西藏龙玛拉铅锌矿床矽卡岩矿物特征及其地质意义

龙玛拉铅锌矿床是位于冈底斯成矿带之念青唐古拉铅锌成矿亚带东段的一个典型矽卡岩型矿床。前人对矿床成矿物质来源及演化、成岩-成矿时代、矿床形成动力学背景等方面进行过一定的研究, 但对矽卡岩矿物学及分带模式还缺乏系统的研究。为此, 本文通过详细的野外地质编录、系统的镜下鉴定和电子探针分析, 开展矽卡岩矿物组合、矿物成分及其分带特征研究。矿床矽卡岩矿物主要包括石榴子石、辉石、硅灰石、绿泥石和绿帘石等。矽卡岩矿物组合和化学成分在空间上具有明显的分带性。矽卡岩主要发育在角岩与大理岩接触带, 或沿裂隙充填在围岩中, 横向上显示了从褪色角岩→石榴子石矽卡岩→深色角岩→透辉石矽卡岩(矿体)→大理岩→角岩的分带特征。垂向上由顶板至底板表现出从角岩→石榴子石矽卡岩→透辉石矽卡岩→大理岩→石榴子石矽卡岩→透辉石矽卡岩→角岩的岩性分带特征。矿床石榴子石为钙铁-钙铝榴石类质同象系列(And7.92~88.63Gro5.92~86.46Pyr+Spe1.04~5.11), 端员组分变化范围较大, 表明矽卡岩的形成环境并不是完全封闭的体系。通过对铅锌主矿体的赋矿矽卡岩中石榴子石进行研究, 表明成矿流体是从矿区南西方向向北东方向运移就位形成主矿体, 为矿区寻找成矿岩体及深部找矿提供指导。     

西藏蒙亚啊铅锌矿床矽卡岩型矿体白云母Ar-Ar年代学研究及其地球动力学意义

西藏蒙亚啊矿床是冈底斯北缘Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Fe-Mo多金属成矿带内发育的Pb-Zn矿床的典型代表.对该矿床形成时代的精确厘定,是正确理解矿床成因机制,准确评价成矿潜力的关键。目前蒙亚啊矿床成矿时代的研究主要针对矿区内的花岗斑岩岩体或矿石矿物铅同位素展开,并存在较大的争议。本文基于成矿作用类型的差异,将蒙亚啊矿床的矿体进一步划分为矽卡岩型矿体和斑岩型矿体,而最具经济价值的硫化物成矿作用为矽卡岩型矿化。在此基础之上,通过云母Ar-Ar测年对蒙亚啊矽卡岩型矿体开展了定年工作。蒙亚啊矽卡岩型矿体中与闪锌矿共生的白云母的Ar-Ar同位素测年显示,其Ar-Ar坪年龄为54.60±0.40 Ma,正等时线年龄为54.45±0.67 Ma。根据白云母与矿石矿物的共生关系可知,该年龄应代表了蒙亚啊矿区矽卡岩型矿体的成矿时代。综合前人的研究结果,笔者认为:蒙亚啊Pb-Zn矿床存在两期成矿事件,但主成矿期形成于印度-欧亚陆-陆碰撞的主碰撞阶段,而新特提斯洋壳板片的回卷可能是矿床形成的深部动力学机制。     

西藏嘎拉勒金铜矿床40Ar/39Ar同位素年龄及地质意义

西藏嘎拉勒矽卡岩型金(铜)矿床为近几年由西藏自治区第二地质大队发现的具有一定规模和潜力的矿床。本文以嘎拉勒金铜矿床中矽卡岩中金云母为研究对象,通过40Ar/39Ar同位素定年的方法,精确厘定了嘎拉勒矽卡岩型金铜矿床的成矿时代。金云母结晶在石榴子石和透辉石、黄铁矿和黄铜矿形成之间,并与石榴子石、针状透闪石和放射状阳起石密切共生。测试结果表明,嘎拉勒矿区金云母的40Ar/39Ar坪年龄为85.41±0.64 Ma,与相应的等时线年龄85.9±2.4 Ma一致,推测其成矿作用可能与拉萨地块和羌塘地块碰撞后在拉萨地块北侧发生岩石圈拆沉引起地幔物质上涌而诱发的岩浆活动有关。     

