湘中坳陷二叠系海陆过渡相页岩气地质条件

根据湘中坳陷二叠系黑色页岩的露头及岩心观测、含气量、地化和物性资料,以及等温吸附、氩离子抛光+扫描电镜等方法所获数据,探讨了页岩气地质条件。研究认为二叠系龙潭组、大隆组海陆过渡相页岩具备良好的页岩气地质条件。有机碳含量在2%以上;成熟度分布于1.2%~1.6%;储集类型主要为残留粒间孔、粒内孔、溶蚀孔等矿物质孔和少量有机质孔,孔隙度在0.54%~5.15%,等温吸附实验测试平均含气能力在5.488~6.905 m3/t。热演化史分析表明二叠系页岩在沉积之后经历了两次抬升剥蚀,第二次沉降没有达到第一次的最大埋深且没有二次生烃,这可能是导致研究区页岩总体含气量低的原因之一。构造分析表明,印支期和燕山期改造作用,对油气破坏明显,恶化了保存条件增加勘探风险。运用叠合法预测页岩气有利区为湘中涟源—娄底—双峰区、邵阳—邵东区,采用体积法计算页岩气总资源量为(127~425)×108m3(中值254×108m3),显示一定的页岩气资源潜力。综合分析认为保存条件是该区页岩气成藏的关键因素,也是勘探成功与否的首要因素。     

湘中涟源凹陷上二叠统龙潭组和大隆组海陆过渡相泥页岩孔隙结构特征及对比

以湘中坳陷涟源凹陷上二叠统龙潭组和大隆组海陆过渡相泥页岩为研究对象,重点选取12块典型泥页岩钻井岩心样品开展有机碳含量、岩石热解、X射线衍射、密度法孔隙度、高压压汞、二氧化碳和氮气吸附等测试分析,利用氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）观察了泥页岩孔隙特征,通过定性描述和定量测定相结合的方法研究了海陆过渡相泥页岩纳-微米级孔隙结构特征及孔隙发育影响因素.研究结果表明:龙潭组和大隆组泥页岩有机碳含量均较高,热演化程度处在凝析油和湿气生成阶段早期,对应R_o为1.22%~1.43%;泥页岩孔隙类型主要为粒间孔、粒内孔、有机孔和微纳米缝.龙潭组与大隆组样品在孔隙形态、孔隙大小和影响因素上均有差异:龙潭组样品氮气吸附滞回环开口宽,有机孔形态多为圆形和椭圆形,孔径较大;大隆组样品氮气吸附滞回环开口窄,有机孔形态多为不规则状,孔径较小;龙潭组泥岩和大隆组泥页岩样品有机碳含量与黏土矿物含量呈正相关关系,2套样品的微孔孔隙积体与有机碳和黏土矿物含量均呈正相关性;龙潭组样品介孔+宏孔的孔隙体积与有机碳和黏土矿物含量呈正相关性,与石英+长石含量呈负相关性;大隆组样品中的碳酸盐矿物对其孔隙性有明显影响,大隆组样品介孔+宏孔孔隙体积与有机碳、黏土矿物和石英+长石含量相关性不明显.      

下扬子地区海陆过渡相页岩气成藏条件与主控因素:以萍乐坳陷二叠系乐平组为例

萍乐坳陷二叠系乐平组是典型的下扬子地区海陆过渡相泥页岩的发育层系。通过野外地质调查、样品采集和分析测试等对萍乐坳陷二叠系乐平组泥页岩的发育特征、有机地球化学特征、储层特征和含气性等页岩气成藏地质条件进行了分析。结果表明:萍乐坳陷二叠系乐平组页岩单层厚度小、累积厚度大,横向、纵向连续性差;有机质丰度较高,w(TOC)以1.0%~2.5%为主,有机质类型以Ⅲ型和Ⅱ2型为主,有机质成熟度Ro分布在0.6%~4.5%之间,以高成熟-过成熟为主。页岩矿物组成中黏土矿物较为富集,储层孔隙类型主要为微孔隙和微裂缝,储层物性较差;总含气量和最大吸附气含量都较小。在页岩气成藏地质条件研究的基础上,结合区域沉积-构造背景的分析表明,页岩气成藏控制因素为:沉积环境、构造运动和保存条件。综合分析表明萍乐坳陷二叠系乐平组页岩气成藏条件一般,但在有机质丰度高、物性较好、埋藏适中的构造稳定地区仍然有较好的页岩气资源前景。     

福建二叠系中统文笔山组页岩气储层条件分析

为丰富福建省页岩气资源调查评价的基础研究工作,以有机地球化学、岩石矿物成分和储层物性分析等实验为重点,结合野外地质调查、露头及钻井等资料,分析研究了福建省二叠系中统文笔山组页岩气储层地质条件。结果表明:福建二叠系中统文笔山组泥页岩干酪根为Ⅲ型;有机碳质量分数普遍在1%~2%,有机质丰度中等;R_ran值介于3.76%~4.91%,泥页岩处于过成熟演化阶段;岩石脆性矿物普遍较低;泥页岩孔隙度中等,渗透率极低,微孔和中孔提供了气体吸附的主要场所。与国内外典型含气泥页岩相比,福建文笔山组具有形成页岩气的物质基础和埋藏条件,初步认为福建省中部龙岩一带可以作为下一步工作的重点区域。后期需要加强有机质成熟度和微观孔隙结构对储气性能的研究,了解研究区内泥页岩的吸附能力、孔隙形态及发育特征,为福建地区页岩气勘探开发提供指导作用。      

