Utilization of waste marble to enhance volume change and strength characteristics of sand-stabilized expansive soil

In this paper, marble waste is evaluated as a secondary material to be utilized as potential stabilizer to improve the volume change and strength characteristics of sand-amended expansive soil, proposed as a possible landfill, pavement or sub-base material in a semi-arid climate. An experimental program was conducted on sand-expansive soil enhanced with marble waste, abundantly found as a by-product of construction industry, obtained from two different sources with different gradations, denoted as marble powder (MP) and marble dust (MD). One-dimensional swell, volumetric shrinkage, consolidation, unconfined compressive and flexural strength tests were conducted on expansive soil–sand mixtures with 5, 10 and 20% waste marble inclusions over curing periods of 7, 28 and 90 days. Test results showed that 10% marble powder and 5% marble dust by dry mass were the optimum amounts for mitigating the swell–shrink potential and compression index as well as yielding the highest unconfined compressive and flexural strength values. Moreover, the rate of reduction in swell potential versus the flexural strength over the curing periods studied is highest in 10% MP- and 5% MD-included specimens, the latter being more insensitive to this change. The soil mixtures displayed brittle behavior after marble addition, hence its utilization as a secondary additive to sand-amended expansive soil is recommended for soils exposed to lower flexural loads such as light traffic.     

工业废渣加固土强度特性

工业废渣的资源化是解决工业废渣环境污染的有效途径之一。以粉煤灰和高炉矿渣为固化剂,石灰为碱性激发剂,对黏土进行加固。通过室内试验的方法,分析固化剂掺入量、养护龄期等对固化土无侧限抗压强度、pH值和饱和度等发展规律的影响。试验结果表明,固化土的无侧限抗压强度随固化剂掺入量的增加而增大,随养护龄期的增加而增大,提出一个综合反映固化剂掺入量、养护龄期和压实度等因素对固化土强度影响规律的综合影响因子,固化土强度与综合影响因子呈负指数函数关系;粉煤灰+石灰和高炉矿渣+石灰可有效改良土体无侧限抗压强度特性;石灰是一种有效的碱性激发剂,可提供工业废渣发生火山灰反应的高碱性环境。试验成果为工业废渣改良不良土质的设计提供试验依据。     

A geoenvironmental application of burned wastewater sludge ash in soil stabilization

This paper studied the use of burned sludge ash as a soil stabilizing agent. The sludge ash was obtained from a public wastewater treatment plant, and it was burned at 550 °C. Different percentages of burned sludge ash were mixed with three different types of clayey soil. A laboratory study consisting of Atterberg’s limits test, unconfined compressive strength test, standard proctor density test, and swelling pressure test were carried out on samples treated with burned sludge at different percentages by dry weight of the clayey soils. The results show that the addition of 7.5 % of the burned sludge ash by the dry weight of the soil will increase the unconfined compressive strength and maximum dry density and also decrease the swelling pressure and the swell potential of the soil. The addition of percentage higher than 7.5 % by dry weight of the soil decreases both the maximum dry density and the unconfined compressive strength; as a result it showed less effectiveness in stabilizing the soil. The conclusion of this research revealed that the burned sludge ash can be used as a promising material for soil stabilization.     

Potential Application of Lateritic Soil Stabilized with Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) as Liner in Waste Containment Structures

This study evaluates the applicability of residually derived lateritic soil stabilized with cement kiln dust (CKD), a waste product from the cement manufacturing process as liner in waste repositories. Lateritic soil sample mixed with 0–16 % CKD (by dry weight of the soil) was compacted with the British Standard Light, West African Standard and British Standard Heavy compaction efforts at water contents ranging from the dry to wet of optimum moistures. Geotechnical parameters such as Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, hydraulic conductivity, unconfined compressive strength and volumetric shrinkage strain were determined. Results indicate that the plasticity index, the maximum dry unit weight and hydraulic conductivity together with the volumetric shrinkage decreased with increased amount of CKD while the optimum moisture content and unconfined compressive strength increased with higher CKD content for all the efforts. When measured properties were compared with standard specifications adopted by most environmental regulatory agencies for the construction of barrier systems in waste containment structures, the resulting values showed substantial compliance. Besides developing an economically sustainable liner material, the present study demonstrated effective utilization of an industrial by-product otherwise considered as waste by the producers, in addition to a systematic expansion in the use of the lateritic soil for geotechnical works.     