Fluid Inclusions and Hydrogen,Oxygen, Sulfur Isotopes of Nuri Cu‐W‐Mo Deposit in the Southern Gangdese,Tibet

The Nuri Cu‐W‐Mo deposit is located in the southern subzone of the Cenozoic Gangdese Cu‐Mo metallogenic belt. The intrusive rocks exposed in the Nuri ore district consist of quartz diorite, granodiorite, monzogranite, granite porphyry, quartz diorite porphyrite and granodiorite porphyry, all of which intrude in the Cretaceous strata of the Bima Group. Owing to the intense metasomatism and hydrothermal alteration, carbonate rocks of the Bima Group form stratiform skarn and hornfels. The mineralization at the Nuri deposit is dominated by skarn, quartz vein and porphyry type. Ore minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrite, molybdenite, scheelite, bornite and tetrahedrite, etc. The oxidized orebodies contain malachite and covellite on the surface. The mineralization of the Nuri deposit is divided into skarn stage, retrograde stage, oxide stage, quartz‐polymetallic sulfide stage and quartz‐carbonate stage. Detailed petrographic observation on the fluid inclusions in garnet, scheelite and quartz from the different stages shows that there are four types of primary fluid inclusions: two‐phase aqueous inclusions, daughter mineral‐bearing multiphase inclusions, CO₂‐rich inclusions and single‐phase inclusions. The homogenization temperature of the fluid inclusions are 280°C–386°C (skarn stage), 200°C–340°C (oxide stage), 140°C–375°C (quartz‐polymetallic sulfide stage) and 160°C–280°C (quartz‐carbonate stage), showing a temperature decreasing trend from the skarn stage to the quartz‐carbonate stage. The salinity of the corresponding stages are 2.9%–49.7 wt% (NaCl) equiv., 2.1%–7.2 wt% (NaCl) equiv._, 2.6%–55.8 wt% (NaCl) equiv. and 1.2%–15.3 wt% (NaCl) equiv., respectively. The analyses of CO₂‐rich inclusions suggest that the ore‐forming pressures are 22.1 M Pa–50.4 M Pa, corresponding to the depth of 0.9 km–2.2 km. The Laser Raman spectrum of the inclusions shows the fluid compositions are dominated in H₂O, with some CO₂ and very little CH₄, N₂, etc. δD values of garnet are between ?114.4‰ and ?108.7‰ and δ¹⁸O_H2O between 5.9‰ and 6.7‰; δD of scheelite range from ?103.2‰ to ?101.29‰ and δ¹⁸O_H2O values between 2.17‰ and 4.09‰; δD of quartz between ?110.2‰ and ?92.5‰ and δ¹⁸O_H2O between ?3.5‰ and 4.3‰. The results indicate that the fluid came from a deep magmatic hydrothermal system, and the proportion of meteoric water increased during the migration of original fluid. The δ³⁴S values of sulfides, concentrated in a rage between ?0.32‰ to 2.5‰, show that the sulfur has a homogeneous source with characteristics of magmatic sulfur. The characters of fluid inclusions, combined with hydrogen‐oxygen and sulfur isotopes data, show that the ore‐forming fluids of the Nuri deposit formed by a relatively high temperature, high salinity fluid originated from magma, which mixed with low temperature, low salinity meteoric water during the evolution. The fluid flow through wall carbonate rocks resulted in the formation of layered skarn and generated CO₂ or other gases. During the reaction, the ore‐forming fluid boiled and produced fractures when the pressure exceeded the overburden pressure. Themeteoric water mixed with the ore‐forming fluid along the fractures. The boiling changed the pressure and temperature, oxygen fugacity, physical and chemical conditions of the whole mineralization system. The escape of CO₂ from the fluid by boiling resulted in scheelite precipitation. The fluid mixing and boiling reduced the solubility of metal sulfides and led the precipitation of chalcopyrite, molybdenite, pyrite and other sulfide.     

