渝东南地区志留系龙马溪组页岩粘土矿物特征及其地质意义

渝东南地区地处上扬子前陆盆地川中隆起与黔中隆起之间,古生界发育多套厚层黑色页岩,其中下志留统龙马溪组黑色页岩分布极为广泛,为区内重要的烃源岩。根据探井岩心X-射线衍射测试结果,页岩中粘土矿物的组合类型为伊利石、有序的伊/蒙间层和绿泥石,其中伊利石相对含量最多,平均含量为54%,伊/蒙间层次之,平均含量为36%。在纵向上粘土矿物的组合类型没有变化,但随着埋深的增加,伊/蒙间层不断向伊利石进行成岩转化,绿泥石的含量逐渐降低,埋藏加热作用在成岩过程中起主导作用。粘土矿物的组合类型也反映了干旱的古气候和富含钾、镁、铁离子的古水介质特征,盐碱性水介质在成岩过程中起到了重要的控制作用。伊/蒙间层的间层比和镜质体反射率表明龙马溪组黑色页岩已达到晚成岩阶段,有机质演化属于过成熟期。     

划分成岩作用与埋藏变质作用的指标及其界线

本文是对“陕北鄂尔多斯盆地埋藏变质作用研究”一文的讨论,它综述并讨论了划分成岩作用和埋藏变质作用的指标,界线及其在鄂尔多斯盆地中的应用。伊利石结晶度、粘土矿物、浊沸石胶结物,石油形成,镜质体反射率,煤阶和地温等指标一致表明,鄂尔多斯盆地中生代地层处于中期成岩作用阶段,从而否定了本区为埋藏变质地区的结论。     

盐湖盆地斜坡带碎屑岩成岩作用特征初探──以柴达木盆地阿尔金斜坡第三系碎屑岩地层为例

在柴达木盆地阿尔金斜坡第三系地层中,砂岩中碳酸盐重结晶强烈、压实程度弱、石英自生加大较弱、早期碳酸盐胶结物发育。碳酸盐主要为无机成因,少量与生物气有关,其含量受盐度的影响。泥岩中粘土矿物以伊利石、绿泥石和伊蒙混层为主,缺少蒙脱石和高岭石,随埋深增加,伊利石相对含量变化无规律可循,绿泥石相对含量减少,推测伊利石主要为陆源成因。     

盐湖盆地斜坡带碎屑岩成岩作用特征初探：以柴达木盆地阿尔金斜坡第？…

在柴达木盆地阿尔金斜坡第三系地层中,砂岩中碳酸盐重结晶强烈、压实程度弱、石英自生加大较弱、早期碳酸盐胶结物发育。碳酸盐主要为无机成因,少量与生物气有关,其含量受盐度的影响。泥岩中粘土矿物以伊利石、绿泥石和伊蒙混层为主,缺少蒙脱石和高岭石,随埋深增加,伊利石相对含量变化无规律可循,绿泥石相对含量减少,推测伊利石主要为陆源成因。     

华庆油田长8_1砂岩储层成岩相特征

在大量样品测试数据与图像的综合分析基础上,通过沉积环境和沉积框架下系统地定性分析与定量描述研究区长81砂岩储层成岩环境、成岩作用类型、成岩阶段及演化模式,认为研究区长81储层现今成岩阶段处于中成岩A期—B期的早期;在不同成岩期次的建设性与破坏性成岩作用过程中砂岩骨架颗粒的几何特征、压实过程中颗粒的错位现象、胶结作用以及次生孔隙发育特征控制着储层孔隙演化,进而控制着储层物性和渗流特征。基于上述研究,以砂体胶结物类型与孔隙演化特征标定建设性与破坏性成岩作用并划分出绿泥石衬边残余孔-溶蚀相、高岭石+伊利石胶结残余孔-溶蚀相、绿泥石胶结溶蚀相、伊利石胶结弱溶蚀相、强压实-碳酸盐+伊利石胶结相5个成岩相组合单元。室内实验对成岩相单元的定性分析与定量描述具有一致性以及与储层建设性与破坏性成岩作用演化的吻合性,有效地表征了成岩作用演化对砂岩储层的影响。     

