Development of damage probability matrices based on Greek earthquake damage data

A comprehensive study is presented for empirical seismic vulnerability assessment of typical structural types, representative of the building stock of Southern Europe, based on a large set of damage statistics. The observational database was obtained from post-earthquake surveys carried out in the area struck by the September 7, 1999 Athens earthquake. After analysis of the collected observational data, a unified damage database has been created which comprises 180,945 damaged buildings from/after the near-field area of the earthquake. The damaged buildings are classified in specific structural types, according to the materials, seismic codes and construction techniques in Southern Europe. The seismic demand is described in terms of both the regional macroseismic intensity and the ratio αg/ao, where αg is the maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) of the earthquake event and ao is the unique value PGA that characterizes each municipality shown on the Greek hazard map. The relative and cumulative frequencies of the different damage states for each structural type and each intensity level are computed in terms of damage ratio. Damage probability matrices (DPMs) and vulnerability curves are obtained for specific structural types. A comparison analysis is fulfilled between the produced and the existing vulnerability models.     

基于已有震害矩阵模拟的群体震害预测方法研究

本文提出了一种群体震害预测方法，根据已有建筑物震害预测结果或震害统计分析结果，按照影响建筑物抗震能力的主要因素，由普查资料统计出的建筑物各影响因素的建筑面积比例得出模拟震害矩阵与已知矩阵的贴近度，最后进行加权平均，建立具体预测对象群体建筑物的震害矩阵。     

基于结构振动信息的损伤识别研究综述

随着传感技术、信号采集与处理和系统建模等技术的发展,基于结构振动信息的损伤识别已经成为土木工程结构健康监测与损伤检测领域的研究热点。本文系统地综述了近20年来国内外基于振动信息的结构损伤识别的研究和应用现状,评述了各类方法的优缺点,并针对土木工程结构损伤识别的特点,对有待于进一步研究的问题进行了展望。     

基于大地脉动的新型损伤识别指数

阐述了一种新型损伤识别指数,进行该指数稳定性验算和计算绘制损伤指数变化率与损伤程度的关系曲线。数值模拟结果显示,该指数对小损伤敏感,可以进行损伤判定与标定,具有一定潜力。     

储集层伤害概念模型探讨

储集层伤害研究是各项作业方案设计的依据，有效预防、控制和治理伤害问题是伤害研究的目的.本文论述了目前具有代表性的储集层伤害数值研究，提出了储集层伤害的概念模型，并进一步给出了伤害数值研究的概念模型和一般化实现方法，旨在为储集层伤害数值研究提供理论指导，使伤害建模更具有系统性和通用性，从而推动伤害数值研究的通用程序化.     

断层场地震害研究综述

本文介绍了国内外断层场地震害的研究现状和主要观点，指出了断层提高烈度的观点的片面性，阐述了我国地震考察中研究方法的创新和取得的主要研究结果，总结了断层场地的震害特征和非发震断层对震害无明显影响的主要结论。     

桥梁结构损伤对其固有振动特性的影响

分析实际桥梁结构的各种损伤状况,采用矩阵摄动理论分析桥梁结构发生损伤时固有频率及振型向量的一阶、二阶摄动结果,并讨论了固有振动特性对结构单元损伤的灵敏性。在理论分析的基础上,编制桥梁结构固有振动特性及其在损伤下的摄动分析程序,并用以分析简支梁、连续梁及拱结构损伤引起的固有振动的摄动结果。分析结果表明:单一单元损伤引起固有频率的摄动结果很小;不同位置处单元损伤与固有频率摄动结果的关系曲线与对应振型曲线具有相似性,但在中间支承处或结构端部有扭转约束处单元损伤影响显著;而单元损伤对振型向量影响极小。     

Seismic damage assessment based on different hysteretic rules

The inelastic response of a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system to different sets of earthquake records was analysed to study the significance of ground motion characteristics on structural damage. Six non-linear models were used. The ductility ratio and hysteretic energy index were chosen as two important damage indices to measure the structural damage. The dispersion phenomenon exhibited by yield spectra due to input ground motion was reduced by incorporating the ground motion a/v ratio into the two damage indices. Finally, empirical formulae for estimating two measures of structural damage were developed for each hysteretic model.     

