Comparison of surrogate models with different methods in groundwater remediation process

Surrogate modelling is an effective tool for reducing computational burden of simulation optimization. In this article, polynomial regression (PR), radial basis function artificial neural network (RBFANN), and kriging methods were compared for building surrogate models of a multiphase flow simulation model in a simplified nitrobenzene contaminated aquifer remediation problem. In the model accuracy analysis process, a 10-fold cross validation method was adopted to evaluate the approximation accuracy of the three surrogate models. The results demonstrated that: RBFANN surrogate model and kriging surrogate model had acceptable approximation accuracy, and further that kriging model’s approximation accuracy was slightly higher than RBFANN model. However, the PR model demonstrated unacceptably poor approximation accuracy. Therefore, the RBFANN and kriging surrogates were selected and used in the optimization process to identify the most cost-effective remediation strategy at a nitrobenzene-contaminated site. The optimal remediation costs obtained with the two surrogate-based optimization models were similar, and had similar computational burden. These two surrogate-based optimization models are efficient tools for optimal groundwater remediation strategy identification.     

一井定向的误差分析

本文介绍了在矿业权核查测量过程中,一井定向的测量方法和误差分析。结果表明,三角形法是一种简单可行的测量方法。在实际测量过程中要分析现场条件,采用适合的测量方法,保证测量精度。     

Research on Humidity Measurement Error of Radiosonde and Its Influence on Cloud Recognition

Sounding observation of humidity is an important means of obtaining the atmospheric humidity data. The measurement results of humidity and accuracy of cloud recognition based on that are directly affected by the performance of the radiosonde humidity sensor. In order to better understand the accuracy of the current measurement of the radiosonde at home and abroad, a large number of research results are reviewed. The types of radiosonde and the performance of its humidity sensor are briefly introduced. Moreover, the influence of humidity measurement error on cloud recognition is also discussed. The results show that the error sources of radiosonde humidity measurement are various and it’s a comprehensive result of many factors. In general, accuracy of humidity measurement is more reliable in the low troposphere with high temperature and so with the cloud identification by the humidity. However, the response time is longer and sensitivity of humidity sensor is lower at low temperature, which results in the accuracy of cloud bottom recognition being higher than that of cloud top while the medium and high cloud recognized by radiosonde being less than the reality. Moreover, under high-humidity conditions, the humidity sensors are easily wetted, which leads to the abnormally high value of humidity and resulting in thicker cloud. Furthermore, the radiosonde generally has low humidity anomalies, especially when the synoptic station with high humidity, resulting in missing report of cloud.     

The optimization of GPS positioning using response surface methodology

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become a popular sensing system for positioning because it is free and always available and can be used in all weathers. However, the accuracy of GPS is dependent on the measurement factors selected by the surveyor. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine the optimal factors of the GPS positioning process. The selected process variables were measurement time and duration, recording interval, and mask angle. To determine the optimum conditions of these factors, a three-level Box–Behnken design was utilized. The results indicated that the optimum conditions of the experimental factors are 13 h as measurement time, 21.77 min as the measurement duration, 22.43 s as the range interval, and 8° as the mask angle.     

Modelling urban growth evolution and land-use changes using GIS based cellular automata and SLEUTH models: the case of Sana’a metropolitan city, Yemen

An effective and efficient planning of an urban growth and land use changes and its impact on the environment requires information about growth trends and patterns amongst other important information. Over the years, many urban growth models have been developed and used in the developed countries for forecasting growth patterns. In the developing countries however, there exist a very few studies showing the application of these models and their performances. In this study two models such as cellular automata (CA) and the SLEUTH models are applied in a geographical information system (GIS) to simulate and predict the urban growth and land use change for the City of Sana’a (Yemen) for the period 2004–2020. GIS based maps were generated for the urban growth pattern of the city which was further analyzed using geo-statistical techniques. During the models calibration process, a total of 35 years of time series dataset such as historical topographical maps, aerial photographs and satellite imageries was used to identify the parameters that influenced the urban growth. The validation result showed an overall accuracy of 99.6 %; with the producer’s accuracy of 83.3 % and the user’s accuracy 83.6 %. The SLEUTH model used the best fit growth rule parameters during the calibration to forecasting future urban growth pattern and generated various probability maps in which the individual grid cells are urbanized assuming unique “urban growth signatures”. The models generated future urban growth pattern and land use changes from the period 2004–2020. Both models proved effective in forecasting growth pattern that will be useful in planning and decision making. In comparison, the CA model growth pattern showed high density development, in which growth edges were filled and clusters were merged together to form a compact built-up area wherein less agricultural lands were included. On the contrary, the SLEUTH model growth pattern showed more urban sprawl and low-density development that included substantial areas of agricultural lands.     

