三峡库区软硬互层近水平地层高切坡崩塌研究

由泥、砂岩互层或厚层砂岩夹泥岩等形成的类似“夹心饼干”的软硬互层近水平层状结构边坡,是三峡库区分布较为广泛的一种结构类型边坡。由于泥、砂岩风化速度的不同而产生的崩塌灾害现象是三峡库区最为常见的一种地质灾害,首先,从地形地貌、地层岩性、结构面组合、降雨作用和风化作用等方面对软硬互层高切坡的崩塌形成原因进行研究,软硬岩的差异性风化而造成的软岩空腔和硬岩中的结构面组合是造成崩塌的主要原因;其次,基于野外调查的地质现象分析,得到了软硬互层高切坡崩塌主要有倾倒、滑移、塑流拉裂、悬臂拉裂、错断等破坏机制,并概化出了各类破坏示意图;通过离散元数值模拟,对泥砂岩软硬互层高切坡崩塌的形成破坏过程进行了再现和分析,其破坏过程为泥岩剥落-岩腔-砂岩裂隙张开-危岩体弯曲-倾倒崩塌-堆积坡脚;最后,在三峡库区高切坡各类破坏机制的基础上,提出了相应的处治对策。研究成果对三峡库区高切坡地质灾害的认识和防治有一定的意义。     

差异风化型危岩力学模型及破坏机制研究

差异风化型危岩多形成于由砂岩和泥岩等软、硬岩性组成的互层陡倾岩质边坡中,其崩塌破坏属地质灾害中的常见形态。以普洱渡危岩高边坡为例,推导出差异风化型危岩岩腔后壁泥岩压应力随岩腔深度增加而增大的计算公式。据普洱渡危岩高边坡地形地貌和地质构造特征建立了两类4种差异风化型危岩力学模型：第1类为主控结构面贯通率等于1时的泥岩基座压裂破坏型和转动破坏型危岩;第2类为主控结构面贯通率小于1时的坠落型和倾倒型危岩。利用岩石强度理论推导出研究区砂岩的二次抛物线型摩尔强度包络方程,以极限平衡理论和摩尔强度理论推导了4种危岩体在自重、地震力和裂隙水压力共同作用下的崩塌破坏判别表达式,并由此反演出危岩体的临界崩塌边界方程,得出危岩体崩塌边界（岩腔深度、危岩体厚度和高度、主控裂隙深度）之间的关系,为现场预测和判别危岩体的稳定性和崩落时序提供简便可靠的依据。     

秦岭北麓晚二叠世平顶山段辫状河—辫状三角洲沉积体系及其构造涵义

秦岭北麓晚二叠世石千峰组下部的平顶山砂岩段不整合覆于早、中二叠世含煤地层之上,是一套板状交错层理十分发育并以粗碎屑长石砂岩和长石石英砂岩为主的地层,以辫状河道与辫状三角洲充填沉积占优势。平顶山砂岩段呈自南向北并向东、西两侧变薄的朵状体。平顶山砂岩以含大量的新鲜的钾长石和古水流方向自南指向北和北西为特征,明显区别于下伏含煤地层中的砂岩。石千峰组砂岩与下伏煤系砂岩的厚度、古水流方向和岩石矿物成分的截然变化,表明华北石炭、二叠纪克拉通盆地南部的陆表海至晚二叠世已经完全退出华北,盆地南缘出现了新的物源隆起区,古沉积斜坡由原来的向南倾斜转变为向北倾斜。这意味着秦岭—大别构造带与华北板块南缘在此时期已经开始发生了碰撞并隆起成山。平顶山砂岩为硅质胶结,孔渗条件很差,储集油气的希望不大。     

