内蒙古老国营子金铜矿床地质-地球物理勘查与研究

内蒙古老国营子金铜矿床是近年来利用地质与地球物理相互结合手段新发现的一个矿床。本次研究利用基于电磁原理的地球物理手段进行了找矿测试,结果表明:甚低频(VLF)地球物理扫面发现了近EW向和NW向的高阻带,分别对应了两条相应的矿化蚀变带。音频大地电磁法(EH4)测深影像显示矿化蚀变带表现为高阻异常带,与VLF的测量结果相一致。激电(IP)中梯测量显示矿化蚀变带具有高阻、高充电率和高金属因子异常特征。结合具体的地质特征,在老国营子金铜矿区综合运用这三种地球物理方法,取得了较好的找矿效果。     

对金矿地球物理勘查的回顾

物探方法对金矿体来讲都是间接找矿,可以用各种方法确定与金矿有关的地质问题。本文介绍了世界上一些国家先后应用地面磁法、EM法、VLF法、MMR法、重力法、地震测量、IP法、航空磁测等方法在不同地质环境中的应用效果。     

航空电磁法在地质填图中的应用

航空电磁法发展三十多年来,主要是作为寻找导电矿体的一种方法。然而,它也能用于地质填图和找水。本文用巴西的两个实例来说明航空电磁法如何用于地质填图。 ITAPICURU绿岩带概况 Itapicuru绿岩带位于巴西东部萨尔瓦多港北北西180公里处。它处于Bahia前寒武地盾的东北部边缘,东部是Tucano盆地的中生代沉积岩。这个绿岩带的构造由轴向     

航空物探方法(航电、航磁、航放)解决的地质问题实例四则

岩(矿)石电磁、磁、放射性质的差异是航空物探(电磁、磁、放)测量的前提和地质解释基础.本文从航空电磁、航磁、航空伽玛能谱测量的基本原理出发,着重介绍了不同航空物探异常圈定的原则,并以实例的方式,分别对航空电磁法所反映的蚀变带、舷磁反映的隐伏岩浆岩以及航空伽玛能谱反映的断裂带等方面进行了分析,研究了其与成矿的关系.最后,以一处航空物探综合异常为例,对综合解释方法进行了较详细的介绍,明确了该异常是今后找矿的重要标志.     

航空和地面天然场电磁法联合开展深部矿产资源勘探

较为全面地介绍了航空天然场电磁观测系统( ZTEM)的方法原理、装置及应用实例,从测量参数、探测成果和工作效率等方面对比总结了航空天然场电磁法与地面MT法。在此基础上,提出了航空天然场电磁法和地面MT联合的点面结合勘探方案,即ZTEM航空电磁法进行大面积快速测量,地面天然场电磁法针对重点和可到达的区域进行辅助性质的完善测量和查证,并为ZTEM数据反演提供参考,最终获得全区的电性特征,从而为地质体推断提供可靠参考,可为我国高山峻岭区、森林覆盖区、水体覆盖区、环境保护区矿产资源的快速有效勘查提供技术支撑。     