西藏错那洞穹窿同构造矽卡岩特征及相关铍钨锡稀有金属矿化的成矿时代

错那洞穹窿位于北喜马拉雅片麻岩穹窿带（NHGD）的东段,是近年来新发现的穹窿构造。穹窿由内向外依次由核部、滑脱系和盖层三部分组成,错那洞铍钨锡稀有金属矿化主要赋存在穹窿滑脱系的矽卡岩和矽卡岩化大理岩中,矿体产在含石榴子石十字石云母片岩中,与强烈变形的淡色花岗岩或伟晶岩密切相关,部分矽卡岩矿物呈定向排列,具强烈的剪切特征;淡色花岗岩与矽卡岩的接触关系部分呈渐变接触,部分呈突变关系,表明矽卡岩与该期岩浆关系密切,矽卡岩与淡色花岗岩属于同构造的产物。本次研究获得错那洞穹窿滑脱系含石榴子石十字石云母片岩中黑云母Ar-Ar坪年龄为（16.6±0.3）Ma,反等时线年龄为（16.7±0.3）Ma,该年龄代表第二期由南向北伸展构造变形时间,即藏南拆离系（STDS）在错那洞穹窿的活动时间;含白云母的矽卡岩化大理岩中白云母Ar-Ar坪年龄为（16.9±0.2）Ma,与含石榴子石十字石云母片岩中黑云母Ar-Ar年龄一致,代表同构造矽卡岩的形成时间,也是错那洞铍钨锡稀有金属矿床的成矿时间。错那洞铍钨锡稀有金属矿床形成于由藏南拆离系强烈活动引起的伸展减薄构造背景,减压熔融形成的岩浆沿着构造通道上涌侵位,并与围岩交代反应形成同构造矽卡岩及其中的富铍钨锡矽卡岩型矿体。     

Sm–Nd and Ar–Ar Isotopic Dating of the Nuri Cu–W–Mo Deposit in the Southern Gangdese,Tibet: Implications for the Porphyry‐Skarn Metallogenic System and Metallogenetic Epochs of the Eastern Gangdese

The Nuri Cu–W–Mo deposit is a large newly explored deposit located at the southern margin of the Gangdese metallogenic belt. There are skarn and porphyry mineralizations in the deposit, but the formation age of the skarn and the relationship between the skarn and porphyry mineralizations are controversial. Constraints on the precise chronology are of fundamental importance for understanding the ore genesis of the Nuri deposit. To determine the formation age of the skarn, we chose garnets and whole rock skarn samples for Sm–Nd dating. We also selected biotite associated with potassic alteration for Ar–Ar dating to confirm the ore formation age of the porphyry mineralizations. The Sm–Nd ages of the skarn are 25.73 ± 0.92 – 25.2 ± 3.9 Ma, and the age of the potassic alteration is 24.37 ± 0.32 Ma. The results indicate that the skarn and porphyry mineralization are coeval and belong to a unified magmatic hydrothermal system. Combined with a previous molybdenite Re–Os age, we think that the hydrothermal activity of the Nuri deposit lasted for 1.2 – 2.1 Myr, which indicates that the mineralization formed rapidly. The chronologic results indicate that the Nuri deposit formed in the period of transformation from compression to extension in the late collisional stage of the collision between the Indian and Eurasian continents.     