云南兰坪—思茅盆地江城勐野井钾盐矿床SHK4孔含盐系粘土矿物特征及其成钾环境指示意义

SHK4孔揭示了晚白垩世含盐系勐野井组(K2me)地层, 根据岩性特征将该孔划分为三个粘土矿物单元, 依次反映了从淡化期到成盐期再到淡化期的转换过程。单元Ⅰ粘土矿物主要为伊利石(70.6%)和高岭石(26.7%), 以及极少量的绿泥石(2.7%)。处于高盐度环境下的单元Ⅱ沉积物粘土矿物主要为伊利石(53.6%)和绿泥石(46.4%)。而这一时期物源区面积的急剧减小在一定程度上改变了粘土矿物的输入类型。单元Ⅲ的粘土矿物主要为伊利石(44.5%)、绿泥石(41.8%)和高岭石(10.7%)。另外粘土矿物组合与沉积过程中的卤水演化程度有着良好的对应关系, 表明富K、Mg的高盐度环境对粘土矿物的形成转化应具有一定的制约作用。考虑到含盐系地层发育时研究区的地质构造背景, 以及SHK4孔伊利石结晶度(平均0.35°Δ2θ)与化学指数(>0.5)的特征, 认为埋藏成岩作用对SHK4孔粘土矿物的形成也具有一定程度的影响。     

鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长8低渗储层自生黏土胶结对储层物性的影响

储层的成岩特征研究主要是对储层的成岩作用和成岩演化等进行刻画和研究,研究清楚储层的成岩演化程度及其对储层物性的影响,为油田的进一步勘探开发做准备。储层原始孔隙的结构特征和分布规律受沉积因素控制,但在埋藏成岩过程中,储层的储集空间受到成岩作用的改造。成岩作用既可促进次生孔隙的发育,又可破坏原生孔隙,使原生孔隙的结构和分布规律发生变化。胶结作用是指在温度和压力升高的条件下,孔隙水中过饱和的溶解组分发生沉淀,将碎屑沉积物胶结成岩。据薄片鉴定结果统计,研究区长8段胶结物主要有黏土矿物、碳酸盐矿物及少量的硅质胶结,其中自生黏土矿物胶结物主要有主要为绿泥石、高岭石,伊利石次之,伊蒙混层最少,黏土矿物胶结作用普遍存在。这些黏土矿物有的充填颗粒间或颗粒中的孔隙、甚至形成自形的晶体,有的形成颗粒的包膜、对砂岩的储集性能有很大的影响。1)绿泥石胶结:绿泥石是最常见的黏土胶结物,主要有非包膜状的孔隙充填物和绿泥石环边胶结(绿泥石包膜)两种形态。研究区内绿泥石胶结主要以绿泥石环边形式产出,体积分数一般为2%~5%。绿泥石在研究区普遍发育:在薄片下见呈纤维状垂直颗粒生长,形成颗粒包壳;在扫描电镜下多见以环边形式包裹在颗粒表面,呈叶片状垂直颗粒生长。从其产状来看,它形成时间较早,可能形成于早成岩A亚期;它在沉积物颗粒接触处消失,表明形成在沉积物被压实之后不久;同时见自生绿泥石产出于形成时间较晚的自生石英晶体上,说明研究区内绿泥石形成时限长,从成岩早期到成岩中晚期均有发育。在姬塬油田长8油层组砂岩中普遍可见绿泥石包膜的存在,包膜厚度较薄,为1~3μm,其形成与砂岩岩性主要为岩屑长石砂岩、长石岩屑砂岩,岩屑中黑云母、岩浆岩岩屑较丰富有关,这些物质为绿泥石胶结物的形成提供了重要的物质来源。非包膜状的孔隙充填绿泥石主要起填隙的作用,对孔隙起破坏性的作用,但这种类型的绿泥石在研究层段中较少出现。交代矿物或颗粒的绿泥石表现为交代黑云母和岩屑,对孔隙的影响较小。2)伊利石胶结:姬塬油田8油层组砂岩中填隙物伊利石主要以孔隙衬边和孔隙充填等多种形式出现。孔隙衬边伊利石垂直颗粒表面生长,主要以II型弯曲片状、鳞片状集合体出现,边缘多丝缕化,局部见少量纤维状或丝发状晶形,由早期蒙脱石经伊/蒙混层演变而来。伊利石晶间微孔隙发育良好,继续向孔隙空间的生长则形成搭桥式充填,这时虽然保持有良好的晶间孔隙,但孔隙间的连通性变差,砂岩渗透率降低。3)高岭石胶结:姬塬油田长8油层组砂岩中高岭石胶结物较少,主要以孔隙充填和孔隙衬边等形式出现。在普通薄片中高倍镜下,自生高岭石表现为雾状或树枝状的外形;在扫描电镜下,自生高岭石多呈书页状、蠕虫状集合体赋存在原生粒间孔或次生溶蚀孔中,造成孔隙堵塞。虽然其集合体中含大量的晶间微孔,但对砂岩孔渗的总体提高并未起到显著作用。     