印度锡金北部Lanta Khola滑坡甚低频电磁法、电阻率法调查与地质综合研究

在高海拔喜马拉雅山地带,滑坡是非常普遍的。喜马拉雅山地带的主要公路,由于受滑坡灾害的严重影响而频繁堵塞,且长期被迫中断。需要对这些滑坡采取长期防治措施以保持公路畅通。位于甘托克（印度锡金邦首都）北部71．2km处的Lanta Khota滑坡,是锡金北部公路上最古老的滑坡之一,自1975年起该滑坡开始活动。滑坡两侧的岩石类型是不同的（东部为透镜状片麻岩,西部为长石英质片岩）,我们认为,主中央冲断层（MCT）穿过滑坡带。由于滑坡总是在强降雨过后变得异常活跃,因此,查明滑坡面之下含水介质结构,了解滑坡活动的诱发因素湿得非常重要。这仅能通过地球物理调查完成。然而,必须选择适宜这种地形勘查的地球物理技术。为了查明地下地层结构,在Lanta Khola滑坡区域开展了甚低频（VLF）电磁法测量。虽然全球仅有少数可利用的VLF发射台,但可以从一些VLF发射台获取VLF信号,即便是在高海拔的山区。垂直地质岩层走向布置了5个VLF测量剖面,并根据VLF测量结果圈定出低阻区。这种低阻区与根据梯度电阻率测深剖面圈定的低电阻带有关。这些异常证实,在Lanta Khola滑坡区域范围内,即使在与片麻岩-片岩地质接触面平行的地下滑动面中也存在水饱和带（潮湿带）。这表明,传导特征与弱水饱和的岩屑层有关,这些岩屑层位于滑坡体沿线并与地质接触面平行。为此,滑坡区两侧的电性结构特征可能与稳定地层有关。为了把滑坡活动次数降至最低,必需排放潮湿带中的水,这是因为潮湿带中的水可渗入滑坡体。     

航空电磁法的发展现状

航空物探方法具有低成本快速度,从宏观上探测大区域地球物理场的优势.在我国航空电磁法相对于航磁而言发展较为缓慢,但航空电磁法的物理原理又使它具有其他航空物探方法所不能替代的功能和优势(如寻找地下水、环境调查等).文章从航空电磁观测系统、航空电磁数据处理和解释以及航空电磁应用等方面阐述了2000年以来国内外航空电磁的最新发展动态,在此基础上分析总结了航空电磁未来发展的趋势和重点.     

航空电磁法数据处理与图示技术

在分析探讨影响航空电磁测量数据质量主要因素的基础上,提出了场值标定,相位校验改正等零水平漂移改正方法,研究开发了一套适合航空电磁法数据处理与图示的方法技术。通过对3万多测线公里航空电磁资料的处理与图示,证明了方法的有效性,取得的视电阻率图像反映了各测区浅层电性分布特征,为地质填图提供了新的资料。     

综合物探方法在有害地质体勘查方面的应用

通过四川盆地某地多种物探方法在页岩气钻前探测方面应用及效果的阐述,探讨了综合物探方法在岩溶、暗河以及破碎带等有害地质体勘查方面的应用效果。结果表明:若目的层以浅发育较厚碳酸盐岩地层,采用高密度电法、瞬变电磁法、音频大地电磁法、广域电磁法等物探方法,探测由浅到深的地质体空间展布情况,并结合地表地质调查,可对岩溶、暗河以及破碎带等不良地质体的发育情况进行较好的控制,能有效规避钻探过程中可能存在的风险。     

综合物探方法在有害地质体勘查方面的应用

通过四川盆地某地多种物探方法在页岩气钻前探测方面应用及效果的阐述,探讨了综合物探方法在岩溶、暗河以及破碎带等有害地质体勘查方面的应用效果。结果表明:若目的层以浅发育较厚碳酸盐岩地层,采用高密度电法、瞬变电磁法、音频大地电磁法、广域电磁法等物探方法,探测由浅到深的地质体空间展布情况,并结合地表地质调查,可对岩溶、暗河以及破碎带等不良地质体的发育情况进行较好的控制,能有效规避钻探过程中可能存在的风险。     

Geophysical anomalies associated with uranium mineralization from Beldih mine, South Purulia Shear Zone, India