冈底斯驱龙斑岩铜-钼矿区外围矽卡岩型铜矿的分布、特征及深部找矿意义

世界范围内,巨型斑岩型矿床外围通常发育有同时代且具有成因联系的矽卡岩-脉状金属矿床;二者往往互为找矿标志,共同组成斑岩成矿系统.形成于印度-欧亚大陆后碰撞背景,与中新世adakitic质侵入岩有关的冈底斯斑岩Cu-Mo矿床成矿带已成我国重要的矿产基地.位于冈底斯中段的驱龙巨型斑岩Cu-Mo矿床(>1000Mt Cu)是...     

Geochemical Characteristics of the Akiyoshi Limestones, Japan and Their Bearing on Exploration for Blind Skarn Deposits

Abstract. Carboniferous-Permian limestones of the Akiyoshi Plateau, in the Inner Zone of southwestern Japan, are composed of essentially pure calcium carbonate containing only small amounts of other elements, and they are accompanied by marble and copper skarn deposits near the contact with late Cretaceous granitoids. The δ¹⁸O values of the Akiyoshi limestones range widely from 7.6 to 28.3% and are mostly lower than those of other areas of the same age (23–29%), whereas the differences among the δ¹³C values are small. The δ¹⁸O values are negatively correlated with Mn and Fe contents. Samples with high δ¹⁸O (>25%) and δ¹³C (>2%) values do not contain Fe, Zn, or Pb, but those with low δ¹⁸O values tend to be rich in these elements, indicating that these elements were introduced by interaction with H₂O dominant fluids, possibly of magmatic origin. Potential scores for evaluating the degree of interaction with hydro thermal fluids were calculated for δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, and Sr. Higher scores implying much hydrothermal interaction were evident in the Mt. Hananoyama area, where there are many skarn deposits, and along faults oriented mainly NNW-SSE. Therefore, these are promising areas for exploring for blind deposits. It is likely that the hydrothermal fluid traveled through the limestones along fractures at the time of the granitic intrusions. However, the potential scores here are much smaller than those in the Pb-Zn mineralized area of the Kamioka mine, so more detailed petrological and mineralogical investigations are necessary.     

西藏邦铺钼多金属矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及其地质意义

西藏邦铺超大型钼多金属矿床中矽卡岩铅锌矿体赋存于下二叠统洛巴堆组矽卡岩和大理岩中,矿体呈似层状、透镜状产出,矽卡岩矿物较为发育。为进一步查明矿床矽卡岩矿物种属及矽卡岩类型,剖析矽卡岩形成环境及其与矿化类型之间的关系,基于对矽卡岩矿物系统地显微镜下观测,利用电子探针对矿床主要矽卡岩矿物化学成分进行了系统分析。结果表明,石榴子石端员组分以钙铁榴石为主,含少量锰铝榴石和钙铝榴石;单斜辉石主要为透辉石-钙铁辉石系列,含少量锰钙辉石;似辉石为铁钙蔷薇辉石;角闪石主要为钙质阳起石;绿帘石贫Fe、Mg。矽卡岩矿物组合特征表明,矿床矽卡岩兼具钙矽卡岩和锰质矽卡岩特征;早期矽卡岩形成于较强的氧化环境,成矿岩浆流体亦具有较高氧逸度。邦铺首次发现锰质矽卡岩矿物组合,表明矿区具有银矿找矿潜力,为下一步找矿工作提供了理论支撑。     

