Reconstruction and analysis of the past five centuries of streamflow on northern slopes on Tianshan Mountains in Northern Xinjiang,China

We examined the changes in streamflow on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in northern Xinjiang, China, over two time scales: the past 500 years, based on dendrochronology data; and the past 50 years, based on streamflow data from hydrological stations. The method of artificial neural networks built from the data of the 50-year period was used to reconstruct the streamflow of the 500-year period. The results indicate that streamflow has undergone seven high-flow periods and four low-flow periods during the past 500 years. To identify possible transition points in the streamflow, we applied the Mann–Kendall and running T tests to the 50- and 500-year periods, respectively. During the past 500 years, streamflow has changed significantly from low to high flow about three to four times, and from high to low flow about three to five times. Over the recent 50 years, there have been three phases of variation in river runoff, and the most distinct transition of streamflow occurred in 1996.     

Climate change and human activities: a case study in Xinjiang, China

We examined both long-term climate variability and anthropogenic contributions to current climate change for Xinjiang province of northwest China. Xinjiang encompasses several mountain ranges and inter-mountain basins and is comprised of a northern semiarid region and a more arid southern region. Climate over the last three centuries was reconstructed from tree rings and temperature series were calculated for the past 50 years using weather station data. Three major conclusions from these analyses are: (1) Although temperature varied considerably in Xinjiang over the last 200 years, it was non-directional until the last 50 years when a substantial warming trend occurred; (2) The semiarid North Xinjiang was representative of the northern hemisphere climate, while the more arid South Xinjiang resembled the southern hemisphere climate, meanwhile, (3) The entire Xinjiang province captured the global-scale climate signal. We also compared human contributions to global change between North and South Xinjiang, including land cover/land use, population, and greenhouse gas production. For both regions, urban areas acted as heat islands; and large areas of grassland and forest were converted to barren land, especially in North Xinjiang. Additionally, North Xinjiang also showed larger increase in population and greenhouse gas emissions mainly associated with animal production than those in South Xinjiang. Although Xinjiang province is a geographically coupled mountain–basin system, the two regions have distinct climate patterns and anthropogenic activities related to land cover conversion and greenhouse gas production.     

Climate change at the ecosystem scale: a 50-year record in New Hampshire

Observing the full range of climate change impacts at the local scale is difficult. Predicted rates of change are often small relative to interannual variability, and few locations have sufficiently comprehensive long-term records of environmental variables to enable researchers to observe the fine-scale patterns that may be important to understanding the influence of climate change on biological systems at the taxon, community, and ecosystem levels. We examined a 50-year meteorological and hydrological record from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) in New Hampshire, an intensively monitored Long-Term Ecological Research site. Of the examined climate metrics, trends in temperature were the most significant (ranging from 0.7 to 1.3 °C increase over 40–50 year records at 4 temperature stations), while analysis of precipitation and hydrologic data yielded mixed results. Regional records show generally similar trends over the same time period, though longer-term (70–102 year) trends are less dramatic. Taken together, the results from HBEF and the regional records indicate that the climate has warmed detectably over 50 years, with important consequences for hydrological processes. Understanding effects on ecosystems will require a diversity of metrics and concurrent ecological observations at a range of sites, as well as a recognition that ecosystems have existed in a directionally changing climate for decades, and are not necessarily in equilibrium with the current climate.     