Beldih mine at the central part of the South Purulia Shear Zone (SPSZ) has been reported with low grade uranium-bearing formation within quartz-magnetite-apatite host in kaolinized formation. Therefore, the present integrated geophysical study with gravity, magnetic, radiometric, very low frequency electromagnetic (VLF) and gradient resistivity profiling methods around the known mineralized zones aimed at identifying the exact geophysical signatures and lateral extent of these uranium mineralization bands. The closely spaced gravity-magnetic contours over the low to high anomaly transition zones of Bouguer, reduced-to-pole magnetic, and trend surface separated residual gravity-magnetic anomaly maps indicate the possibility of high altered zone(s) along NW-SE direction at the central part of the study area. High current density plots of VLF method and the low resistive zones in gradient resistivity study depict the coincidence with low gravity, moderately high magnetic and low resistivity anomalies at the same locations. Moderate high radioactive zones have also been observed over these locations. This also suggests the existence of radioactive mineralization over this region. Along profile P2, drilled borehole data revealed the presence of uranium mineralization at a depth of ～100 m. The vertical projection of this mineralization band also identified as low gravity, low resistivity and high magnetic anomaly zone. Thus, the application of integrated geophysical techniques supported by geological information successfully recognized the nature of geophysical signatures associated with the uranium mineralization of this region. This enhances the scope of further integrated geophysical investigations in the unexplored regions of SPSZ.     

航空甚低频电磁异常在胶东牟乳地区构造填图中的应用

通过对胶东牟平－乳山地区１：２．５万航空甚低频电磁异常的分析研究，并结合航磁，航放、遥感以及区域构造地质资料，进行了构造地质填图，首次进一步证实了被前人所忽视的近东西向断裂构造的存在，并给予了准确定位。在此基础上进行了金矿成矿远景预测，取得了比较满意的效果。     

航空电阻率填图技术及其应用

航空电阻率填图是通过反演或量板转换技术把测量到的航空电磁场信号换算成反映地下岩层的视电阻率值。它摆脱了测量工作中高度的变化以及不同航空电磁系统响应性状差异很大给地质解释工作造成的困难。通过对南宫、嘉鱼地区航空电磁资料的应用,显示出该技术良好的应用前景。     

Transient electromagnetic profiles across gold-mineralisation zones in central Victoria

High-density transient electromagnetic (TEM) profiles have been obtained along a 170 km long transect in central Victoria north of Bendigo. The transect lies within two of the fault-bounded subdivisions of the western Lachlan Fold Belt (the Bendigo and Melbourne Zones) and coincides with part of a 2006 seismic-reflection traverse and a 2007 magnetotelluric (MT) survey commissioned by Geoscience Victoria as part of the Victorian Government's Gold Undercover initiative. In addition to providing near-surface information that will assist with geological mapping, the TEM survey also presents a viable method for the removal of static offsets present in the MT data. The new dataset also provides an immediate comparison and verification of data acquired along the same line by the helicopter-borne Versatile Transient Electromagnetic (VTEM) system. Ground-based data have been obtained for a total of 55 sites, and high-quality decay curves have revealed a variety of conductivity characteristics with typical penetration to depths of 100 m. Major geological structures can clearly be identified in both the ground and airborne sections, with very good lateral correlation present between the two. The fault zones are easily distinguished as regions characterised by bands of high conductivity along with significant variability in the near-surface structure.     

Integrated very low-frequency EM, electrical resistivity, and geological studies on the Lanta Khola landslide, North Sikkim, India

Landslides are very common in high-altitude Himalayan terrains. Major roads in the Himalayas are frequently blocked due to heavy landslides and remain closed for long periods of time. Permanent mitigatory solutions to these landslides are required to keep the highways open. Lanta Khola, located 71.2 km north of Gangtok (capital of the Indian state of Sikkim), is one of the oldest landslides on the North Sikkim Highway and is active since 1975. The rock types on either side of the landslide are different (augen gneiss in the east and metapelitic schist in the west), and it is believed that the Main Central Thrust passes through the slide zone. Since the slide is invariably activated in the aftermath of heavy rainfall, it is important to identify the subsurface structures that channel water below the landslide surface in order to understand the triggers of slide activity. This can only be accomplished by geophysical survey; however, an appropriate geophysical technique that can be applied in such terrains must be identified. Very low-frequency (VLF) electromagnetic survey was performed over the Lanta Khola landside in order to delineate subsurface structures. Although a very limited number of VLF transmitters are available worldwide, it was possible to pick up VLF signals from a number of VLF stations even in this high-altitude mountainous terrain. VLF measurements along five profiles perpendicular to the geological strike were recorded, and a high conducting zone was delineated from the VLF observations. This conducting zone correlates with the low resistive zone identified from gradient resistivity profiling. The anomalies confirm that there is a water-saturated zone (soggy zone) even in the subsurface of the slide parallel to the geological gneiss–schist contact within the Lanta Khola slide. This indicates that the conductive feature correlates with a weak water-saturated debris layer that lies along the slide and is parallel to the geological contact. Resistive structures on either side of the landslide zone can thus be correlated with the stable ground. It is necessary to drain out water from the soggy zone to minimize slide activity since this zone appears to penetrate into the body of the slide.     

