid in 1D, 2D or 3D space based on sampled data referring to rock mass classification indices or TBM related parameters. This code is used here for three purposes, namely: (1) to filter raw data in order to establish a good correlation between SE and rock mass rating (RMR) (or tunnelling quality index Q) along the chainage of the tunnel, (2) to make prediction of RMR, Q or SE along the chainage of the tunnel from boreholes at the exploration phase and design stage of the tunnel, and (3) to make predictions of SE and RMR or Q ahead of the tunnel’s face during excavation of the tunnel based on SE estimations during excavation. The above tools are the basic constituents of an algorithm to continuously update the geotechnical model of the rock mass based on logged TBM data. Several cases were considered to illustrate the proposed methodology, namely: (a) data from a system of twin tunnels in Hong Kong, (b) data from three tunnels excavated in Northern Italy, and (c) data from the section Singuerlin-Esglesias of the Metro L9 tunnel in Barcelona. Correspondence: G. Exadaktylos, Department of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece     

中国西部三大盆地海相碳酸盐岩台地边缘类型及特征

在回顾经典的碳酸盐沉积模式类型研究和我国学者对碳酸盐岩台地边缘特征研究的基础上,以构造控盆、盆地控相、相控生储盖组合为指导思想,依据中国西部三大海相盆地碳酸盐岩发育的特殊性,从中国西部三大盆地海相碳酸盐岩发育特征和地质实际情况出发,系统建立了5种碳酸盐岩台地边缘类型及沉积模式和12种亚类类型。以中国西部三大盆地不同时期发育的碳酸盐沉积特征为主线,从盆地构造演化、岩性特征、相带变化以及模式演化等方面详细分析了各个碳酸盐岩台地边缘类型及沉积模式特征。不同类型台地边缘及其沉积模式演化特征研究对分析生烃、储烃和盖烃物质等油气要素的时间和空间匹配关系具有重要的指导意义。     

基于弹性能演化全过程的岩石脆性评价方法

脆性对岩石破裂模式及损伤演化过程具有重要影响。本文对采自某铁路隧道群的6种不同岩性的脆性岩石开展单轴压缩试验,在分析其应力-应变过程、破坏模式和能量演化特征的基础上,综合考量峰前弹性能积聚率、峰后能量耗散程度及耗散速率,建立一种基于岩石应力-应变曲线全过程的脆性指数计算方法,进一步基于能量耗散表征损伤变量,分析了脆性岩石损伤演化过程,并探讨了从损伤演化角度建立脆性评价指标的可行性和合理性。结果表明: (1)试验所采用的6种不同岩性岩石应力-应变曲线峰后段均表现出不同程度的脆性跌落现象。(2)基于本文建立的脆性指标对6种岩石进行脆性定量评价和比较,脆性程度由大到小依次为: 辉长岩、变质砂岩、石英片岩、粗粒花岗岩、板岩、大理岩。(3)单轴压缩条件下,基于能量耗散表征的脆性岩石损伤演化过程整体呈“S”型发展趋势,可分为初始损伤、损伤保持、损伤稳定发展、损伤加速发展以及损伤减缓至终止5个阶段,能够很好地反映岩石内部微裂纹压密闭合、萌生发育、扩展贯通直至宏观破坏的整个过程。     

与碳酸盐岩有关的金属矿山开采地下水影响研究

我国碳酸盐岩出露面积广泛,并发育沉积、热水沉积和热液交代型等矿床,这些矿床的地下水赋存在碳酸盐岩的溶隙、溶管、溶管系和溶管网中,使得地下水运动复杂化。研究区矿床赋存在碳酸盐岩中,地下水为松散堆积层孔隙水、基岩裂隙水和碳酸盐岩溶水;不同类型水渗透系数不一,矿坑涌水量实测值为743．00m^3／h,采用数值化模拟矿坑地下水变化,获得深部开采时的地下水变化趋势,并提出突水防控对策。     

基于断裂力学的岩石切削数值分析探讨

为研究岩石切削过程中刀具的力学特性以及刀具平均峰值作用力的预测,基于断裂力学和有限元理论建立了岩石切削的数值模型。模拟分析岩石对刀具的反作用过程,得到不同力学特性岩石和刀具作用条件下刀具所受的反作用力,结果表明,冲击速度在一定范围内对刀具平均峰值作用力影响较小;岩石体积呈阶跃性递减,刀具作用力大小与崩落岩石碎片体积变化一致。对模拟、实验以及已有理论计算得到的刀具平均峰值作用力进行线性回归分析,研究结果表明,数值方法计算结果与实验结果、Goktan[1]理论计算结果的线性相关系数分别为0.812、0.930,相关性较好,表明所建数值模型用于模拟岩石切削是正确和可靠的。