1961～2016年中国春季极端低温事件的时空特征分析

利用1961～2016年中国529个台站逐日最低气温资料,研究了中国春季极端低温事件的时空变异特征。旋转经验正交分解结果显示,中国春季极端低温事件的频次在空间上可以分为5个区域,即东北—华北东部地区、江南地区、西北东部—华北西部地区、西南地区和新疆北部地区。小波分析表明,这5个区域春季极端低温事件的频次在年际尺度上呈现出2～4年的振荡周期,其中江南地区、西北东部—华北西部地区和新疆北部地区2～4年的振荡周期在整个研究时段都显著,但东北—华北东部地区和西南地区2～4年的显著周期分别出现在20世纪80年代之前和80年代到90年代中期。在长期变化上,这5个区域春季极端低温事件的频次总体均呈减少趋势,但突变年份具有明显差异。Mann-Kendall和滑动t检验结果表明,东北—华北东部地区春季极端低温事件频次的突变时间为1987/1988年、江南地区为1995/1996年、西北东部—华北西部地区为1990/1991年、西南地区为1987/1988年、新疆北部地区为1997/1998年。伴随着春季极端低温事件频次的降低,5个区域春季极端低温事件的强度在过去半个多世纪也呈现出显著的下降趋势。但近10年来,中国东部地区春季极端低温事件的频次和强度却有所增加,需要引起关注。     

Impacts of a nuclear war in South Asia on rice production in Mainland China

A regional nuclear war between India and Pakistan with a 5 Tg black carbon injection into the upper troposphere would produce significant climate changes for a decade, including cooling, reduction of solar radiation, and reduction of precipitation, which are all important factors controlling agricultural productivity. We used the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer agricultural simulation model to simulate regional nuclear war impacts on rice yield in 24 provinces in China. We first evaluated the model by forcing it with daily weather data and management practices for the period 1980–2008 for 24 provinces in China, and compared the results to observations of rice yields in China. Then we perturbed observed weather data using climate anomalies for a 10-year period from a nuclear war simulation. We perturbed each year of the 30-year climate record with anomalies from each year of the 10-year nuclear war simulations for different regions in China. We found that rice production would decline by an average of 21 % for the first 4 years after soot injection, and would slowly recover in the following years. For the next 6 years, the reduction in rice production was about 10 %. Different regions responded differently to climate changes from nuclear war. Rice production in northern China was damaged severely, while regions along the south and east coasts showed a positive response to regional nuclear war. Although we might try to adapt to a perturbed climate by enhancing rice planting activity in southern and eastern China or increasing fertilizer usage, both methods have severe limitations. The best solution to avoid nuclear war impacts on agriculture is to avoid nuclear war, and this can only be guaranteed with a nuclear-weapon-free world.     

新疆树木年轮水文研究对比分析

分析新疆地区现已取得的树轮水文学研究成果,选取基于树轮宽度重建的阿尔泰山、天山、昆仑山和塔里木河流域等区域共14条河流径流量序列,对各序列的水文历史变化特征进行对比和讨论,并对进一步开展新疆地区树轮水文学研究提出了建议和展望。研究结果表明:(1)水分是各流域树木径向生长的主要限制因子,且树木径向生长与河流径流量之间普遍存在正相关关系。(2)对新疆5个区域的河流径流量重建序列进行相关分析,发现阿尔泰山区域重建序列间的相关性较高,天山北坡次之,天山南坡最低。阿尔泰山与天山北坡径流量重建序列间亦存在较好的相关性。(3)14条河流径流量重建序列经31 a滑动平均处理后,结果显示同一区域内河流径流量序列丰枯变化的一致性相对较好。(4)5个区域内部径流量重建序列存在相同的极值年份,且重建序列的部分极值年份与历史记录的气候水文灾害相吻合。(5)新疆地区径流量重建序列的周期变化在高频上较为一致,均存在2～7 a的短周期,其径流量变化可能受到海陆大尺度气候振荡的影响。     

Ethiopian decadal climate variability

Ethiopian decadal climate variability is characterized by application of singular value decomposition to gridded rainfall data over the period 1901–2007. Two distinct modes are revealed with different annual cycles and opposing responses to regional and global forcing. The northern zone that impacts the Nile River and underlies the tropical easterly jet has a unimodal rainy season that is enhanced by Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation warm phase. This rainfall mode is linked with the Atlantic zonal overturning circulation and exhibits 10–12-year cycles through much of the twentieth century. The southern zone has a bimodal rainy season that is enhanced by Pacific Decadal Oscillation cool phase and the southern meridional overturning circulation. Multiyear wet and dry spells are characterized by sympathetic responses in the near-equatorial trough extending from Central America across the African Sahel to Southeast Asia. The interaction of Walker and Hadley cells over Africa appears to be a key feature that modulates Ethiopian climate at decadal frequency through anomalous north–south displacement of the near-equatorial trough.     