甚低频电磁法在某萤石矿勘查中的应用

内蒙古海力敏萤石矿属热液脉型,萤石—石英矿受花岗岩体内NW向断裂破碎带控制。矿区开展了甚低频电磁法找矿勘查研究,在已知矿体上测得明显的甚低频电磁异常,证实了该方法对寻找此类萤石矿床的有效性。在不易识别开采的掩盖区,所测甚低频电磁异常显示控矿断裂带仍存在,极可能赋存萤石矿体。     

Application of integrated methods in mapping waste disposal areas

An integrated suite of environmental methods was used to characterize the hydrogeological, geological and tectonic regime of the largest waste disposal landfill of Crete Island, the Fodele municipal solid waste site (MSW), to determine the geometry of the landfill (depth and spatial extent of electrically conductive anomalies), to define the anisotropy caused by bedrock fabric fractures and to locate potential zones of electrically conductive contamination. A combination of geophysical methods and chemical analysis was implemented for the characterization and management of the landfill. Five different types of geophysical surveys were performed: (1) 2D electrical resistance tomography (ERT), (2) electromagnetic measurements using very low frequencies (VLF), (3) electromagnetic conductivity (EM31), (4) seismic refraction measurements (SR), and (5) ambient noise measurements (HVSR). The above geophysical methods were used with the aim of studying the subsurface properties of the landfill and to define the exact geometrical characteristics of the site under investigation.     

国外航空物探测量系统近年来若干进展

航空物探测量作为一种高效的地球物理勘查技术方法,在地质调查、油气与固体矿产资源勘查等许多领域发挥着重要的作用,已成为开展国土资源调查及矿产资源潜力评价研究的重要技术手段.笔者较为系统地介绍了国内外航空磁力梯度测量系统、航空电磁测量系统、航空伽马能谱测量系统、航空重力测量系统及配套测量技术的相关技术指标、研究现状与趋势以及应用领域.通过对比分析发现,该方法在国外已经发展的比较成熟,然而,在国内该项技术仍处于发展中,许多航空物探关键测量技术与国外相比仍存在较大的差距.因此,我国航空物探测量技术还需要加快发展.     

Smart Interpretation – automatic geological interpretations based on supervised statistical models

A method that infers a statistical model, which describes a relation between the knowledge of a geologist (quantified by geological interpretations) and the available information (such as geophysical data, well log data, etc.) that a geologist uses when he/she interprets is proposed and tested. The statistical model is then used to perform automatic geological interpretations wherever the same kinds of information, as used for the initial interpretations, are available. This methodology is named Smart Interpretation (SI). In this study, we look at two different approaches to infer such a model, and we demonstrate the applicability of the model to predict the depth to a low resistivity subsurface layer, based on interpretations from a geological expert, using a 19-layered resistivity model obtained from inversion of airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data. This study shows that SI is capable of making predictions with great accuracy. The method is fast and is able to handle large amounts of data of different origin, which suggest that the method may become a very useful approach to assist in geological modeling based on increasingly large amounts of data of different nature.