可可西里盐湖表层沉积物中粘土矿物的环境信息

通过对可可西里盐湖表层沉积物中粘土矿物的研究,以期获得近年来湖区的某些环境信息.研究结果表明:沉积物中的粘土矿物主要为伊利石和绿泥石,非粘土矿物主要为石英、方解石和长石以及少量白云石、文石、闪石和石膏等.样品中＜2μm的粘土矿物以伊利石和绿泥石为主,局部样品含少量有序伊/蒙混层.根据样品分布特点和粘土矿物的组合类型,将样品划分为3个区域:1区和3区的矿物组合为伊利石、绿泥石和有序伊/蒙混层;2区为伊利石和绿泥石,无伊像混层矿物.其中1区和3区样品的结晶度(IC)范围为0.41～0.59,均值为0.51;2区样品的结晶度范围为0.25～0.40,均值为0.34,明显低于1区和3区,说明2区样品中的伊利石具有更高的结晶度.样品的伊利石化学指数(CI)均小于0.5,表明该伊利石为富Fe-Mg伊利石,主要是物理风化作用的结果.伊利石和绿泥石作为主要粘土矿物反映了近年来整个湖区的环境以干冷为主,局部区域(1区和3区)出现的少量有序I/S混层矿物则指示在短期内曾经历过短暂的干湿交替环境.此外,在酸性介质条件下,少量伊利石发生弱水解作用导致晶格中的K+淋失,并转化为伊/蒙混层矿物,同时也降低了伊利石的结晶度.     

云南思茅盆地勐野井组碎屑岩矿物学、地球化学特征及古盐湖沉积环境演化

通过对云南思茅盆地勐野井钾盐矿区钻孔岩心的碎屑沉积物进行粘土矿物分析和元素地球化学分析探讨了研究区晚白垩世碎屑岩的物源属性及古盐湖沉积环境演化特征。粘土矿物组合特征及La/Th-Hf、La/Sc-Th/Co、La-Th-Sc图解,Cr/Th、Al2O3/TiO2比值等表明该孔碎屑岩的物源主要为长英质花岗闪长岩。主量元素活动性分析表明化学风化过程中随着粘土矿物的形成首先发生Ca和Na的淋失,K、Mg则在这一过程中呈富集态势,而Fe、Mn主要受物源限制而总体上表现为亏损。结合粘土矿物形成条件,认为研究区古盐湖经历了暖湿—暖干(成盐成钾期)—暖湿(淡化)的古气候转化过程。而粘土矿物组合受高盐极端环境与埋藏成岩作用影响显著,表现为成盐成钾期显著的伊利石化和绿泥石化作用。因此伊利石+绿泥石粘土矿物组合,结合富Mg绿泥石的相对含量,以及相应沉积阶段碎屑岩的MgO异常高值,可有效指示古盐湖成盐成钾的演化阶段。!     

砂岩储层石英胶结物的SiO_2来源研究综述

石英胶结作用是导致砂岩储层致密的重要原因之一,目前关于石英胶结物SiO_2内部或外部来源尚无定论。关于石英胶结物SiO_2来源问题的研究较薄弱,尤其对非晶质SiO_2溶解来源和SiO_2外部来源的研究重视不足。本文在前人研究成果的基础上,重点探讨了致密砂岩储层中石英胶结物形成的成岩作用时间及SiO_2的物质来源,并研究了其贡献量的大小。结果表明:(1)长石的溶解与转化、蒙脱石的伊利石化和绿泥石化作用、压溶作用与缝合线的发育,以及非晶质SiO_2的溶解作用,是砂岩储层中石英胶结物发育的重要内部SiO_2来源。石英胶结物的外部来源则包括岩石邻近的砂体,也包括深部埋藏砂岩、深部埋藏泥岩、花岗岩侵入体、基岩等来源的大规模运移。(2)长石的溶解、蒙脱石的伊利石化和绿泥石化作用、压溶作用与缝合线的发育,主要在早成岩-中成岩时期为砂岩储层提供SiO_2来源,而钾长石向高岭石和伊利石的转化、钠长石化作用主要为中成岩-晚成岩时期石英胶结物的主要SiO_2来源。此外,非晶质SiO_2的溶解和外部来源提供的SiO_2推测应该可以发生在整个沉积成岩时期,且需要进一步研究工作验证。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861