Deep-seated toppling deformations of rock slopes in western China

Toppling is the foremost failure pattern of anaclinal rock slopes, and deep-seated toppling deformations (DSTDs) are common on high anaclinal slopes on the sides of gorges in western China. The DSTDs can develop to depths of more than 200 m, and may show distinct signs of zonal failure. Many DSTDs undergo transformation to large landslides involving rock volumes of more than 10⁶ m³. However, the conditions for the formation and the basic evolving processes of DSTDs remain unclear. This study seeks to develop an inventory to classify the distribution, and the conditioning factors which govern the formation and deformation modes of DSTDs in western China and to analyze the effect of the geological and geomorphological variables on the toppling intensities. To this end, forty-nine DSTDs were analyzed. The results indicate that DSTDs in western China are commonly distributed along large deeply incised rivers in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The steep-dip anaclinal metamorphic soft or soft-hard-interbedded strata with near parallel strikes in the river channel, V-shaped deeply incised river channels, and convex slopes are favorable conditions for the formation of DSTDs in these settings. The dip angle, the gradient, and the height of most slopes which develop DSTDs are 60–90°, 30–50°, and 200–800 m, respectively. There is a highly positive relationship between the depth of toppling and the height of the slope. The toppled rock masses can be classed as extremely intense, intense, moderate, and weak toppling zones characterized by complete block detachment, tensile-shear fracture, tensile fracture, and reverse slip along foliations, respectively. Each zone corresponds to a specific range of the dip angle of the toppled strata, the aperture of the tensile cracks, the P-wave velocity, the state of rock weathering, and the degree of unloading. The extremely intense and the intense toppling zones tend to evolve into sliding failures. Overall, 94% of the DSTDs were derived from flexural toppling and 33% have developed into large landslides.

     

新疆叶城晚新生代山前盆地演化与高原北缘的隆升—Ⅰ地层学与岩石学证据

叶城晚新生代山前盆地的岩性主要由中新世的细粒泥岩和砂岩（乌恰群）,上新世的砂岩夹薄层砾岩（阿图什组）及上新世－更新世的粗粒砾岩（西域组）构成。中新世的沉积以细颗粒泥砂岩为主,表明物源区较远,古流域坡度较小,搬运距离较长。古流向分析显示物源区位于南和偏南方,此时昆仑山的地势起伏尚不大。到上新世的阿图什组沉积时,开始出现砾石沉积,反映西昆仑山已经开始有规模地隆升。西域砾岩的沉积标志着作为物源区的西昆仑山民有相当的高度,随着山系的隆升,基底岩石被暴露和剥蚀。     

陡倾煤层开采条件下上覆山体变形破坏物理模型试验研究

大型岩质滑坡是中国西南岩溶矿区的主要地质灾害类型,其破坏和成灾过程具有复合性。以我国重庆武隆鸡冠岭滑坡为例,通过离心物理模型试验研究了地下开采条件下陡倾灰岩斜坡的变形失稳机制。试验时随着煤层模型板被拔出,上覆岩层在拟重力作用下开始出现位移与层间错动,当煤层模型被拔出150 mm时,模型山体发生显著破坏。试验结果表明:陡倾灰岩斜坡在长期重力作用下,会出现弯曲倾倒的变形,随着地下煤层逐渐采空,上覆陡倾层状岩体失去支撑,岩层层面分离并产生拉张裂缝,岩体变形加剧发生倾倒破坏,并对煤层下部的稳定岩体形成挤压,下伏稳定岩体发生剪切破坏,最终导致鸡冠岭以倾倒-滑移的复合模式整体失稳。这一研究对中国西南山区大型岩质滑坡的早期识别与失稳机制分析具有指导意义。      

从新疆叶城剖面砂岩和砾岩组分看西昆仑山的剥蚀历史

叶城晚新生代山前盆地沉积序列由中新统乌恰群,上新统阿图什组和上新统-更新统西域组构成。乌恰群岩性为细粒泥岩夹砂岩,阿图什组为砂岩夹薄层砾岩,西域组为粗粒砾岩。中新世的沉积以细颗粒泥岩和砂岩为主,表明物源区较远,古流域坡度较小,搬运距离较长。叶城剖面碎屑岩粒度总体上是沿剖面向上逐渐变粗,到上新统的阿图什组时,开始出现砾石沉积,砂岩的岩屑成分增加,成熟度降低,反映西昆仑山已经开始有规模地隆升。西域组的沉积标志着作为物源区的西昆仑山已有相当的高度。西域组砾石成分在剖面下部以沉积岩为主,向上过渡为沉积岩和深变质岩为主,反映了源区的沉积盖层首先被剥蚀,随着山系的隆升,基底岩石(深变质岩和侵入岩)也被暴露和剥蚀。      