Formational history of the Wicklow Trough: a marine-transgressed tunnel valley revealing ice flow velocity and retreat rates for the largest ice stream draining the late-Devensian British–Irish Ice Sheet

The Wicklow Trough is one of several Irish Sea bathymetric deeps, yet unusually isolated from the main depression, the Western Trough. Its formation has been described as proglacial or subglacial, linked to the Irish Sea Ice Stream (ISIS) during the Last Glacial Maximum. The evolution of the Wicklow Trough and neighbouring deeps, therefore, help us to understand ISIS dynamics, when it was the main ice stream draining the former British–Irish Ice Sheet. The morphology and sub-seabed stratigraphy of the 18 km long and 2 km wide Wicklow Trough is described here from new multibeam echosounder data, 60 km of sparker seismic profiles and five sediment cores. At a maximum water depth of 82 m, the deep consists of four overdeepened sections. The heterogeneous glacial sediments in the Trough overlay bedrock, with indications of flank mass-wasting and subglacial bedforms on its floor. The evidence strongly suggests that the Wicklow Trough is a tunnel valley formed by time-transgressive erosional processes, with pressurised meltwater as the dominant agent during gradual or slow ice sheet retreat. Its location may be fault-controlled, and the northern end of the Wicklow Trough could mark a transition from rapid to slow grounded ice margin retreat, which could be tested with modelling.     

An Overview of Measurement and Calculation Methods on the Land Surface Temperature on Alpine Mountainous Cold Regions

Land surface temperature on alpine mountainous cold regions, which is one of basic parameters of the regional hydrological and meteorological conditions, directly affects glacial recession, snow melt, distribution and freezing thawing process of permafrost, evapotranspiration, vegetation growth, and various underlying surface change process, and then changes the regional hydrological and ecological environment, becomes the important parameter of the research on land surface process and the study of eco-hydrological process. This paper tried to provide an overview of research on land surface temperature, and to introduce its influence factors and the ways to obtain land surface temperature data in high mountainous cold region. Relative to low elevation plain, the land surface temperature was significantly affected by local altitude, terrain and plant cover. There were some methods to obtain land surface temperature, such as measurement in situ, retrieval based on remote sensing and calculation by land surface process models, but there were some limitations while used on alpine mountainous cold regions. Land surface temperature data from meteorological stations were only about level bare ground, and the influence of terrain or vegetable cover was not considered. Therefore, the data could not represent the information of region scale on mountainous area. Land surface temperature retrieval from remote sensing data, because of calculation theory, ground observation verification and spatiotemporal resolution, made it difficult to fulfill research on hydrology, land surface process and eco-hydrological process in alpine mountainous area. Land surface process models estimated land surface temperature in the experimental sites with high accuracy, but reduced the accuracy while upscale to the region scale on the mountainous cold area, because of the error from input control meteorological, soil and plant variables, and the error of ground observation site verification. The future research on land surface temperature on alpine mountainous cold regions should strengthen field observations and improve data accuracy, to build a physical land surface temperature estimation method with topographic and vegetation parameters, and to contribute to research on land-atmosphere-water process in alpine mountainous regions.     

阶梯式发展理论视域下的冻土学研究

"阶梯式发展"是我国地质学家、原地质矿产部部长、全国政协第八届委员会秘书长朱训同志,1992年在其所著《找矿哲学概论》一书中,作为找矿规律,首次提出的.他认为,矿产勘查过程,从普查、详查到勘探,是发现矿产、评价矿产、探明矿产的三个阶梯,三者之间具有不可分割的内在联系,是找矿工作必须遵循的客观规律.阶梯式发展广泛存在于自...     