冈底斯南缘努日Cu-W-Mo多金属矿床黑云母Ar-Ar定年及其地质意义

努日矽卡岩型Cu-W-Mo多金属矿床位于青藏高原冈底斯南部的克鲁-努日-冲木达斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属成矿亚带,具有较大的成矿规模以及独特的矿化组合,并可分为北部Cu-Fe矿段和南部Cu-W-Mo矿段。新近的研究显示努日矿区南北矿段具有不同的成矿时代,表明至少存在着两期Cu矿化事件。本文采集了Cu-WMo矿段内仅发育Cu矿化的石英脉样品,并对与黄铜矿共生的黑云母进行了Ar-Ar同位素定年工作。实验结果显示,黑云母40 Ar/39 Ar坪年龄为23.75±0.18Ma,相应的等时线年龄为23.72±0.28Ma(MSWD=1.5),与前人测得南矿段内和辉钼矿共生的黄铜矿的形成时代基本一致。不同产状Cu矿化具有相同的成矿时代,表明Cu-WMo矿段未发生两期成矿作用的叠加。矿化石英脉显示出张性环境的特征,可能代表了成矿物质由深部隐伏斑岩体向上运移的通道。克鲁-努日-冲木达成矿亚带在晚碰撞阶段发育大规模成矿作用,构成了统一的斑岩-矽卡岩型成矿系统,具有巨大的勘探前景。     

冈底斯东段山南地区第三纪矽卡岩-斑岩Cu-Mo-W(Au)多金属矿床勘查模型及深部找矿意义

冈底斯东段南缘的山南地区分布有努日、明则、克鲁、冲木达和陈坝等中到大型Cu-Mo-w(±Au)矿床,与含矿矽卡岩有关的侵入岩形成于20～30Ma之间,为高钾钙碱性中酸性岩,形成于碰撞晚期构造背景.矿化赋存于下白垩统比马组的碳酸盐岩和其它钙质岩石与岩体的外接触带内及斑岩体内,主要矿化类型为矽卡岩型、斑岩型和热液脉型,构成...     

西藏南部侏罗纪—古近纪砂岩重矿物分析：探讨岩浆弧与大陆地块物源差异性

物源分析是古地理重建与盆地分析的关键,典型的物源区包括岩浆弧、大陆地块、再旋回造山带等。重矿物种类多样,蕴含丰富的母岩信息,是物源分析的重要对象。现代砂的研究表明,不同大地构造背景下形成的沉积物具有不同的重矿物组合。遗憾的是,由于古代沉积的重矿物组合在成岩过程中会被改造,现代砂的重矿物组合与物源区的耦合规律并不能直接应用于古代砂岩。科学界尚不清楚岩浆弧与大陆地块来源的古代砂岩的重矿物特征。西藏日喀则弧前盆地与特提斯喜马拉雅侏罗纪—古近纪砂岩物源明确,要么来自亚洲大陆的冈底斯弧,要么来自印度大陆地块,是探讨岩浆弧与大陆地块来源的古代砂岩重矿物特征的绝佳场所。16件砂岩重矿物定量分析结果表明,两个物源区来源的砂岩重矿物组合均被成岩作用严重改造,辉石、角闪石等不稳定矿物消失,绿帘石等自生矿物出现;冈底斯弧来源的砂岩以出现大量绿帘石或磷灰石为特征,ZTR指数小于40;印度大陆地块来源的砂岩以出现大量锆石、电气石和金红石为特征,ZTR指数大于75。这一结果指示岩浆弧与大陆地块来源的砂岩的重矿物组合具有明显差异性,可以用来探讨物源的大地构造背景。     

Hydrothermal Alteration of Limestone and Mineral Exploration of Zn-Pb Skarn Deposits in the Sako-nishi Area of the Kamioka Mine, Central Japan