固化风沙土强度特性及固化机制试验研究

通过PX固化剂对库布其沙漠风沙土进行加固。对不同含水状态、不同固化剂掺量、不同养护龄期下固化风沙土的强度特性进行试验研究。试验结果表明,不同含水状态下风沙土的强度特性是不同的,相同固化剂掺量、相同养护龄期时,固化风沙土在最优含水率下的无侧限抗压强度远远大于饱和含水率下的强度。相同含水状态下固化风沙土无侧限抗压强度随固化剂掺量增加、养护龄期延长而增大,且在养护初期强度增长较快,当固化剂掺量为8 %、养护龄期为28 d时,固化风沙土强度满足国际上对固沙强度的要求。最优含水率下固化风沙土抗剪强度较风沙土有较大提高;当固化剂掺量为8 %时,固化风沙土凝聚力和内摩擦角均达到最大,此时固化风沙土抗剪强度约为风沙土的1.8倍。进而,通过扫描电镜对风沙土固化前后微观结构变化进行试验研究。研究结果表明,风沙土中掺入PX固化剂后,颗粒间由原来的弱连接变为胶结连接,解释了固化风沙土较风沙土强度得以提高、稳定性得以改善的内在原因。     

Improvement of Clayey Soil with Lime and Industrial Sludge

Industrial waste generation has reached up to millions of tons yearly. One way to solve the problems of the large accumulating amount of waste could be to incorporate it into the soil; thus, finding a way for the use of industrial waste could be a quest for soil improvement studies. Industrial sludge in certain pozzolanic form reacts with soil and possesses cementitious properties. This paper illustrates the utilization of lime, steel and copper sludge in improvement of high plasticity clayey soil. The influence of stabilizer type, different curing times and various ratios of lime to sludge are evaluated by Atterberg limits, standard proctor compaction, unconfined compressive strength and unconsolidated undrained strength in triaxial test. The  test results show that adding lime and sludge results in an increase in maximum strength. Moreover, the strength of soil increases with the increase of curing time. Utilizing stabilizers also influences plasticity index and compaction parameters. Finally, the results demonstrate that steel sludge has better performance than that of copper sludge in term of strength development.     

侵蚀环境中碱渣-矿渣固化淤泥的力学性质

为扩展碱渣和矿渣等工业固体废弃物的资源化利用途径,以碱渣和矿渣为固化剂对淤泥进行固化处理,开展侵蚀环境条件下固化淤泥试样的表观和无侧限抗压强度等性质试验研究,探讨侵蚀溶液对固化淤泥的作用机理。研究表明,自来水和30 g/L的NaCl溶液浸泡时,标准养护28 d的固化土表面完整性较好,试样密度随浸泡时间的增加而增大;15 g/L的MgSO4溶液和NaCl-MgSO4混合溶液浸泡时,固化土表面受到明显侵蚀,随着浸泡时间的增加,侵蚀程度逐渐加深,试样体积、质量和密度呈减小趋势。当浸泡时间从28 d增至42 d时,自来水浸泡试样的无侧限抗压强度增大,溶液浸泡试样的无侧限抗压强度基本保持不变;浸泡导致试样的延性增强,抵抗变形的能力减弱。在浸泡时间相同的条件下,MgSO4和NaCl-MgSO4混合溶液浸泡时固化土强度约为自来水和NaCl溶液浸泡时强度的一半,抵抗变形的能力也较弱。钙矾石、水化氯铝酸钙等水化产物的形成使碱渣-矿渣固化淤泥抗NaCl侵蚀能力强,但由于侵蚀作用形成微观裂隙及疏松结构导致其抗MgSO4侵蚀能力较弱。     

水玻璃-碱渣-矿渣固化高含水率淤泥的强度性质

利用工业固体废弃物碱渣和矿渣作为固化剂,水玻璃作为激发剂,对高含水率疏浚淤泥的强度性质进行试验研究,并通过X射线衍射测试探讨固化机理。研究表明,在对含水率为110%疏浚淤泥固化的正交试验中,碱渣、矿渣和水玻璃掺量越多固化土的无侧限抗压强度越大,影响3 d强度的因素主次关系为碱渣>水玻璃>矿渣,而7 d和28 d时变为水玻璃>碱渣>矿渣,水玻璃对28 d强度的影响显著。当水玻璃掺量一定而碱渣与矿渣总掺量相同时,碱渣对固化淤泥的作用强于矿渣。固化土中的水化产物包括钙矾石、水化氯铝酸钙、水钙沸石和水化硅酸钙等,其填充和胶结作用使淤泥强度得到提高。研究确定了满足一般填土工程要求的固化方案,为碱渣和矿渣作为高含水率淤泥固化剂的资源化利用提供理论依据和参数支持。     

