徐闻珊瑚礁自然保护区礁栖生物初步研究

综合2000、2004年的调查结果,徐闻珊瑚礁自然保护区内有造礁石珊瑚12科42种,而保护区的核心区、缓冲区和试验区内珊瑚礁低潮带至潮下带上部的8个断面10个站的大型底栖生物有8类45科101种,其中大多数种类属于印度—太平洋热带区系。优势类群是软体动物和节肢动物,底栖生物的平均生物量、栖息密度和多样性指数分别是1043.37 g/m2、692.37个/m2和5.5228。位于保护区南部核心区的断面Ⅰ和Ⅱ有着最高的多样性(5.1389和5.0077)和均匀度(0.9470和0.9286),而其他分属核心区、缓冲区和试验区的6个断面的多样性指数和均匀度指数差异不大。总体上看,造礁石珊瑚和珊瑚礁的存在为其他底栖生物提供了良好的生态环境,从而丰富了本区底栖生物的种类组成和数量。     

海南岛周缘珊瑚礁的基本特征和成礁时代

海南岛周缘分布的珊瑚礁,是陆地边缘围绕基岩海岸和岛屿发育起来的不成熟型岸礁礁体,具有进积序列的沉积相序。不存在堡礁(或堤礁)礁体类型。依据碳、氧稳定同位素和其它地球化学资料,这些珊瑚礁的主体是末次冰期阶段发育起来的,与放射性碳等年代资料相悖。     

儋州大铲礁珊瑚礁生态系统健康状况及影响因素分析

本文采用断面监测法对儋州大铲礁海域珊瑚的物种多样性、覆盖率和补充量等指标进行了调查.结果 显示,大铲礁造礁石珊瑚13科29属77种,主要优势种二异角孔珊瑚、柱形角孔珊瑚、澄黄滨珊瑚及交替扁脑珊瑚,形态类群主要有团块状、皮壳状及分枝状,平均覆盖率为4.15％,平均珊瑚补充量为0.19个/m2,大铲礁的珊瑚资源分布不均匀,...     

长棘海星暴发对珊瑚礁区沉积物营养盐动力学的影响研究

长棘海星暴发对珊瑚礁生态系统产生了严重危害,而水体营养盐的补充可能是导致长棘海星暴发的一个关键因素。砂质沉积物对调控珊瑚礁区的营养盐浓度和结构起着关键作用,因此本研究通过流动式反应器对长棘海星和砂质沉积物进行模拟实验,分析长棘海星排泄活动及其死亡后有机体降解对水体营养盐的影响,并探究砂质沉积物的响应。实验结果表明：（1）长棘海星排泄的溶解无机氮（DIN）和溶解无机磷（DIP）通量分别为（83.55±4.74）μmol/(ind.·h)和（2.53±0.03）μmol/(ind.·h),这些营养盐可能给长棘海星的持续暴发提供营养条件;（2）砂质沉积物对长棘海星排泄导致的营养盐浓度升高具有缓冲作用,约70.7%的DIN和91.4%的DIP被截留在沉积物中,但沉积物界面营养盐交换导致的氮磷比升高可能不利于珊瑚生长;（3）长棘海星死后的有机体降解可促使沉积物–水界面释放营养盐,结合海星暴发密度估算,其释放的营养盐可导致上覆水中DIN和DIP浓度分别升高0.32 μmol/L和0.01 μmol/L,这可能会促使大型藻的快速生长而妨碍珊瑚的自我修复。     

南海北部深水区中新世生物礁发育特征

基于近些年南海北部深水区采集的地震资料,对南海北部深水区中新世生物礁发育特点进行分析、对比和研究,认为西沙隆起地区发育典型的生物礁,具有丘状反射、强振幅、中频、中连和杂乱地震相,发现琼东南盆地北礁地区在中新世梅山组也有似礁相发育.通过对琼东南盆地深水区中新世生物礁层序地层学分析,认为生物礁在中新世梅山组海侵体系域和高位体系域发育.从对北礁地区典型生物礁剖面进行的波阻抗反演来看,其与LH11-1生物礁油田的波阻非常相似,波阻抗值为8×106-9×106kg/(m2·s).古地理分析认为,中新世西沙隆起区与北礁地区处于滨、浅海沉积环境,梅山组时期的陆缘碎屑供给量比较少,适于生物礁发育.     