Abstract: Crystalline limestone of the Sako-nishi area in the Kamioka Zn-Pb mine, central Japan, is depleted in ¹⁸O and ¹³C toward the center of mineralization due to interaction with hydrothermal fluids with a dominant meteoric water component. The relationship between isotopic composition and mineral assemblage, texture, the chemical composition of the minerals, and the bulk chemical composition in the limestone was examined. A decrease in the δ¹⁸OSMOW value correlated with: (1) increase of fine-grained calcite which is enriched in Mn and exhibits a bright cathodoluminescence, (2) progressive hy-drothermal alteration of clinopyroxene in the original limestone into tremolite within the weakly-altered zone, and into chlorite and actinolite within the strongly-altered zone, (3) dominance of hydrothermal chlorite in altered limestone having δ¹⁸O values of less than 10%. This chlorite was enriched in Fe compared to mafic minerals in the unaltered limestone. The enrichment of Fe and Mn was more conspicuous in calcite and chlorite in skarn deposits. The occurrence and chemical composition of hydrothermal minerals in the limestone, skarn, and ore indicate that the ¹⁸O–depleted zones were formed in the later stage from fluids, which were responsible for mineralization and skarnization, and for Fe and Mn enrichment. The Al, Mn, and Fe contents, and the ratios of Mg/(Mg+Mn+Fe), Al/Mg, and Mn/Sr in the hydrochloric acid leachate of limestone varied with decreasing δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values, reflecting increases in high-Mn calcite and high-Fe chlorite. These indexes were useful for the identification of hydrothermally altered limestone. Furthermore, the potential score weighted by each index was more effective and accurate means of detecting promising mineralization zones. An anomalous potential score due to the presence of hydrothermal minerals in the outcropping limestone occurred along the Atotsu–1GO fault. This structure indicates that the skarn deposits of the Sako-nishi area belong to Mozumi-type Zn–Pb skarn deposits, in which fissures and faults served as major passages for the hydrothermal fluid. High-Mn carbonate and high-Fe chlorite widely occur in base-metal vein deposits and Zn-Pb type skarn deposits. Leaching of altered rock with hydrochloric acid in addition to stable isotope composition and cathodoluminescence imaging is effective for geochemical exploration for hydrothermal deposits because it makes possible the detection of the elemental composition of hydrothermal minerals such as chlorite and carbonate and because of the rapidity and convenience of analysis.     

内蒙古乌努格吐山铜钼矿床Cu、Mo同位素组成及绢云母Ar-Ar测年对区域成矿作用的启示

内蒙古乌努(奴)格吐山铜铅锌矿整装勘查区位于得尔布干成矿带西南段,是我国北方重要的Cu-Mo-Fe-Au-Ag-Pb-Zn成矿带。近年来随着多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(MC-ICP-MS)的广泛应用,使Mo、Cu、Fe、Zn等同位素的研究应用于矿床学研究中。本文通过对乌努格吐山斑岩型矿床黄铜矿Cu同位素、辉钼矿Mo同位素组成,绢云母Ar-Ar年龄进行研究,借此探讨该矿床的形成时代、矿床成因。结果显示,矿床成矿早阶段的绢云母坪年龄为181.9±1.1Ma,等时线年龄为181.0±2.3Ma,与辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄相一致。而石英+钾长石+辉钼矿+黄铜矿+黄铁矿脉中和石英+黄铜矿+黄铁矿脉中黄铜矿的δ⁶⁵Cu平均值分别为0.31‰和0.40‰,显示黄铜矿的δ⁶⁵Cu值从早到晚逐渐增高,这可能为流体出溶过程中⁶³Cu优先进入富气相流体,残余岩浆流体逐渐富集⁶⁵Cu的结果。辉钼矿的δ⁹⁸Mo/δ⁹⁵Mo介于-0.16‰~0.35‰之间,说明在成矿作用的过程中Mo进入不同的矿物组合中并发生了同位素分馏,可能受到了氧化还原条件、温度等物理化学条件的变化,或者是辉钼矿的多型特征的影响。得尔布干成矿带矿床的形成与蒙古鄂霍次克洋的演化密切相关,结合前人研究成果,将成矿带斑岩型矿床分为240~230Ma、180~200Ma、150~160Ma三期。

     

西藏北部巴毛穷宗-涌波错-羌巴欠火山岩类型、40Ar-39Ar年龄及其地质意义

通过岩石化学和40Ar-39Ar定年研究结果: 巴毛穷宗钾质碱性火山岩,涌波错和羌巴欠钙碱性火山岩,40Ar-39Ar坪年龄分别为30～26 Ma、18 Ma和15～14 Ma, 并对该区火山岩的性质和时空演化规律与青藏高原隆升的内在联系进行了探讨.     