Sedimentation and extensional basin evolution in a Miocene metamorphic core complex setting, Alvord Mountain, central Mojave Desert, California, USA

The Lower Miocene Clews Formation at Alvord Mountain, Mojave Desert, California, comprises an upward coarsening sequence of synextensional continental deposits of variable thickness; this sequence pinches out to the west against the Alvord Mountain pre-Tertiary basement complex and thickens eastward to c.300 m over a distance of 7 km. Two stages of sedimentation are recognized in the formation. During the initial stage of sedimentation, the depocentre was delineated by a lacustrine system that was bounded to the west by small, sheetflood-dominated alluvial fans and to the north by a southerly flowing fluvial braidplain. Lacustrine mudstone, siltstone and carbonate suggest an initially closed basin. Conglomerate to the west represents small, sheetflood-dominated fans. Igneous clasts and a south-east palaeoflow direction suggest a proximal, low-relief source in the western Alvord Mountain area. Pebbly sandstone of the southward-prograding braidplain has a metasedimentary provenance in the Paradise Range to the north. The second stage of deposition was dominated by coarse conglomerate and breccia. West to southwest palaeotransport indicators and a distinctive metaigneous petrofacies indicate a provenance in the Cronese Hills, 8 km to the east. These strata reflect rapid westward progradation of sheetflood- and debris flow-dominated alluvial fans that advanced across the axial braidplain and lacustrine system. Basin development is interpreted to have been controlled by regional NE-directed extension on a detachment fault associated with the central Mojave metamorphic core complex. 30 km to the west. The Alvord Mountain - Cronese Hills region was initially transported as a single hangingwall block on the E-dipping detachment. Initial lacustrine sedimentation reflects the development of a flexural or sag basin in the hangingwall. Subsequent westward progradation of alluvial fans out of the Cronese Hills is believed to record the propagation of a NW-striking, SW-dipping normal fault antithetic to the low-angle E-dipping detachment fault.     

The Siwaliks of western Nepal: II. Mechanics of the thrust wedge

Comparison between numerical models and structural data is used for a better understanding of the evolution of the Siwalik thrust belt of western Nepal. The numerical model involves discontinuities within a critical wedge model, a kinematic forward model of serial cross sections, and a linear diffusion algorithm to simulate erosion and sedimentation. In western Nepal, large Piggy-back basins (Duns) are located above thick thrust sheets that involve more than 5500 m of the Neogene Siwalik Group, whereas Piggy-back basin sedimentation is less developed above thinner thrust sheets (4300 m thick). Numerical model results suggest that thrust sheet thickness and extension of wedge-top basins are both related to an increase of the basal décollement dip beneath the duns. The West Dang Transfer zone (WDTZ) is a N–NE trending tectonic lineament that limits the westward extent of the large Piggy-back basins of mid-western Nepal and is linked to a thickening of the Himalayan wedge eastward. The WDTZ also affects the seismotectonics pattern, the geometry of the thrust front, the lateral extent of Lesser Himalayan thrust sheets, and the subsidence of the foreland basin during middle Siwalik sedimentation. Numerical models suggest that the individualisation of the Piggy-back basins at the transition between the middle Siwalik and upper Siwaliks followed the deposition of the middle Siwaliks that induced a geometry of the foreland basin close to the critical taper. As WDTZ induces an E–W thickning of the Himalayan wedge, it could also induce a northward shift of the leading edge of the ductile deformation above the basal detachment in Greater Himalayas of far-western Nepal. Field data locally suggest episodic out-off-sequence thrusting in the frontal thrust belt of western Nepal, whereas numerical results suggests that episodic out-off sequence reactivation could be a general characteristic of the Himalayan wedge evolution often hidden by erosion.     