南海生物礁及礁油气藏形成的基本特征

南海是我国生物礁最发育的海区，在地质历史上，中新世已发现生物礁有百余个，第四纪生物礁有118个。生物礁类型有塔礁、补丁礁、块礁、台地边缘礁、环礁。其中中新世发育的各种类型的生物礁很多成为重要的油气聚集的场所，如曾母盆地的L礁油藏、珠江口盆地的流花11-1礁油藏。进一步研究南海生物礁形成的特征与成藏的条件，为今后南海油气勘探提供依据。     

南沙群岛珊瑚礁和礁灰岩弹性波分类的初步研究

珊瑚礁和礁灰岩是一种特殊的岩土类型，利用其弹性波性进行分类研究，简述了初步研究的方法和分类结果，给出了一个波速－波形－振幅三参数技术方法，定性地评价南沙群岛珊瑚礁和礁灰岩的岩性，从而有助于南沙群岛和工程地质评价分析和研究。     

琼东南盆地深水区生物礁生长环境及分布特征分析

生物礁储层是一种典型的油气储层,具有非常大的油气勘探潜力.位于南海北部大陆边缘的琼东南盆地,在形成演化过程中出现了有利于生物礁发育的环境.盆地南部深水区远离物源,在构造演化过程中产生了较多的构造隆起,在这些构造隆起的周缘适合生物礁的发育.通过地震资料解释认为,琼东南盆地南部深水区发育有规模大小不等的生物礁,而且这些生物礁的发育与构造演化的阶段可以对应起来,应具有较好的油气勘探潜力.     

21世纪海面上升对珊瑚礁岛屿的影响和对策

大洋中的珊瑚礁岛屿包括环礁和台礁岛 ,无论珊瑚礁还是礁上的岛屿全部都是由生物成因物质组成 ,岛屿海拔高度通常在4m以下 ,相当脆弱。环礁是由连续或不连续的礁缘组成 ,围绕着一个泻湖 ,礁缘上发育若干小岛屿。岛屿的大洋和泻湖一侧都有平缓的数十米至数百米宽的礁坪。台礁岛四周被平缓的大洋礁坪所环绕 ,岛内没有泻湖或者仅仅有很浅的不发育的泻湖。珊瑚礁岛屿是旅游度假的好去处 ,环礁是远洋捕渔的基地 ,又有着重要的战略地位 ,因而未来全球海面上升对于珊瑚礁岛屿的影响是受到关注的一个问题。全球变暖引起了海面上升。但究竟上升了多少…     

Tidally-induced clouds of suspended sediment connected to shallow-water coral reefs

The Bay of Banten, West Java, Indonesia represents a shallow coastal embayment harboring coral reefs subject to extremely turbid conditions. The sedimentary regime and flow structure of two contrasting coral reef islands in the embayment were investigated to identify the mechanisms responsible for mean and peak levels of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) around the reefs. Arrays of in situ calibrated optical backscatter (OBS) sensors were deployed across the reef slopes. Far field conditions were simultaneously monitored using an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and a conductivity temperature and depth (CTD) probe, equipped with an OBS sensor. In addition, hydrographic surveys were conducted using the ADCP attached to a small fishing boat, navigating transects perpendicular to the reef islands. The direct influence of river plumes was found to be insignificant. Waves act only in the uppermost few meters of the reef slopes, where coral growth is most abundant and little sediment is available for resuspension. Tidal currents are the primary cause of high turbidity, which was inferred from peaks in the diurnal and semidiurnal frequency bands of SSC spectra, and the large depths where the turbidity variation sometimes initiates. The entrained sediment disperses upward across the reef slopes, which is likely due to a secondary current associated with bending of the flow along the curved, hydraulically rough reef slopes, in weakly stratified ambient waters. Changes in sediment availability, variable critical shear stresses for erosion and deposition, and the formation and evanescence of island wakes may explain the high variability of SSC at the reef slopes.     

Environmental factors shaping boring sponge assemblages at Mexican Pacific coral reefs

