东亚对流层上部和平流层中下部大气环流的初步研究

根据1957—1961平东亚九十余个探空站的记录,对东亚对流层中上部和平流层中下部的大气环流特点作了初步的分析,得到如下几点结果: 1.在冬季,对流层中上部的气压场和风场特点和过去研究的结论基本一致。在夏季,高原部分的环流特征却和过去的结论不同,夏季在高原上对流层中部出现微弱的气旋性环流,但在300毫巴已在反气旋的控制之下,而且反气旋的势力愈往上去愈强,在100毫巴处高原上空的反气旋达到最大强度,这是与青藏高原的热力性质有关系的。此外,从1月到7月东亚对流层上部的气压场和风场变化甚大,在中高纬度气压场有相反的趋势,并且副热带高压脊线从冬季的北纬15°位置移到夏季的北纬28°。 2.在东亚沿海,中纬度的几个测站在平流层中部的温度年变程呈双峰型,最高温度出现在1月和6—7月。在低纬度温度的年变程也呈双峰,但位相与中纬度相反。低纬温度年变化特点与辐射有关;中纬度的温度年变化,经过计算表明,1月的高峰与温度平流有密切关系。 3.东亚对流层中上部和平流层中下部风场的季节变化,与对流层中下部一样显著。从夏到冬的环流季节变化过程,高低空有一致性,而从冬到夏的环流季节变化过程,高低空变化并不一致。     

青藏高原上空H2O和CH4的分布和变化趋势分析

采用UARS卫星1993—2004年卤素掩星试验的观测资料(HALOE),分析了青藏高原(下称高原)上空大气中H2O和CH4的分布和季节变化,也与同纬度其它地区作对比,找出它们的差异,并分析了H2O和CH4的多年变化趋势。结果表明:高原上空H2O混合比在对流层上层随高度迅速减少,在对流层顶和平流层底达到极小值,平流层里水汽混合比随高度增加。高原上空CH4混合比从140 hPa直至1 hPa随高度递减。在对流层上部和平流层下部H2O和CH4混合比季节差异最明显。高原上空H2O和CH4混合比与同纬度带其它地区相比有不少差异,这种差异在对流层上部和平流层下部更明显。分析还表明:高原上空对流层上部和平流层下部H2O和CH4的分布明显受到高原热力作用引起的垂直运动的影响,高原区域是平流层和对流层交换的活跃区。平流层中上层H2O和CH4的关系很密切,其原因主要是在平流层中上层CH4很容易被氧化成H2O。趋势分析表明,在对流层顶附近,水汽在1993—2004年呈下降趋势,而CH4在1998年以前和2001年以后也呈下降趋势;平流层中层1993—2000年H2O混合比呈增加趋势,CH4呈下降趋势,2000—2004年H2O混合比呈下降趋势,而CH4呈增加趋势。     

青海省对流层顶若干统计特征

主要利用青海省7个探空站1970~2001年高空观测资料,运用统计学方法,对各站各类对流层顶的时空分布、季节变化和趋势等进行了分析,揭示了对流层顶的分布特征及其高度、温度变化的基本事实和规律。结果表明:由于不同类型对流层顶在各站的位置随着季节有明显的南北进退,因此,出现频率各异;两类对流层顶的高度不仅有明显的差异,而且还具有明显的季节性变化,极地类对流层顶高度在春季最高,夏季最低,而热带类对流层顶高度在夏季最高,秋季最低;最高对流层顶与低温相对应,最低对流层顶与高温相对应;热带类对流层顶年平均高度变化呈上升趋势,年平均温度变化呈下降趋势。这与近几年来,平流层内臭氧减少,温度降低,对流层高度抬升有关。     

大理地区对流层至低平流层大气垂直结构的特征分析

利用JICA计划中日合作"2008年季风过程与暴雨天气上游关键区综合气象观测试验"期间在大理站的GPS探空资料,分析了季风3个加密观测阶段该地区对流层至低平流层大气垂直结构特征。结果表明,观测期间对流层顶以第二(副热带)对流层顶为主,平均高度为14.8 km,对流层平均温度递减率为6.4℃·km~(-1);对流层顶高度与气温、气压和风速均呈显著的负相关;季风爆发前(后)水汽主要集中在6.6(8.3)km以下对流层;季风爆发前对流层至低平流层被西风带控制;季风爆发阶段对流层至低平流层风速减小,低平流层风向由西风转成东风;季风强盛阶段低平流层东风逐渐下传,对流层高层至低平流层风速增大,风向基本转成偏东风。     

梅雨发生前对流层顶及平流层异常信号的分析

利用NCEP和欧洲中心的ERA-Interim再分析资料结合中国国家气候中心的20a梅雨观测资料,分析了梅雨发生前江淮地区对流层顶和位涡的异常以及北半球环状模指数的变化。研究表明,江淮地区在梅雨开始前3—5天会出现对流层顶的下降,且高度的经向变化比纬向变化更为明显。对流层顶的降低与北方冷空气的南下入侵、东亚季风的爆发以及急流轴北跳引起的频繁的对流层顶折卷过程有关。对流层顶的下降伴随着来自平流层的高位涡冷空气的入侵。而梅雨发生前江淮地区上空对应正位涡异常,这一异常的建立和维持与贝加尔湖、西西伯利亚、鄂霍次克海附近的正位涡异常有关;而梅雨发生前江淮地区平流层温度达到极大值,梅雨爆发后开始下降,纬向风则处于西风到东风的转换期。梅雨期的总降水量与对流层上部平流层下部的北半球环状模指数存在一致的正相关关系,而在梅雨发生前15—30天,这种相关性尤为显著。这一结果说明,在对流层顶附近的北半球环状模指数对梅雨期降水量的预测有较好的指示意义。     