苗尾水电站赵子坪岸坡变形失稳的地下水动力作用分析

库水位变动是诱发库岸边坡变形失稳的主要因素。为探究库水位变动下倾倒变形岩体破坏后形成的堆积体斜坡的地下水动力作用,以云南澜沧江的苗尾水电站赵子坪滑坡为研究对象,通过现场地质调查和勘探确定了滑坡形态和坡体结构特征;再结合监测数据深入分析了滑坡在地下水动力作用下的变形失稳机制,并基于非饱和土力学理论和有限元法对其失稳机制进行进一步验证。结果显示:赵子坪岸坡为原始倾倒岩体变形破坏后上部强倾倒岩体沿着折断面发生滑动而形成的堆积体斜坡,内部呈层状堆积的片石表明其还保留了部分倾倒岩体的结构特征。水库蓄水后,由于松散的倾倒堆积体为库水渗入坡体创造了良好的条件,地下水位随库水位升高而快速升高,导致孔隙水压力增大而滑坡阻滑段有效应力减小,从而造成稳定性降低,滑坡易沿着由倾倒折断面演化而成的基覆界面发生滑动破坏。     

THRUST PACKAGES OF 1.68 Ga INDIAN SUPRA-CRUSTAL ROCKS IN THE MIOCENE SIWALIK BELT,CENTRAL NEPAL HIMALAYAS

THRUST PACKAGES OF 1.68 Ga INDIAN SUPRA-CRUSTAL ROCKS IN THE MIOCENE SIWALIK BELT,CENTRAL NEPAL HIMALAYAS     

岩质边坡滑动-倾倒组合破坏模式稳定性分析

在岩质边坡滑动-倾倒组合破坏地质力学模型的基础上,采用改进的传递系数法,提出了岩质边坡滑动-倾倒组合破坏的解析分析方法,并对初始下滑推力及岩块底部的凝聚力进行敏感性分析。与传递系数法相似,将边坡体几何力学参数及潜在倾倒岩块编号作为变量,使得每个倾倒岩块的稳定性分析具有统一的表达式,并易于采用Microsoft excel进行程序化分析。分析结果表明：岩块底面的凝聚力对下部潜在倾倒区域的破坏模式影响较大,随着岩块底面凝聚力的增加,潜在倾倒区域发生倾倒破坏的块体呈逐渐增加的趋势,而发生滑动破坏的块体则明显较少,岩块底面倾角对坡体整体稳定性影响较大;随着岩块底面倾角的增大,整个坡体的稳定性逐渐降低。     

雅砻江上游互层斜坡倾倒变形破坏机制与演化

以甲西倾倒体为典型实例,从赋存环境、发育特征、形成条件等基础层面上分析雅砻江上游互层斜坡倾倒变形破坏机制及演化过程。研究表明:区内大型倾倒体是斜坡岩体在叠加有残余构造应力的自重应力场中长期演化的产物,软硬相间的岩性组合、陡倾内的岸坡结构,加之垂直层面密集节理的切割是斜坡发生倾倒变形的控制性因素;斜坡倾倒是受节理面和层面控制的复合倾倒模式,即:硬岩发生块状-弯曲倾倒,而软岩发生弯曲倾倒;受河谷演化控制,斜坡变形破坏主要经历了4个演化阶段:卸荷回弹陡倾面拉裂阶段,初始变形阶段,板梁根部折断、剪切面贯通阶段以及破坏阶段,并最终转化为蠕滑-拉裂模式形成滑坡。该滑动面受倾向坡外破裂面控制,而并非沿最大弯折带发育。     

三峡库区青石-抱龙段顺层灰岩库岸坡变形破坏机理

三峡库区基岩顺层滑坡大多以砂/泥岩或泥/泥灰岩互层滑坡为主,力学机制以顺层滑移剪切为主。新近发现的青石-抱龙段顺层灰岩库岸,岸坡岩性以灰岩、白云岩为主。在21个顺向斜坡中9个斜坡存在岩层弯曲现象,高程分布在145~175m,且大量层面有擦痕,局部岩层强烈弯曲形成了类似逆断层的现象。这些变形破坏现象受控于重力作用下沿层面的滑移-弯曲力学机制。通过连续-非连续数值分析方法研究表明,在这一带岸坡中约200m的主动平直滑移段下滑力驱动了约30m的被动弯曲隆起段变形,被动弯曲隆起段位移地形变缓、岩层增厚。当前青石-抱龙一带顺层灰岩库岸岩层隆起和松动较小,处于滑移-弯曲变形的早期阶段,主要以累进性变形为主。建议对该段库岸进行专业监测,并开展进一步的调查研究工作。     