西南山区矿调中的地球物理综合找矿技术

为了寻找隐伏矿、深部矿,以四川通安—小牛场地区为研究平台,开展了矿产远景调查,提出了将重力、航磁、地磁、激电等物探手段有机结合,综合应用于西南山区矿产调查的思路,并列举典型实例,逐步分析各种物探异常,最终实现从圈定找矿重点区到确定矿体平面分布形态的目的。以期这一重、磁、电相互结合的模式对今后西南山区的矿产勘查能起到一定的指导作用。     

综合地球物理勘探在夏日哈木矿区的应用研究

文章通过选用高精度磁测剖面测量、激电中梯剖面测量、高精度重力剖面测量、可控源音频大地电磁测深等方法对青海省夏日哈木铜镍矿床开展地球物理方面的研究,探讨各种物探手段对该区矿床勘查的有效性及适用性,丰富区内物探资料,为区内同类型矿床勘查提供借鉴.研究表明,高精度磁测剖面测量在大范围寻找矿体较为有效,但难以表达矿体的形态特征...     

多波束在海底复杂地形条件下大比例尺测量方法探讨

文章主要对使用大比例尺进行海底地形测量方法进行了简要的描述,测量过程中的方法技术、数据处理方法、测量效果说明多波束在复杂地形条件下可以取得良好的效果。     

基于WorldView-Ⅱ高分数据的盐湖矿化度含量定量反演研究——以尕斯库勒盐湖为例

鉴于盐湖水体矿化度含量定量反演研究较少,且中、低空间分辨率遥感数据反演的矿化度含量精度偏低,文章以柴达木盆地西部尕斯库勒盐湖为例,基于WorldView-Ⅱ高空间分辨率遥感数据和实测矿化度数据,开展了盐湖湖表水体矿化度含量定量反演技术研究。通过开展盐湖水际线提取、盐湖水体矿化度光谱诊断特征分析、矿化度识别遥感指数构建、矿化度遥感信息分离和线性回归模拟,构建了盐湖矿化度含量定量反演模型。经评价,模型反演精度为96.61%。研究结果表明,基于WorldView-II高分数据定量反演盐湖矿化度含量的方法是有效的,该方法对于快速定量识别盐湖矿化度含量,降低盐湖矿化度调查和分析成本,预测富矿水域具有十分重要的意义。     

高密度电阻率法比值参数基于阻尼最小二乘反演

三电位电极系中装置的探测精度和数据处理方法的研究一直是地球物理工作者研究的一个热点,同时也存在很大的争议。利用正演模拟结果讨论了岩溶地区几种可能存在的地质条件下三种装置的探测精度,发现β装置和γ装置的探测效果明显优于α装置;然后利用正演计算得到的数据合成比值参数(T),对合成数据T进行最小二乘反演,发现T值反演结果和视电阻率反演结果一致,并在噪声影响较大的区域,T值反演结果优于T值等值线图,可作为判断异常体特征的一个依据,也可验证视电阻率的反演结果,弥补由于噪声对某种单一装置探测效果的影响。以义马某地的水文地质勘察为例,T值最小二乘反演结果表明,在含水低阻区域T值也呈现小值异常,且显示的异常体边界准确,结构特征明显。利用T值反演对数据处理具有重要的意义,应予以重视。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定地质样品中微量银

对石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定地质样品中微量银进行了研究。样品经四酸溶解,在3mol/L的HCl介质中以EDTA-抗坏血酸溶液作为基体干扰改进剂,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定地质样品中微量银。方法检出限为0.051ng/mL,精密度(RSD,N=11)5.91%~12.83%。能满足地质样品中w(Ag)/10-6=0.03~5范围内银测定的准确度和精密度的要求。     

(Re)Connecting spatial literacy with children’s geographies: GPS,Google Earth and children’s everyday lives

This article sets out an agenda for research that (re)connects research on children’s geographies and childhood studies with studies of spatial literacy. Research on children’s environmental cognition and, latterly, spatial literacy, has been artificially and problematically separated from the majority of research in childhood studies. Our fundamental aim in this article is to argue for – and to evidence – greater attention to how spatial literacy and children’s everyday lives are embedded in one another. To support our broader call for a synthetic research agenda, we draw on some more focussed, qualitative empirical material taken from a large-scale project about children’s mobilities and everyday lives in newly-built urban communities. Our analysis focuses upon children’s interpretations of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) tracks of their mobilities, set against a background of Google Earth imagery. In doing so, we showcase one suite of ways in which research on environmental cognition and children’s geographies might proceed together. We demonstrate that children not only displayed analytical skills (for instance, in relation to scaling effects and pattern recognition) but that many also exercised higher-level, critical analysis, especially in relation to errors on Google Earth outputs. Simultaneously, we interrogate the recursive articulation of a range of qualitative indicators of spatial literacy, with children’s everyday mobilities, routines, emotions and memories. The paper analyses how new conceptual languages and technologies being propounded by spatial literacy scholars could afford a more enriched understanding of key contemporary concerns for children’s geographers, and, recursively, what spatial literacy scholars might gain from engaging with (especially qualitative) research prompted by those concerns.     