藏南过铝花岗岩中电气石的矿物化学特征及成因意义

讨论了藏南过铝花岗岩中电气石的地质产状、矿物学和矿物化学特征。结果表明:(1)在以氧原子数为24.5计算的化学式中,电气石的(Fe+Mg)/Mg比值在2.32~5.37之间,指示花岗岩和伟晶岩中的电气石均为黑电气石系列,而且属镁电气石—铁电气石系列中的较富铁电气石的成员;(2)电气石的FeO/(FeO+MgO)值高达0.70~0.89,与贫Li花岗岩接近,Al-Al50Fe50-Al50Mg50图解和Fe-Mg-Ca图解投点均位于贫Li花岗岩区,属于贫Li花岗岩有关的电气石;(3)TiO2-MnO/CaO-MgO/FeO三元图解可判定属于第Ⅰ类,即MgO和FeO含量同步消长,且较贫Mg富Fe,而MnO和TiO2含量为异步消长,这与电气石的FeO/(FeO+MgO)值所反映的性质相同;(4)地质产状、矿物学及矿物化学揭示的成因信息表明藏南过铝花岗岩中的电气石为酸性侵入体岩浆期后热液成因。     

Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Mamupu Cu-Au Polymetallic Deposit, Eastern Tibet: Implications for Eocene Cu Metallogenesis in the Yulong Porphyry Copper Belt

The Mamupu skarn-type Cu-Au polymetallic deposit represents the first discovery of a medium deposit in the southern Yulong porphyry copper belt (YPCB), eastern Tibet. The Cu-Au mineralization mainly occurs as chalcopyrite in breccia, within the plate-like carbonate interlayer, being closely related to chloritization (e.g., chlorite, magnetite and epidote) and skarnization (e.g., diopside, tremolite and garnet). The ore-related quartz syenite porphyry (QSP) and granodiorite porphyry (GP) were emplaced at 40.1 ± 0.2 Ma and 39.9 ± 0.3 Ma, respectively. The QSP of Mamupu is an alkaline-rich intrusion, relatively enriched in LREE, LILE, depleted in HFSE, with no significant negative Eu and Ce anomalies, slightly high (87Sr/86Sr)i, low εNd(t), uniform (206Pb/204Pb)i and εHf(t) values, which indicates that the porphyry magma may be caused by both the mixing of metasomatized EM II enriched mantle and thickened juvenile lower crust. The QSP in the Mamupu deposit shares a similar genesis of petrology to other ore-related porphyries within the YPCB. High oxygen fugacity and water content of the magmas are essential for the formation of porphyry and skarn Cu deposits. The QSP has similar high magmatic oxidation states and water content to the Yulong deposit, which indicates that the Mamupu has a high prospecting potential. Differences in the geological characteristics and scale of mineralization between the Mamupu and other YPCB deposits may be due to the different emplacement depths of ore-related intrusions, as well as differences in the surrounding rocks.     

Jurassic Hornblende Gabbros in Dongga, Eastern Gangdese, Tibet: Partial Melting of Mantle Wedge and Implications for Crustal Growth