Recent studies suggest a future increase in sponge bioerosion as an outcome of coral reef decline around the world. However, the factors that shape boring sponge assemblages in coral reefs are not currently well understood. This work presents the results of a 17‐month assessment of the presence and species richness of boring sponges in fragments collected from living corals, dead coral reef matrix and coral rubble from Punta de Mita and Isabel Island, two coral reefs from the central coast of the Mexican Pacific Ocean. Both localities have a high cover of dead corals generated by past El Niño Southern Oscillation events, but Punta de Mita was also highly exposed to anthropogenic impacts. Additionally, environmental factors (water transparency, water movement, temperature, sediment deposition, SST, and chlorophyll concentration) were assessed to test the hypothesis that environmental conditions which are potentially harmful for corals can enhance sponge bioerosion. Isabel Island and Punta de Mita showed a similar species richness (13 and 11 species, respectively) but boring sponge presence in both live and dead corals was higher at Isabel Island (57.6%) than at Punta de Mita (35.7%). The same result was obtained when each type of substrate was analysed separately: dead coral reef matrix (81.3% versus 55.5%), coral rubble (47.7% versus 20.0%) and living corals (43.7% versus 31.7%). A principal components analysis showed a higher environmental heterogeneity at Punta de Mita, as well as important environmental differences between Punta de Mita and Isabel Island, due to sediment deposition (2.0 versus 0.2 kg·m^?2·d^?1) and water movement (24.5% versus 20.5% plaster dissolution day^?1), that were also negatively correlated with boring sponge presence (r = ?0.7). By analysing the boring sponge assemblage, we found that environmental settings, together with habitat availability (i.e., dead coral substrate) differentiated assemblage structure at both localities. Major structural differences were largely due to species such as Cliona vermifera, Cliona tropicalis and Aka cryptica. In conclusion, factors such as habitat availability favored the presence of boring sponges but some environmental factors such as abrasion resulting from moving sediment acted restrictively, and exerted a major role in structuring boring sponge assemblages in the Mexican Pacific.     

珊瑚礁坪波浪的衰减特性分析

珊瑚礁海底与一般的礁石或泥沙海底结构相差很大，波浪衰减特性也相差较大。根据实测海浪资料，讨论波浪在礁坪上传播的衰减特性和波浪能量的转移。分析结果表明，在相对水深为0．0613—0．0867之间，波浪传播单位距离(100m)的波高衰减系数为22．09％—46．56％，平均值为31．35％；波能衰减系数为33．74％—53．23％，平均值为43．61％。波浪在礁坪上传播过程中，高频损失的能量多于低频，谱能量向低频转移。应用统计方法得到波高、波能衰减系数与相对水深D/L关系的拟合方程。     

Sedimentation in mangroves and coral reefs in a wet tropical island, Pohnpei, Micronesia

A six-month-long study was conducted of the fate of turbid river plumes from the Enipein watershed in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. Pohnpei is one of the wettest places on earth, with a mean annual rainfall exceeding 4 m in the lowlands and 8 m in the highlands. The river waters were clear of sediment except after major storms with rainfall exceeding 5 cm day⁻¹. Following a storm, the river plume spread in the mangrove fringed estuary and in the coral reef lagoon. The waters were highly stratified in temperature, salinity, and suspended sediment concentration. The brackish water was flushed out in four days, while the suspended sediment all settled out in the estuary, in the mangroves, and in the lagoon including on the coral reefs, in less than one day. The mean rate of sedimentation exceeded 35 mg cm⁻² d⁻¹ both over the mangroves and on the adjacent coral reefs. While this leads to no detrimental effects on the mangroves, sediment smothers corals and leads to substantial coral mortality in the lagoon. The mud is not flushed out from the lagoon because there are no strong currents from waves or tides. This high sedimentation rate is attributable to poor farming and land-use practices on the upland areas.     

珊瑚礁生态系统修复研究进展

健康的珊瑚礁生态系统具有造礁、护礁、固礁、防浪护岸、防止国土流失的功能。同时, 珊瑚礁生态系统生物多样性极高, 被称为海洋中的“热带雨林”。我国南海拥有200多个珊瑚岛、礁与沙洲, 是世界海洋珊瑚礁最丰富的区域之一。近年来, 由于全球气候变化和围填海等人类活动的影响, 珊瑚礁生态系统受到了不同程度的影响或破坏, 危及海洋生态与岛礁安全, 珊瑚礁生态系统的修复至关重要。本文对珊瑚礁生态系统的现状、修复方法及存在的问题进行了总结, 并在此基础上创新性地提出了基于系统的珊瑚礁多维生态系统修复模式并付诸实践, 以期提供更有效的珊瑚礁生态系统修复新方法。     

国际珊瑚礁领域研究现状及知识图谱分析

采用文献计量和科学知识图谱的方法,对1902—2017年期间国际珊瑚礁研究领域的科技论文进行了分析。结果表明,与西方海洋研究领域先进国家相比,我国在珊瑚礁研究领域起步较晚,但近5年发展迅速,并在论文影响力、国际合作和研究技术发展方面有待加强。针对研究结果提出了我国珊瑚礁研究的发展建议,本研究将为了解当前国际珊瑚礁领域的研究现状和发展态势以及我国今后珊瑚礁保护方面的政策制定、项目规划和科学研究提供情报参考。     

Impact of hydrographic parameters and seasonal variation in sediment fluxes on coral status at Chumbe and Bawe reefs,Zanzibar, Tanzania