Impacts of climate variability and human activities on decrease in streamflow in the Qinhe River,China

Under the impacts of climate variability and human activities, there are statistically significant decreasing trends for streamflow in the Yellow River basin, China. Therefore, it is crucial to separate the impacts of climate variability and human activities on streamflow decrease for better water resources planning and management. In this study, the Qinhe River basin (QRB), a typical sub-basin in the middle reach of the Yellow River, was chosen as the study area to assess the impacts of climate variability and human activities on streamflow decrease. The trend and breakpoint of observed annual streamflow from 1956 to 2010 were identified by the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test. The results showed that the observed annual streamflow decreased significantly (P?<?0.05) and a breakpoint around 1973 was detected. Therefore, the time series was divided into two periods: “natural period” (before the breakpoint) and “impacted period” (after the breakpoint). The observed annual streamflow decreased by 68.1 mm from 102.3 to 34.2 mm in the two periods. The climate elasticity method and hydrological model were employed to separate the impacts of climate variability and human activities on streamflow decrease. The results indicated that climate variability was responsible for 54.1 % of the streamflow decrease estimated by the climate elasticity method and 59.3 % estimated by the hydrological modeling method. Therefore, the climate variability was the main driving factor for streamflow decrease in the QRB. Among these driving factors of natural and anthropogenic, decrease in precipitation and increase in water diversion were the two major contributions of streamflow reduction. The finding in this study can serve as a reference for regional water resources management and planning.     

Climatology of the meteorological factors associated with haze events over northern China and their potential response to the Quasi-Biannual Oscillation

An upswing in haze weather during autumn and winter has been observed over North and Northeast China in recent years, imposing adverse impacts upon local socioeconomic development and human health. However, such an increase in the occurrence of haze events and its association with natural climate variability and climate change are not well understood. To investigate the climatology of the meteorological factors associated with haze events and their natural variability, this study uses a meteorological pollution index called PLAM (Parameter Linking Air-quality to Meteorological conditions) and ERA-Interim reanalysis data. The results suggest that high PLAM values tend to occur over southern parts of northern China, implying the weather conditions over this area are favorable for the occurrence of haze weather. For the period 1979–2014, the regional mean PLAM shows an overall increase across Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province, and parts of Shanxi Province. Also, a periodicity of 28–34 months is found in the temporal variation of PLAM, which implies a potential association of PLAM with the stratospheric Quasi-Biannual Oscillation (QBO). By using the QBO index during the autumn and winter seasons in the preceding year, an increase in PLAM is found for the westerly phases of the QBO, relative to the easterly phases. An upper-tropospheric warming is also found in the westerly phases, which can induce a stable stratification that favors the increase in PLAM across the midlatitudes. The modulations of large-scale environmental factors, including moist static stability, vertical velocity, and temperature advection, also act to enhance PLAM in the westerly phases. However, the baroclinic term of moist potential vorticity at 700 hPa tends to decrease over the south, and an increase in low-level ascent is found over the north. These factors can reduce PLAM and possibly limit the statistical significance of the increased PLAM in the westerly phases of the QBO.     