固化淤泥重塑土力学性质及其强度来源

对不同水泥掺加量的固化淤泥及其重塑土进行了无侧限抗压强度试验和直接剪切试验,并对固化土和重塑土的应力-应变关系曲线、无侧限抗压强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角进行了比较分析。结果表明：随着水泥量和龄期的增加,固化淤泥的脆性增强,塑性减弱;重塑土的应力-应变关系受水泥量和龄期的影响不大,随着应变的增加,应力增长缓慢,塑性变形非常大。固化土的无侧限抗压强度、黏聚力均随着水泥量和龄期的增加而增大,而内摩擦角则有减小的趋势。重塑土相对于原状土无侧限抗压强度和黏聚力都有较大程度的折减,并且水泥量和龄期越大,折减越多;内摩擦角随着水泥量和龄期的增加有小幅度提高。重塑土强度主要来源于破碎固化土团间的摩擦和咬合作用,因此,在固化淤泥重塑土的实际工程应用中,初始固化土的处理强度不应太高。     

水泥混合上海黏土pH值和电导率与强度特性研究

针对目前钻芯取样、标准贯入试验、荷载试验等水泥搅拌桩的检测方法试验要求高、试验时间长、测试费用高等诸多缺点,提出联合测定水泥土初期pH值与电导率的方式来判断其后期无侧限抗压强度与混合土性状的方法。以上海地区第④层黏性土为研究对象、以水泥掺量为变量,对加固土体的化学性质与其强度增长特性做了试验研究;探讨了pH值和电导率与水泥掺量、养护时间、后期强度之间的关系。试验结果表明,当水泥土初期的pH值和电导率大于分别为11.5和0.09 s/m的临界值时开始产生强度。在此之后强度随着pH值的增长而缓慢增加,但当pH达到11.8时,强度开始随着pH值的增长而迅速增加。电导率与强度变化关系的这些特征可以避免用水泥土初期pH值单一化学指标来判定其后期无侧限抗压强度带来的误差与风险。为判定上海地区黏性土水泥搅拌桩的强度提供试验依据。     

Behavior of expansive soils stabilized with fly ash

Expansive soils cause serious problem in the civil engineering practice due to swell and shrinkage upon wetting and drying. Disposal of fly ash, which is an industrial waste in both cost-effective and environment-friendly way receives high attention in China. In this study, the potential use and the effectiveness of expansive soils stabilization using fly ash and fly ash-lime as admixtures are evaluated. The test results show that the plasticity index, activity, free swell, swell potential, swelling pressure, and axial shrinkage percent decreased with an increase in fly ash or fly ash-lime content. With the increase of the curing time for the treated soil, the swell potential and swelling pressure decreased. Soils immediately treated with fly ash show no significant change in the unconfined compressive strength. However, after 7 days curing of the fly ash treated soils, the unconfined compressive strength increased significantly. The relationship between the plasticity index and swell-shrinkage properties for pre-treated and post-treated soils is discussed.     

粉煤灰改良膨胀土试验研究

研究掺粉煤灰对合肥膨胀土的物理性质指标以及胀缩性指标等的影响,探讨利用粉煤灰改良膨胀土的措施与效果。试验研究结果表明,在膨胀土中掺入适量的粉煤灰可有效降低膨胀土的塑性指数、降低膨胀势、减小线缩率与降低活性。在膨胀土中掺入粉煤灰还可改变膨胀土的击实特性,一定击实功作用下,随着掺灰率的增加,土体的最优含水率与最大干密度均减小,膨胀土中掺入粉煤灰后,膨胀土可在较小的含水率下通过击实或压实达到稳定。掺灰膨胀土的膨胀量与膨胀力随养护龄期的增长而减小;没有经过养护的掺灰土,其无侧限抗压强度随掺灰率的变化几乎没有变化,经过7 d养护后,土的无侧限抗压强度有所增长,并且存在一个峰值点,合肥膨胀土的无侧限抗压强度所对应的最佳掺粉煤灰率约为15 %～20 %。     