Depositional environment and provenance of Middle Siwalik sediments in Tista valley,Darjiling District,Eastern Himalaya,India

The frontal part of the active, wedge-shaped Indo-Eurasian collision boundary is defined by the Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt whose foreland basin accumulated sediments that eventually became part of the thrust belt and is presently exposed as the sedimentary rocks of the Siwalik Group. The rocks of the Siwalik Group have been extensively studied in the western and Nepal Himalaya and have been divided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Subgroups. In the Darjiling–Sikkim Himalaya, the Upper Siwalik sequence is not exposed and the Middle Siwalik Subgroup exposed in the Tista river valley of Darjiling Himalaya preserves a ~325 m thick sequence of sandstone, conglomerate and shale. The Middle Siwalik section has been repeated by a number of north dipping thrusts. The sedimentary facies and facies associations within the lithostratigraphic column of the Middle Siwalik rocks show temporal repetition of sedimentary facies associations suggesting oscillation between proximal-, mid- and distal fan setups within a palaeo-alluvial fan depositional environment similar to the depositional setup of the Siwalik sediments in other parts of the Himalaya. These oscillations are probably due to a combination of foreland-ward movement of Himalayan thrusts, climatic variations and mountain-ward shift of fan-apex due to erosion. The Middle Siwalik sediments were derived from Higher- and Lesser Himalayan rocks. Mineral characteristics and modal analysis suggest that sedimentation occurred in humid climatic conditions similar to the moist humid climate of the present day Eastern Himalaya.     

塔中地良奥陶系地层格架与沉积演化

塔里木中部地区奥陶系大致以Ⅰ号断裂为界分东北和西南两个地层分区,自下而上分白云岩段、灰岩段、泥质灰岩段、泥岩夹灰岩段、泥岩夹砂岩段、砂砾岩段、泥岩夹砂岩段、泥岩灰岩互层段和砂岩段等9个岩性段。早奥陶世,塔中地区以碳酸盐岩台地相为主,自西向东为局限台地相、开阔台地相、台地边缘相和深水斜坡相。中——晚奥陶世,塔中地区西部以混积陆架相为主,东部以深水斜坡相为主。中—晚奥陶世,塔中东部及塔东地区在构造上具弧后前陆盆地性质。中—上奥陶统地层完整地记录了该盆地从形成发展到消亡的过程,即早期为深水斜坡相复理石活动沉积,晚期演化为浅海陆架相稳定沉积。     

Geomorphic positioning and depositional dynamics of river systems in Lower Siwalik basin,Kumaun Himalaya

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of river systems in the Lower Siwalik sequence has enabled characterization of channel patterns, river metamorphosis and resulting sandstone body evolution in time and space. Processes related six lithofacies repeat to generate 8–10 m thick multistoried sandstone complexes deposited in perennial channel belts. Based on lateral mapping of the sandstone bodies, the surfaces of genetic significance ranging from 3^rd, 4^th and 5^th order, suggest presence of meandering, braided and anastomosing river patterns that were responsible for the Lower Siwalik sedimentation. Variation in local base-level in response to allogenic factors including climate and tectonics forced river systems to acquire different patterns. Eustasy seems to control large-scale basin level changes. Quantitatively reconstructed morphological parameters and their comparison with modern and ancient analogues, supported by other independent evidences such as stratigraphical position of sandstone bodies in vertically measured columns and mineralogical characteristics of channel sandstones, enabled to decipher the geomorphic positioning of the Lower Siwalik channels in distal parts of megafan and interfluve areas within the foreland basin setting.     