The Gangdese batholith, more than 2500 km in length, is composed mainly of JurassicMiocene igneous rocks. This batholith is one of the most important constituents of the Tibetan orogenesis and provides an ideal place for study of Neo-Tethyan ocean geodynamic evolution and plateau uplift. Recent studies on the Gangdese Jurassic felsic magmatism highlight its juvenile source. However, important aspects concerning the genesis of the juvenile magmatism and related deep geodynamic evolution are still unclear. Here, we report detailed petrological, geochronological, geochemical, whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopic, and in situ Sr-Hf isotopic data for a recently identified hornblende gabbro in the Dongga area, southern Lhasa sub-block. This hornblende gabbro is dominated by hornblende and plagioclase, dated at Early Jurassic(ca. 180–190 Ma), and characterized by a narrow compositional range in SiO_2(49.38wt%–52.27wt%), MgO(4.08wt%–7.00wt%), FeO(10.43wt%–11.77wt%), Na_2O(2.58wt%–3.51wt%), and K_2O(0.48wt%–1.53wt%). It has depleted isotopic signatures, with whole-rock(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i ratios of 0.7033–0.7043, ε_(Nd)(t) values of +4.90 to +6.99, in situ plagioclase(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i ratios of 0.7034–0.7042, and zircon ε_(Hf)(t) of +12.2 to +16.8. Our results integrated with published data suggest a model of Gangdese juvenile crustal growth by a subduction-related water-enriched mantle wedge. The hydrous partial melting of the lithosphere mantle was triggered by the dehydration of a Neo-Tethyan oceanic slab. This mafic magmatism emplaced in the middle-lower crust of intraoceanic arcs or active continental margins, leading to Jurassic juvenile crustal growth in southern Tibet.     

Highly Oxidized Magma and Fluid Evolution of Miocene Qulong Giant Porphyry Cu‐Mo Deposit,Southern Tibet,China

The Miocene Qulong porphyry Cu‐Mo deposit, which is located at the Gangdese orogenic belt of Southern Tibet, is the largest porphyry‐type deposit in China, with confirmed Cu ～10 Mt and Mo ～0.5 Mt. It is spatially and temporally associated with multiphase granitic intrusions, which is accompanied by large‐scale hydrothermal alteration and mineralization zones, including abundant hydrothermal anhydrite. In addition to hydrothermal anhydrite, magmatic anhydrite is present as inclusions in plagioclase, interstitial minerals between plagioclase and quartz, and phenocrysts in unaltered granodiorite porphyry, usually in association with clusters of sulfur‐rich apatite in the Qulong deposit. These observations indicate that the Qulong magma‐hydrothermal system was highly oxidized and sulfur‐rich. Three main types of fluid inclusions are observed in the quartz phenocrysts and veins in the porphyry: (i) liquid‐rich; (ii) polyphase high‐salinity; and (iii) vapor‐rich inclusions. Homogenization temperatures and salinities of all type inclusions decrease from the quartz phenocrysts in the porphyry to hydrothermal veins (A, B, D veins). Microthermometric study suggests copper‐bearing sulfides precipitated at about 320–400°C in A and B veins. Fluid boiling is assumed for the early stage of mineralization, and these fluids may have been trapped at about 35–60 Mpa at 460–510°C and 28–42 Mpa at 400–450°C, corresponding to trapping depths of 1.4–2.4 km and 1.1–1.7 km, respectively.     

Geology, Mineralization, Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotope of the Early Cretaceous Sn and Associated Metal Deposits in the Southern Great Xing’an Range, NE China: A Review

The Southern Great Xing'an Range(SGXR) hosts a number of Early Cretaceous Sn and associated metal deposits, which can be divided into three principal types according to their geological characteristics: skarn type deposits, porphyry type deposits and hydrothermal vein type deposits. Fluid inclusion assemblages of different types of deposits are quite different, which represent the complexities of metallogenic process and formation mechanism. CH_4 and CO_2 have been detected in fluid inclusions from some of deposits, indicating that the ore-forming fluids are affected by materials of Permian strata. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data from ore minerals and associated gangue minerals indicate that the initial ore fluids were dominated by magmatic waters, some of which had clearly exchanged oxygen with wall rocks during their passage through the strata. The narrow range for the δ~(34)S values presumably reflects the corresponding uniformity of the ore forming fluids, and these δ~(34)S values have been interpreted to reflect magmatic sources for the sulfur. The comparation between lead isotope ratios of ore minerals and different geological units' also reveals that deeply seated magma has been a significant source of lead in the ores.