基于损伤部位向量法的钢框架损伤识别研究

对损伤部位向量(DLV)法作了简单介绍,并用该方法对钢框架进行了损伤识别和损伤定位。该方法假定结构损伤前后为线性,对结构损伤前后柔度矩阵差进行奇异值分解,将奇异值为零所对应的向量,作为静荷载施加在无损结构的测点位置,则应力为零的单元为可能损伤的单元。对3种不同工况的钢框架进行了振动模态试验,用前3阶模态参数构造框架的柔度矩阵,按照DLV法对其进行了损伤识别,识别结果与已知损伤情况相一致。从测试自由度不完备、噪声和振型质量归一化系数这3个方面对识别效果进行了分析,结果表明:当损伤使结构动力特性有微小改变时,使用该方法不易定位损伤,应结合局部损伤识别方法进行判定;当损伤使结构动力特性有较大改变时,该方法能有效识别损伤的单元。DLV方法概念简单,理论明确,不受结构类型的限制,不需要结构的数学模型和模型缩聚或扩展技术,只需获得结构损伤前后的前几个低阶模态参数,即可识别结构一处或多处损伤,实际应用时可操作性强。     

基于SEEW-SVM的结构损伤在线识别

在增量式特征向量加权支持向量机(WEVLS-SVM)结构损伤在线识别方法的基础上,提出了自适应特征向量指数加权向量机(SEEW-SVM)识别方法,该方法通过增加样本与修剪算法更新样本,并根据样本贡献量的大小对特征向量自适应进行指数加权。以剪切型结构为例进行了数值模拟分析,结果表明SEEW-SVM方法与WEVLS-SVM方法相比,不仅提高了识别精度,而且大大提高了识别效率,更适用于对结构的时变参数进行在线识别。     

汶川8.0级地震水坝震害调查

“5．12”汶川地震中水坝损毁严重,造成了巨大的经济损失。震后对69座溃坝险情和310座高危险情水库水坝进行了系统的调查,典型震害现象包括坝体裂缝、塌陷、滑坡、渗漏、启闭设施损坏和其他附属设施的损毁等。文中给出了不同烈度区的水坝震害分布,并对地震中水坝的震害现象做了初步总结和分析。     

建筑物震害预测模糊震害指数法

建筑物震害预测是城市防震减灾的基础工作之一。本文在分析现有震害预测方法的基础上，提出了一种新的震害预测方法－模糊震害指数法。模糊震害指数法以现有震害预测资料为基础，采用模糊数学方法实现。本文详细阐述了模糊震害指数法的理论模型，推导了其数学公式，最后给出了实例分析。     

公路系统地震破坏等级划分研究

通过对我国几次大地震震害资料的收集整理,对公路交通系统的地震破坏现象进行了详细分类,得到了公路交通系统内各研究对象的主要破坏方式。结合国内相关领域的规范和文献,对公路系统地震破坏等级划分标准进行了分析讨论,对现在的规范进行了完善和补充,得到了一套全新的破坏等级划分方法,为公路系统地震灾后现场工作提供参考。     

Cumulative damage effects of mainshock-aftershock sequences on RC-frame structures

Frequent aftershocks often follow a strong mainshock. They can significantly increase cumulative damage to a structure. A model of a five-story reinforced concrete frame structure was designed and a nonlinear mathematical model of the structure was developed to investigate the damage states resulting from different mainshock-aftershock sequences. Mainshock-aftershock sequences consisting of one of three recorded mainshocks combined with one of five recorded aftershocks were created for input to the mathematical model. Inelastic energy dissipation and the Park-Ang damage index were used as measures of cumulative damage to the structure. The results demonstrate that consideration of only the single mainshock ground motion in seismic building design can result in the design and construction of unsafe buildings. Total cumulative damage to a structure is caused by the combination of damage states resulting from the mainshock and the aftershock(s).     