长江三峡水库区危岩分类及宏观判据研究

危岩是三峡水库区主要地质灾害之一，约30，000余个位于陡崖或陡坡上。河流或沟谷强烈下切产生的岸坡岩体卸荷作用、软硬相间的岩层组合（如砂岩、泥岩）以及高强度的降雨或较大的日温差变化是三峡水库区危岩形成的基本条件，其破坏具有突发性、致灾具有毁灭性。目前将危岩分为滑塌式、倾倒式及坠落式3类，体现了危岩失稳破坏的主要模式。现场可识性不强、力学机理不明确，降低了危岩治理的针对性及有效性。据此，文章提出了现场易识性、力学机理明确性和失稳模式预判性的危岩分类原则，并将危岩分为单体危岩和群体危岩两大类。单体危岩分为压剪-滑动型危岩、拉剪-倾倒型危岩、拉裂-坠落型危岩及拉裂-压剪坠落型危岩；群体危岩分为底部诱发破坏型危岩及顶部诱发破坏型危岩。分析了各类危岩的基本特点；从陡崖（坡）断面形状、主控结构面、主控结构面走向与陡崖（坡）走向之间的组合关系以及岩性等方面构建了危岩分类宏观判据，经万州太白岩50余个危岩的现场验证，利用这些宏观判据判识的危岩与实际相符。     

汶川地震诱发罐滩滑坡形成机制初步分析

安县罐滩滑坡由汶川地震诱发形成,发育于存在软弱基座的反倾斜坡中,体积达468×104m3。罐滩滑坡由"5.12"汶川地震及当晚暴雨诱发形成,发生时间滞后地震8 h,是典型的地震后效型滑坡。滑坡位于龙门山前山断裂带上盘,自然斜坡走向与断裂带近平行,水平距离约400 m,前山断裂带的分支断裂从坡体下部通过,并形成底部泥岩和上部白云岩的分界线。调查和分析表明,下软上硬的坡体结构是滑坡产生的基础,强烈的地质构造活动背景是其产生的重要条件,强烈的地面震动和高强度暴雨是导致产生滑坡的根本因素。滑坡的形成机制和发展过程可以分为以下3个阶段:自然斜坡的压缩-倾倒变形、震后滑面贯通阶段、滑坡整体破坏阶段。滑坡体形成沿河长400 m,纵向长880 m,平面面积1.82×105m2的滑坡堆积体,堵塞雎水河形成罐滩堰塞湖。     

The Siwaliks of western Nepal: I. Geometry and kinematics

The Siwalik Group which forms the southern zone of the Himalayan orogen, constitutes the deformed part of the Neogene foreland basin situated above the downflexed Indian lithosphere. It forms the outer part of the thin-skinned thrust belt of the Himalaya, a belt where the faults branch off a major décollement (MD) that is the external part of the basal detachment of Himalayan thrust belt. This décollement is located beneath 13 Ma sediments in far-western Nepal, and beneath 14.6 Ma sediments in mid-western Nepal, i.e., above the base of the Siwalik Group. Unconformities have been observed in the upper Siwalik member of western Nepal both on satellite images and in the field, and suggest that tectonics has affected the frontal part of the outer belt since more than 1.8 Ma. Several north dipping thrusts delineate tectonic boundaries in the Siwalik Group of western Nepal. The Main Dun Thrust (MDT) is formed by a succession of 4 laterally relayed thrusts, and the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) is formed by three segments that die out laterally in propagating folds or branch and relay faults along lateral transfer zones. One of the major transfer zones is the West Dang Transfer Zone (WDTZ), which has a north-northeast strike and is formed by strike-slip faults, sigmoid folds and sigmoid reverse faults. The width of the outer belt of the Himalaya varies from 25 km west of the WDTZ to 40 km east of the WDTZ. The WDTZ is probably related to an underlying fault that induces: (a) a change of the stratigraphic thickness of the Siwalik members involved in the thin-skinned thrust belt, and particularly of the middle Siwalik member; (b) an increase, from west to east, of the depth of the décollement level; and (c) a lateral ramp that transfers displacement from one thrust to another. Large wedge-top basins (Duns) of western Nepal have developed east of the WDTZ. The superposition of two décollement levels in the lower Siwalik member is clear in a large portion of the Siwalik group of western Nepal where it induces duplexes development. The duplexes are formed either by far-travelled horses that crop out at the hangingwall of the Internal Décollement Thrust (ID) to the south of the Main Boundary Thrust, or by horses that remain hidden below the middle Siwaliks or Lesser Himalayan rocks. Most of the thrusts sheets of the outer belt of western Nepal have moved toward the S–SW and balanced cross-sections show at least 40 km shortening through the outer belt. This value probably under-estimates the shortening because erosion has removed the hangingwall cut-off of the Siwalik series. The mean shortening rate has been 17 mm/yr in the outer belt for the last 2.3 Ma.