Steric sea level rise over the Mediterranean Sea: present climate and scenario simulations

A regional atmosphere–ocean coupled model has been used to estimate sea level rise in the Mediterranean basin under present and future conditions. A present climate simulation has been forced by ERA40 reanalysis covering the period 1958–2001. Moreover a simulation has been forced by the global coupled model ECHAM5-MPIOM under present climate conditions for the period 1951–2000. Two other 50-year simulations have been performed under the SRESA1B scenario for the twenty-first century and differ only in temperature and salinity profiles used to relax the ocean model in the Atlantic buffer zone. The present climate simulation has been verified in terms of temperature, salinity and sea level against observed data, showing good performances both in mean values and variability over the whole Mediterranean Sea and over different sub-basins. The future scenario simulations show that the steric sea level averaged over the entire basin rises of about 2 or 7?cm in 50?years depending on the Atlantic boundary conditions. The difference of about 1?°C and 0.5?psu in the upper layers of the Atlantic sea reflects mainly on the halosteric component that contributes negatively to the sea level rise, when fresher and colder boundary conditions are used in the Atlantic buffer zone, and positively in the other case. The impact of the boundary conditions is not uniform in the basin and is particularly strong in some easternmost regions.     

Temporal change of climate zones in China in the context of climate warming

In China, ten climate types were classified using the K-means cluster analysis based on monthly temperature and precipitation data from 753 national meteorological stations for the period 1966–2005. However, 11 mountain climate stations, which are located in southeast China, were classified as one type due to their distinct climate characteristic that differentiated them from other stations. This type could not represent the climate characteristic of this region because all climate stations in this type were located at high-elevation mountains. Thus, it was eliminated when defining climate zones based on climate types. Therefore, nine climate zones were defined in China. Moreover, the temporal change of climate zones was detected in 20-year intervals (1966–1985 and 1986–2005). Although 48 stations changed their climate zones between these two periods, the whole pattern of all climate zones remained stable in these two periods. However, the boundaries between some climate zones changed slightly due to inconsistent variation of regional temperature and precipitation. The most obvious change was the eastern movement of the boundary between an arid temperate zone and a sub-humid temperate zone. There was also a northern shift of the boundary between a tropic zone and a southern subtropic zone. All these changes were probably connected with the climate change in recent 40 years.     

Future climate resources for tourism in Europe based on the daily Tourism Climatic Index

Climate is an important resource for many types of tourism. One of several metrics for the suitability of climate for sightseeing is Mieczkowski’s “Tourism Climatic Index” (TCI), which summarizes and combines seven climate variables. By means of the TCI, we analyse the present climate resources for tourism in Europe and projected changes under future climate change. We use daily data from five regional climate models and compare the reference period 1961–1990 to the A2 scenario in 2071–2100. A comparison of the TCI based on reanalysis data and model simulations for the reference period shows that current regional climate models capture the important climatic patterns. Currently, climate resources are best in Southern Europe and deteriorate with increasing latitude and altitude. With climate change the latitudinal band of favourable climate is projected to shift northward improving climate resources in Northern and Central Europe in most seasons. Southern Europe’s suitability for sightseeing tourism drops strikingly in the summer holiday months but is partially compensated by considerable improvements between October and April.     

祖厉河流域近50a降水变化及典型人类活动对降水的影响

对祖厉河流域近50 a 降水资料的分析结果表明:祖厉河主流域区等降水量线纬向分布特征明显,降水量随纬度增高而减少;在流域南部和东北部高度差大的地方,降水量随高度增高而增加;受地形影响,祖厉河中下游有一条干舌自西北向东南伸到流域东部边缘,与周边区域相比,干舌区降水偏少90～140 mm.近50 a祖厉河流域降水显著减少,区域平均减少106.4 mm.小波分析表明,25 a以上和10 a左右的降水变化周期很明显,目前处于偏少期;区域平均降水量从20世纪60年代后期开始减少,1986年发生了突变,之后迅速减少.流域内降水季节分配很不均匀,夏季降水最多,占年降水的55%,春、秋季均占年降水的21%,冬季占年降水的3%;春、夏季降水减少不显著,秋季降水减少显著,但进入本世纪,秋雨开始增多,冬季降水有不显著的增多趋势.中下游过度垦殖及河流源头过多的小水利工程等人类活动造成地表状况变化,降水有加剧减少的迹象;流域外大量调水虽然对降水不足有相当的补偿作用,但地表调水显然没有使流域内的天然降水量增加;地表植被增加和人类活动对地表影响较小的区域降水减少比较缓慢.     