地质大数据方法在区域找矿靶区定量优选中的应用

通过查明数字间的相关关系,研究、解决地质问题的大数据研究思想和方法,已被越来越多的地质工作者接受并应用。文中应用大数据思想、方法对甘肃省西秦岭地区1∶20万区域水系沉积物测量数据进行深度挖掘,构建起"基于化探信息的区域Au找矿靶区定量优选系列模型"。系列模型不但对研究区Au找矿靶区做出了精确的定量预测(经随机抽样查证,在1/3的预测靶区发现Au矿化),同时获得了与Au成矿地球化学理论结果高度一致的元素组合,并且对各元素在找矿靶区预测模型中的重要程度做出定量评价,为进一步研究矿床成因和控矿条件提供了定量依据。该研究结果充分说明海量数据信息中隐藏着极大的潜能,依据地质大数据的思想和定量研究方法就能将其充分地挖掘出来。同时这也充分证明了通过"查明数据间的相关关系取代分析事物因果关系"开展地质研究、找矿靶区定量优选的可行性和必要性。     

基于主动加热型分布式温度感测光缆的土体导热系数测量方法

主动加热型分布式温度感测技术（AH-DTS）可通过植入土体中的光缆实现不同层位土体导热系数的分布式连续测量,但AH-DTS光缆导热系数测量方法的准确性和敏感性有待进一步研究。通过室内试验,对比了碳纤维加热感测光缆（CFHC）和铜网加热感测光缆（CMHC）的热响应过程,通过数值模拟验证了光缆结构对导热系数测量结果的影响。研究结果表明：（1）CFHC和CMHC的热响应过程可通过微分法分为光缆内部传热、纤-土过渡以及土体稳定传热3个阶段,光缆结构差异导致传热速率不同,使得CFHC导热系数测量初始时刻比CMHC提前100 s;(2)光缆尺寸与比热容差异下CFHC的升温值更高,相同测温精度CFHC的导热系数测量结果较CMHC更加稳定准确;（3）增大加热功率或延长加热时间均会提高CFHC和CMHC测量土体导热系数的准确性。研究成果为该技术的进一步完善和推广提供了重要依据。     

Research on the gully forming in the gully region of Yanhe River Basin and process of geological disasters

In recent years, the frequency of geological disasters gradually increases in the gully region of the Loess Plateaus centred with Yanhe River Basin. The research on the forming of the geological disasters in gully region and the disaster process will help us further understand the development of geological disasters and the disaster process. According to the detailed survey of geological disasters in Yan’an City, the river and gully erosion is the main natural predisposing factor that caused the geological disasters in the river gully region. In the forming of ditches and gullies, the surface water system changes the stress form of the original slope and reduces the strength combination of the slope in ways of water erosion and gravity erosion. Gully’s forming stage and stratigraphic contact form have some influence on the geological disasters and disaster process.     

低空无人机倾斜摄影测量测图精度实证

为了研究倾斜摄影测量对测图精度的提高作用,以A、B两个测区为例,分别以双片和多片前方交会、竖直和倾斜影像为对比条件,建立立体模型与实景三维模型,并通过对模型和数字线划图中检查点的误差统计,对平面精度和高程精度进行对比分析。相比于基于双片前方交会生成的立体模型,基于多片前方交会生成的实景三维模型精度更高;在地形为高山地的A测区,平面和高程中误差均由分米级提高至厘米级,结合《数字航空摄影测量空中三角测量规范》可以达到1：500比例尺的成图标准。相比于竖直摄影测量,倾斜摄影测量的交会光线更多,因而其模型精度也更高;在地形为山地的B测区,高程精度可与平面精度相当,中误差均在5 cm以内,解决了航空摄影测量因影像采集方式而高程精度较差的难题,基于倾斜实景三维模型进行三维测图,数字线划图中等高线中误差满足《1：500 1：1 000 1：2 000地形图航空摄影测量内业规范》中对1：500比例尺的精度要求。