Coral reefs which are an important resource to coastal communities and nation at large are adversely affected by rate of sediment flux to the reefs. However, there is little information on seasonal trend in sediment flux and its impact at the reefs off Zanzibar. Two years’ monthly data on sedimentation at Chumbe and Bawe reefs were used to assess seasonal variability in sediment flux and its implication on the coral status. Sediment flux to the Bawe reefs for the duration of the study ranged from 0.2 to 41.5 mg cm⁻² d⁻¹, while it ranged from 0.8 to 65.8 mg cm⁻² d⁻¹ at the Chumbe reefs. Sediment fluxes at Bawe reefs were highest between November and March, while they were highest between April and September at Chumbe reefs. Generally, sediment fluxes at Bawe reefs were low compared to those at Chumbe. The total sediment input to the reefs ranged from 4615 to 123,403 kg d⁻¹ for Bawe reefs and 2750 to 79,636 kg d⁻¹ for Chumbe reefs. High sediment fluxes at Bawe reefs between November and March; and the Chumbe reefs between April and September can be attributed to water currents and wind pattern in the east African region which are under the influence of the monsoons. The observed trend suggests that the period for coral transplant as a management option for the two sites should be different. Coral transplant can be undertaken in such a way that stress of the corals due to sedimentation can be felt after they have overcome stress from transplant process and temperature. The results from this study contribute to the much needed information for coral transplant, restoration, and management.     

Gradients in coral reef communities exposed to muddy river discharge in Pohnpei,Micronesia

This study analyzed how coral communities change along a gradient of increasing exposure to a mud-discharging river in the Enipein Catchment, Pohnpei, Micronesia. Using video transects, we quantified benthic communities at five sites along a gradient moving away from the river mouth towards the barrier reef. The most river-impacted site was characterized by a high accumulation of mud, low coral cover and low coral diversity. Although coral cover leveled off at ∼400 m from the river mouth to values found at the outer-most sites, coral diversity continued to increase with increasing distance, suggesting that the most distant site was still impacted by the river discharges. Fungiidae, Pavona, Acropora, Pachyseris and Porites rus all significantly increased in cover with distance from the river, while Turbinaria decreased. The combined presence and abundance of these six species groups, together with coral species richness, may help to indicate the effects of terrestrial runoff in similar runoff-exposed settings around Micronesia, whereas coral cover is not a sensitive indicator for river impact. Coral reefs are important resources for the people of Pohnpei. To prevent further degradation of this important resource, an integrated watershed approach is needed to control terrestrial activities.     

SPOT5数据东沙环礁珊瑚礁遥感能力分析

对于大面积的大比例尺珊瑚礁遥感制图而言,SPOT5数据是一种高性价比卫星遥感资料.以Quickbird2数据对东沙环礁珊瑚礁的分类、解译的矢量结果作为该区域实际的珊瑚礁分布,以此为基础分析SPOT5数据的珊瑚礁遥感制图能力.SPOT5只有两个水体穿透信道,从基于光谱数据的分类角度看,以XS1通道为准的珊瑚礁信息提取易将高反射的沙底质归为珊瑚礁;以XS2通道为准的珊瑚礁分布制图存在提取不足问题.由于空间分辨率提高,对潟湖淤泥质中的珊瑚礁提取能力较强,要优于ETM数据.结合ETM数据及PCA融合后的SPOT5的遥感解译结果,能提高SPOT5数据的制图能力.     

A study of coral reef resilience and implications of adaptive management and rehabilitation in Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam

The Province of Khanh Hoa, Vietnam, is located in the western South China Sea and boasts a shoreline of 385 km and many islands. Previous studies have indicated the extreme diversity and abundance of coral reefs in its waters as compared with other coastal provinces of Vietnam. A study on the resilience of coral reefs against increased surface water temperature and anthropogenic impact is conducted at 19 reef sites in 2015. At each site, a series of parameters (e.g., coral covers, genus diversity, and coral recruitment, substratum heterogeneity, depth, water exchange level, and sediment deposit and water temperature) are measured quantitatively or semi-quantitatively. The measured data are rated based on the relationship between the parameter values and coral susceptibility; the consideration that reef health reflects the biological capability to adapt to environmental changes and the recruitment potential if bleached; and positive or negative influences of physical factors in the mitigation of thermal stress and protecting corals from bleaching. A cumulative analysis enables researchers to divide the studied reefs into four categories based on varying levels of reef health to support resilience, recovery, and vulnerability in the case of increased water temperature. Relevant management interventions for each category and other supporting activities are suggested to enhance management effectiveness and to plan the rehabilitation of coral reefs for biodiversity conservation and touristic development, taking into account the involvement of related stakeholders.