基于DEM修订的新疆区域气温空间插值精度优化研究

为研究新疆地区气温的空间变异性,以新疆66个国家气象台站1981—2010年月平均气温和30 m空间分辨率DEM数据为基础,采用传统插值法、基于DEM多元线性回归插值和基于DEM修正的空间插值方法对新疆区域气温数据进行栅格化,并分析年平均气温与海拔的相关关系。通过采用反距离权重法(IDW),普通克里格法(Kriging),样条函数法(Spline)和趋势面分析法(Trend)4种空间插值方法对气象要素进行直接插值、气温多元回归模型残差结果插值、基于DEM修正插值对比分析。通过针对插值方法进行基于MAE和RMSIE的交叉验证,结果表明传统插值方法、基于多元线性回归和基于DEM修正4种空间插值精度均为IDWKrigingSplineTrend。反距离权重(IDW)空间插值方法最优,基于DEM修正IDW插值、基于多元线性回归IDW插值与传统IDW插值精度分别是0.039、0.477、1.038,插值结果客观的表达了新疆区域气温随空间梯度的变化趋势。     

1981—2010年青藏高原地区气温变化与高程及纬度的关系

基于青藏高原地区高质量、均一化的气象站点观测资料,研究1981—2010年青藏高原地区气温变化趋势特征。结果表明:1981—2010年青藏高原地区整体呈升温趋势,平均升温率为0.40℃/10a,冬春季升温率大于夏秋季节,以三江源区、西藏中西部和青海北部升温趋势最为显著。青藏高原地区年和冬、春、秋三季的升温率随海拔高度的升高而增大,海拔每升高1000 m,站点年平均气温倾向率增加0.1℃/10a,冬季更为显著。青藏高原地区夏季气温倾向率的空间分布具有显著的经向差异,纬度每增加10°,气温倾向率增加0.33℃/10a。     

1979～2011年间平流层温度及平流层水汽的演变趋势

利用ERA-Interim再分析资料,研究1979~2011年间平流层温度与平流层水汽的时空演变趋势。结果表明,平流层纬向平均温度场和平流层水汽的分布随高度、纬度、季节的变化而变化,且二者密切相关,互相影响。过去33a间在热带地区平流层温度均呈上升趋势,在南北半球,温度在平流层中下层呈下降趋势,而在平流层上层呈增温趋势。平流层水汽在不同层次、不同纬度带均呈增加趋势。平流层纬向温度在南北两半球的下降趋势与平流层水汽含量的增加趋势,进一步验证了全球气候正在变暖的事实。      

Assessing non-linear variation of temperature and precipitation for different growth periods of maize and their impacts on phenology in the Midwest of Jilin Province,China

In the past two decades, the regional climate in China has undergone significant change, resulting in crop yield reduction and complete failure. The goal of this study is to detect the variation of temperature and precipitation for different growth periods of maize and assess their impact on phenology. The daily meteorological data in the Midwest of Jilin Province during 1960–2014 were used in the study. The ensemble empirical mode decomposition method was adopted to analyze the non-linear trend and fluctuation in temperature and precipitation, and the sensitivity of the length of the maize growth period to temperature and precipitation was analyzed by the wavelet cross-transformation method. The results show that the trends of temperature and precipitation change are non-linear for different growth periods of maize, and the average temperature in the sowing-jointing stage was different from that in the other growth stages, showing a slight decrease trend, while the variation amplitude of maximum temperature is smaller than that of the minimum temperature. This indicates that the temperature difference between day and night shows a gradually decreasing trend. Precipitation in the growth period also showed a decreasing non-linear trend, while the inter-annual variability with period of quasi-3-year and quasi-6-year dominated the variation of temperature and precipitation. The whole growth period was shortened by 10.7 days, and the sowing date was advanced by approximately 11 days. We also found that there was a significant resonance period among temperature, precipitation, and phenology. Overall, a negative correlation between phenology and temperature is evident, while a positive correlation with precipitation is exhibited. The results illustrate that the climate suitability for maize has reduced over the past decades.     