A numerical study on seismic damage of masonry fortresses

Studies oriented to restoration and conservation of historical monumental buildings have recourse to structural analysis as a way to investigate the genuine structural features of the construction, to better understand its present condition and actual causes of existing damage, to estimate its safety conditions and to determine necessary remedial measures. Based on this background, this paper discusses on the seismic vulnerability of masonry fortresses by means of an analysis methodology based on three different analytical procedures, according to an increased knowledge of the structure. As a relevant case study the Albornoz fortress, a 14th stone masonry construction located in central Italy, was selected. Initially, the strategy proposed to perform this task was aimed at testing and developing an expeditious and non-destructive procedure to evaluate both the seismic vulnerability and the main mechanical properties of the different masonry typologies. The macroscale structural behavior of the fortress was then evaluated through a nonlinear static analysis (pushover) and a more simple approach based on the kinematic theorems of the limit analysis. From this point of view, by comparing the capacity of the construction to withstand lateral loads with the expected demands resulting from seismic actions, these methods provided a highly effective means of verifying the safety of the masonry structure and its vulnerability to extensive damage and collapse.     

基于小波能量分布向量的结构损伤识别

利用小波变换时-频局部化性能,提出了基于小波能量分布向量的结构损伤识别方法。首先建立无损结构响应信号小波能量分布的总体向量;其次,将实测动力响应信号分解为小波包组分,计算其小波能量分布向量(样本向量);通过样本向量和总体向量之间的马氏距离识别损伤。该方法仅利用单测点结构响应数据进行损伤识别,实验方便,计算简单,并通过钢梁试验对损伤识别方法进行了试验验证,识别结果表明小波能量分布向量是一个比较好的结构损伤指标。     

基于时域相关分析的结构损伤指数

阐述了一种基于时域相关分析的结构损伤指数,并进行了该指数的实验研究,目的是探讨一种对损伤敏感的损伤识别方法。试验模型为具有4根柱子的2层钢框架,模型通过底部4根桩埋在土壤里。在底层柱顶端设置缺口代表损伤,设计了2种损伤,有限元数值模拟分析得到的基频变化率分别为0.42%和0.94%。采用激振器对底板进行正弦激励,激励频率为25Hz。利用顶板和中板响应计算该损伤指数,绘制了损伤指数及其变化率与结构损伤程度的关系曲线。结果显示,该指数对损伤敏感,具有进行损伤判定与标定的潜力。     

Reinforced concrete hysteresis model based on the damage concept

Reinforced concrete members subjected to cyclic inelastic deformation may exhibit both stiffness and strength degradation, depending on the maximum amplitude and the number of cycles experienced by the member. Many of the currently available models do not simulate the cycle-dependent stiffness loss often observed during the experiments. An analytical model based on a damage parameter which is a function of the cumulative cyclic inelastic deformation is proposed. A small-scale reinforced concrete beam–column joint was constructed and subjected to cyclic loading to calibrate the damage parameter. The model is able to approximate the complete hysteretic response and is simple to implement. The sensitivity of the analytical model was examined by comparing the model with several experimental results.     

基于能量分析的地震损伤性能评估

结合能量分析法和文献[1]提出的钢筋混凝土框架结构“三水准”地震损伤性能目标,采用改进的双参数线性组合地震损伤模型,本文提出了基于能量分析的地震损伤性能评估方法;通过算例说明了本文提出的抗震性能评估方法不仅能够准确地分析结构在大震作用下的地震损伤性能,而且思路简洁、计算方便、可用于结构抗震性能评估;另外,本文提出的地震损伤模型具有较强的灵活性,可适用于不同钢筋混凝土构件和结构的抗震性能评估。