青藏高原与同纬度其他地区热带对流层顶气压变化特征的比较

基于1979—2014年ERA-Interim逐日再分析温度资料,依据温度递减率插值法计算出青藏高原及同纬度其他地区热带对流层顶气压数据,比较了高原和同纬度其他地区热带对流层顶气压季节变化和长期变化趋势,讨论了热带对流层顶气压与高空温度的关系。结果表明:1)在季节变化上,除12月和1月外,青藏高原热带对流层顶气压全年低于同纬度其他地区;青藏高原热带对流层顶气压、对流层中上层以及平流层下部平均温度均表现出比同纬度其他地区更明显的单峰型特征。2)热带对流层顶气压与高空温度变化关系密切,对流层中上层(平流层下部)平均温度升高(降低),有利于热带对流层顶气压降低;相对于同纬度其他地区,青藏高原对流层顶气压与对流层中上层平均温度的关系更密切。3)1979—2014年青藏高原和同纬度其他地区各季节的热带对流层顶气压均呈现出不同程度的下降趋势,冬春季下降趋势更加显著;青藏高原各季节对流层中上层增温和平流层下部降温的幅度均超过同纬度其他地区,导致其热带对流层顶气压的下降趋势比同纬度其他地区更加明显。     

沈阳地区对流层顶气候特征分析

对1977～1992年1,4,7,10月沈阳第一和第二对流层顶月平均高度和温度数据进行分析。结果表明:沈阳是以第一对流层顶为主的地区,第二对流层顶只有夏季发生频率较高;第一对流层顶的高度、温度以及出现频率都表现出明显的季节变化特征,其中高度在1月最低,7月最高;温度在3月最低,8月最高。第二对流层顶高度的季节变化表现为冬春季高、夏秋季低。温度表现为冬季高,夏季低。第一对流层顶在各个月份温度都随高度增高而降低,降幅1月最小,7月最大,4月和10月居中。第二对流层顶温度随高度变化只在7月显著递减;第一对流层顶高度在10月显著降低,降幅为453m/10a,其他月份变化趋势不明显。第一对流层顶在7月显著降温,降幅为1·8℃/10a,10月增温显著,升幅为2·0℃/10a。第二对流层顶高度在不同月份都表现出弱升高趋势,但不显著。1月和10月的降温和升温显著,降幅和升幅分别为1·7℃/10a和1·2℃/10a。     

夏季风爆发前后中国区域对流层顶高度变化特征

利用2008—2014年全国高垂直分辨率的L波段探空资料,统计分析了东亚夏季风爆发前后我国不同区域对流层顶高度变化特征。研究表明:夏季风爆发后,对流层顶高值区向北推进,最大值位于青藏高原南部及其东南部地区;对流层顶高度的向南梯度和向东梯度大值区均由爆发前的30°~40°N北移至40°~50°N;受地面加热和垂直运动的影响,中国东北部和中东部在夏季风爆发后对流层升温,平流层-对流层过渡层降温,大气温度梯度增加,对流层顶上升,其中中国东北部在夏季风爆发前,大气温度廓线为双峰结构,易出现双对流层顶,第一对流层顶较低;中国南部整层大气温度廓线在夏季风爆发后略有增加,对流层顶有所下降。     

青海省高空异常气候研究

根据青海省7个探空站1970—2001年的探测资料,主要对高空对流层中上部、平流层底部的高度和温度进行异常、突变等研究。30多年来,对流层高度、温度的正异常站次多于负异常站次,1970—1986年负异常比例较大,1987—2001年正异常比例较大;20世纪80年代中后期温度、高度均发生由低向高的突变;对流层年平均高度和温度的年代际变化趋势不尽相同,但总体上对流层增暖,高度抬升;秋冬季500hPa高空温度分型情况一致,区域特征比较明显。平流层温度负异常站次多于正异常站次,高度负异常站次少于正异常站次,高度变化呈上升趋势,温度呈降温趋势。     

平流层环状模的分类特征及其与对流层的关系

采用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,通过对北半球环状模指数的分析,将平流层异常分为两类:S型和D型,研究了两类平流层异常过程的差异及其与对流层的关系.结果表明,两种类型的异常特征在平流层类似,而主要的差别发生在对流层.在S型平流层异常期间,平流层纬向风异常有随时间向下传播的趋势,对流层表现为与平流层一致连续的纬向风异常;位势高度和温度距平场的分布中,最显著的特征是对流层与平流层呈相当正压结构,极区和中纬度异常表现为反位相的振荡,呈现典型的北极涛动特征.在D型平流层异常期间,平流层纬向风异常随时间向下传播的趋势不存在,另外平流层纬向风异常仅局限在平流层范围内,对流层表现为与平流层相反的纬向风异常;位势高度和温度距平场的分布中,平流层中低层与高层呈现反位相的距平分布,在对流层中低层,温度和位势高度的距平场呈现无规则的分布.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.