EPS颗粒混合轻量土无侧限抗压强度特性试验研究

为研究EPS颗粒混合轻量土的密度、强度和变形特性,对不同水泥掺量、EPS颗粒掺量、含水率和龄期的轻量土进行密度无侧限抗压强度试验。试验配置轻量土无侧限抗压强度范围为103.2~1359.0 kPa,且随水泥掺量的增大呈指数关系增大的趋势,随EPS颗粒体积比的增大而呈线性关系减小的趋势。在大于最优含水率情况下,含水率越高,无侧限抗压强度越低,两者为指数关系,而龄期的增长能够使得轻量土的无侧限抗压强度呈双曲线增大的趋势。EPS颗粒混合轻量土的应力-应变关系曲线主要表现为应变软化型,含水率和EPS颗粒体积比的增大会使得轻量土的应力-应变关系曲线逐渐向硬化型转化。水泥掺量和龄期的增大能够增强轻量土的脆性特征,增大刚度。而含水率和EPS颗粒体积比的增大则使得轻量土的延性特征增强,刚度减小。研究成果对实际工程应用具有参考价值。     

Research on the stabilization treatment of clay slope topsoil by organic polymer soil stabilizer

The topsoil of clayey slope is easy to erosion because it is weak in its strength, water stability and erosion resistance. A new organic polymer soil stabilizer, which was developed for the stabilization treatment of clay slope topsoil and was named as STW, was introduced in this study. In order to understand the effect of STW on the stabilization of clayey soil, laboratory tests on the unconfined compressive strength, shear strength, water stability and erosion resistance of untreated and treated soil specimens are performed, The results indicated that STW soil stabilizer can significantly increased the unconfined compression strength, shear strength, water stability and erosion resistance of clayey soil. The unconfined compression strength increased with the increasing of curing time and the variation mainly occurs in the first 24-hour. With the addition amounts of STW increasing, the strength, water stability and erosion resistance increased at the curing time being 48 h, but in the case of friction angle, no major change was observed. Based on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the stabilized soil, the stabilization mechanisms of STW soil stabilizer in the clayey soil were discussed. Finally, a field test of the stabilization treatment of clay slope topsoil with STW was carried out, and the results indicated that the STW soil stabilizer on the stabilization treatment of clay slope topsoil is effective for improving the erosion resistance of slope topsoil, reducing the soil loss and protecting the vegetation growth. Therefore, this technique is worth popularizing for the topsoil protection of clay slope.     

工业副产品木质素改良路基粉土的微观机制研究

为揭示工业副产品木质素与土体间的相互作用机制,将木质素应用于路基粉土改良,通过对木质素及其改良土进行无侧限抗压强度、pH值、微观结构、化学元素、矿物成分和官能团等试验分析,研究不同掺量下木质素改良土的力学性能和pH值变化,对比分析改良前后粉土的微观结构变化,并基于化学分析结果探讨木质素的分子结构及与土体间的相互作用,提出木质素改良土体的机制。试验结果表明,改良土强度随木质素掺量增加而增加,掺量超过一定范围时,土体强度降低,木质素改良粉土的最优掺量为12%,且龄期对土体强度有着重要影响;强度与pH值基本呈线性相关关系;改良土微观结构更为致密、稳定,胶结物质将土颗粒相互联结,且未生成新的矿物;木质素通过水解、离子交换、质子化和静电引力等作用,导致双电层厚度减小,带正电荷的木质素高分子聚合物联结土颗粒并填充孔隙,改良土工程性质得以改善。提出的木质素改良土体机制可为工业副产品木质素的工程应用提供理论参考。     

Simplified Regression Model to Predict the Strength of Reinforced Sand with Waste Polystyrene Plastic Type

A proposed regression model was developed based on experimental data using regression analysis method to predict the strength of sand reinforced with strips of waste polystyrene plastic type. Three different variables were studied to investigate the behavior and strength of reinforced sandy soil with waste plastic strips. These are the content, size and aspect ratio of plastic strips. For this purpose, a series of unconfined compression and splitting tensile tests were conducted on unreinforced and reinforced sand specimens. Test results showed that using strips of waste plastic polystyrene type improved the strength of the tested soil. Increasing content of waste plastic has a more significant effect on the enhancement of splitting tensile strength compared to the enhancement of compressive strength. Content, size and aspect ratio of waste plastic strips have significant effects on the improvement of strength. Utilization of such waste plastic type, which polystyrene, in this way will help in reducing the quantity of solid waste as well as reducing the cost of ground improvement. Results showed that multiple linear regression models can accurately predict the strength of sand reinforced with waste plastic strips within the range of the studied variables in this paper. Consequently, using such regression models will save time as well as reduce laboratory costs.     