1961—2020年乌鲁木齐市气候舒适度变化[*]

基于乌鲁木齐市及其周边9个气象站1961-2020年气候资料以及综合气候舒适度指数模型,采用统计学方法和ArcGIS的精细化空间插值技术对近60a气候舒适度时空变化进行分析。结果表明,乌鲁木齐市气候舒适度及其变化具有明显的区域性和季节性差异:（1）气候舒适度指数的年内变化,平原地带呈双峰双谷的“M”型,山区为单峰单谷的“∩”型。（2）受气温升高、相对湿度增大、风速减小、日照时数减少的综合影响,近60a平原地带春、秋、冬季气候舒适度指数显著（P=0.05）增大,夏季显著减小;山区夏、秋季气候舒适度指数显著增大,冬、春季变化不明显。（3）近30a（199l-2020年）较前30a(196l-1990年),春季和秋季平原地带气候较舒适区海拔上限升高了100-150m,山区气候较不舒适区和不舒适区向高海拔抬升了50-100m;夏季北部平原气候较舒适区海拔上限升高了100-150m,山前倾斜平原至中山带的气候舒适区向高海拔抬升了约100m,高山带气候较不舒适区和不舒适区也向高海拔抬升并压缩了50-100m;冬季虽气候舒适度指数有所增大,但全市属于气候不舒适区的状况未发生改变。     

新疆北部强降雪天气研究若干进展

总结了近50 a来新疆北部强降雪的主要研究成果,从大尺度环流背景、天气尺度和中尺度系统、水汽特征及地形对强降雪增幅作用等进行了分类概述。提出了待解决的问题:造成新疆北部强降雪的各种尺度系统和短期环流异常、变化规律及其相互作用;不同区域强降雪及暖区和冷锋暴雪的区别及地形对各区域暴雪作用;不同区域强降雪的水汽源汇结构、远距离接力输送和集中机制及高、中、低纬度水汽输送和循环异常状况;中尺度系统的特征及其发生、发展的物理机制。这些问题的研究对推进新疆暴雪短期和短时预报的发展,提高预报准确率,增强防灾减灾能力具有重要意义。     

可见彩虹评估概念模型构建及全国范围内彩虹资源时空分布特征分析北大核心CSCD

彩虹是极具观赏价值的天气景观资源之一,却一直缺乏有效的历史观测数据。为了解全国彩虹资源分布特征,给各地旅游等产业提供气象服务支撑,本文基于相关理论,分析确定了出现彩虹所必需的4个影响指标:雷暴天气的多寡、太阳高度角大小、合适的地形及能见度,并据此构建了可见彩虹评估概念模型;运用此模型,依据1980~2010年全国气象观测数据及纬度数据,评估了彩虹资源的分布并得出如下结论:(1)华南、云南南部及青藏高原彩虹资源相对丰富。其中华南地区在不同季节出现彩虹的可能性于全国范围内位居前列,但冬季内总体数量不多。(2)北方地区大部相较南方彩虹资源总体偏少,但个别地方,如新疆西部及华北北部的部分地区,彩虹资源受太阳高度角和地形、能见度、雷暴天气的综合影响,丰富程度在全国排名非常靠前,具有开发彩虹生态旅游资源的优势。(3)经检验分析,该概念模型可以用于对全国范围彩虹资源丰富程度的分析或排序;也可进一步推广应用于彩虹预报模型中,以助提高彩虹景观的预报准确率。