Geotechnical Evaluation of Reddish Brown Tropical Soils

Laboratory investigations were carried out on reddish brown tropical soils from Moniya, Ibadan Southwestern Nigeria to determine the basic unconfined compressive strength of the soil samples which is an important factor to be considered when considering materials as liners in waste containment structure. Clay mineralogy, major element geochemical analyses were carried out by means of X-ray diffractometry and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry respectively. The engineering tests such as sieve size analyses, Atterberg limits, natural moisture contents, specific gravity and compaction using four different compactive efforts namely reduced proctor, standard proctor, West African standard and modified proctor. The tests were carried out in line with the procedures of the British standard 1377 of 1990 and Head of 1992. The soils were found to contain kaolinite as the major minerals with some mixtures of smectite, muscovite, halloysite, quartzite, biotite and aluminium phosphate. Values of the unconfined compressive strength obtained within 12.5 and 22.5% moulding water contents equal to or greater than 200 kN/m² which is the minimum acceptable value required for containment facilities. The maximum dry density, Mg/m³ ranged between 1.68 and 1.98 while Optimum moisture content, % ranged between 12.3 and 21.2. Hence, unconfined compressive strength values were found to be greater than 200 kN/m² at dry unit weight of 16.20 kN/m³ especially when WAS and modified proctor compactive efforts were used which met the minimum required unconfined compressive strength of 200 kN/m² for hydraulic barriers in waste containment facilities.     

淤泥堆场人工硬壳层地基极限承载力室内模拟研究

针对淤泥堆场利用淤泥固化技术制作的人工硬壳层（MMC）地基的极限承载力问题,利用模型试验研究了人工硬壳层的无侧限抗压强度、厚度以及淤泥的不排水强度对这种人工硬壳层地基极限承载力的影响规律。结果表明,淤泥上覆人工硬壳层地基的极限承载力随人工硬壳层的无侧限抗压强度的增加呈指数增加的趋势,随硬壳层厚度的增加呈现出线性增加的趋势。     

石灰改良红层无侧限抗压强度试验研究

红层是一种特殊岩土,作为路基材料时,常会导致不均匀沉陷、翻浆冒泥等病害。为改善其力学性质,工程上通常掺入一定剂量的石灰（Ca（OH）₂）进行改良。由于降水-蒸发的周期性变化,运营期间反复干湿循环作用对路基土的工程性质造成较大影响。基于此,结合室内无侧限抗压强度试验,研究了干湿循环作用对不同掺量的石灰改良红层无侧限抗压强度的影响。结果表明：在最佳含水率下,石灰改良红层的无侧限抗压强度随石灰掺量的增加而增大;干湿循环作用对改良红层无侧限抗压强度的影响与石灰掺量有关,石灰掺量较低时,改良红层的抗压强度随干湿循环次数的增加而减小,石灰掺量较高时,改良红层的无侧限抗压强度随干湿循环次数的增加而显著增大;未改良红层塑性较大,试样均为塑性鼓胀破坏,掺入石灰后,红层强度增大,脆性增强,呈脆性剪切破坏,经历干湿循环作用后,石灰改良红层试样呈多缝锥形破坏。     

冻融循环条件下水泥固化铅污染土强度模型研究

以冻融循环条件下水泥固化铅污染土为研究对象,通过室内试验研究冻融条件下水泥固化铅污染土的抗压强度特性。试验结果表明：水泥固化铅污染土的强度随水泥掺量增大而增大,随冻融循环次数的增加先略微增加,达到峰值后,随冻融循环次数的增加而快速减小,最后趋于稳定。随着冻融循环次数的增加,不同铅离子浓度的固化铅污染土的强度损失量不同,并表现出在相同水泥掺量下,铅离子浓度为0.5%的固化污染土抗压强度损失量最小。通过回归分析,建立了水泥固化铅污染土强度随冻融循环次数变化的预测模型,为实际工程提供理论参考。