湘中与湘东南岩关阶组和龙潭组页岩气潜力

为了揭示湘中与湘东南坳陷海陆过渡相页岩含气潜力及勘探方向,对该区下石炭统岩关阶组和上二叠统龙潭组泥页岩进行总有机碳含量TOC、镜质体反射率R_ran、干酪根碳同位素、有机质显微组成、X衍射、扫描电镜、孔渗特征和等温吸附等测试。结果表明岩关阶组和龙潭组处于成熟-高成熟期、类型以Ⅲ型为主;龙潭组泥页岩TOC含量普遍较高、而岩关阶组泥页岩TOC含量较低。龙潭组和岩关阶关组泥页岩矿物主要为黏土矿物和石英,部分含有较高的方解石。这两套页岩的孔隙发育较差,主要孔隙类型为有机孔、溶蚀孔和层间裂缝。孔隙度为0.41%~2.76%、渗透率为（0.08~0.98）×10-3 μm2。孔隙度主要受TOC控制,不稳定矿物如长石和碳酸盐岩虽然能提供一定孔隙,但对页岩物性的影响有限。泥页岩的甲烷吸附量普遍在1.67~2.5 cm3/g,2015H-D3井龙潭组泥页岩现场解吸气量普遍大于0.5 cm3/g,最高为2.35 cm3/g,表明湘中和湘东南地区龙潭组具有一定的页岩气潜力,但岩关阶组勘探前景相对较差。      

湘中涟源凹陷下石炭统天鹅坪组页岩气成藏条件及主控因素

下石炭统天鹅坪组页岩是湘中地区页岩气勘探的新层系。基于野外地质调查、页岩气钻井的样品采集和分析测试等对湘中涟源凹陷石炭系天鹅坪组泥页岩的发育特征、有机地球化学特征、储层特征和含气性等页岩气成藏地质条件进行了分析。结果表明:涟源凹陷石炭系天鹅坪组有机质丰度较高,w(TOC)分布在0.78%～2.84%之间,有机质类型以Ⅱ_1型为主,有机质成熟度R_o分布在1.48%～2.09%之间,处于高成熟演化阶段;泥页岩矿物成分以石英和黏土矿物为主,黏土矿物主要由伊蒙混层、伊利石和绿泥石组成;泥页岩有机质孔较发育,孔隙度平均为1.97%,渗透率平均为0.847×10~(-3)μm~2,但大多小于0.1×10~(-3)μm~2;湘新地4井天鹅坪组泥页岩含气量分布在1.64～4.29 m~3/t,平均2.69 m~3/t(不含残余气)。结合区域构造—沉积演化背景的分析表明,涟源凹陷下石炭统天鹅坪组页岩气成藏条件的主控因素为沉积环境、构造保存条件,其中深水陆棚相是页岩气有利相带,复杂构造背景下由对冲式构造样式形成的向斜对页岩气保存条件最为有利,是研究区页岩气勘探的"甜点区"。研究成果可以为该区后续油气勘探提供参考。     

湘中地区涟源凹陷石炭系测水组泥页岩储层特征

石炭系测水组是涟源凹陷重要的页岩气勘探层位,针对页岩气藏自生自储、低孔低渗的特征,进行测水组泥页岩储层特征研究是该区页岩气勘探与开发的关键问题。本文基于野外露头、钻探井及样品实验测试数据等资料,对测水组泥页岩储层分布、矿物组成、物性、含气性等特征进行了细致分析。测水组泥页岩在凹陷中部褶皱带厚度最大、埋深适合;泥页岩中脆性矿物含量超过70%,有利于天然裂缝的发育与后期的压裂改造。泥页岩内微孔隙与裂缝较为发育,孔径分布范围3.71~19.07nm,以介孔为主,具有较大的孔比表面积,孔径与总孔隙体积随埋深增加呈减小趋势。储层孔隙度为1.0%~6.2%,平均为3.5%,渗透率变化较大,受裂缝发育程度的影响,为典型的低孔低渗非均质储层。受埋深较浅的影响,样品整体含气量较低,分布在0.16-0.49m3/t,但等温吸附测试的吸附气量远大于解析气量,表明在合适的埋深下测水组仍具有较好的储气能力。综合评价认为,涟源凹陷测水组泥页岩具有形成优质页岩气储层的潜力。     

中国二叠系海陆交互相页岩气富集成藏特征及前景分析

我国二叠系海陆交互相富有机质泥页岩层系分布广泛，主要有以山西组、太原组和龙潭组为代表的形成于滨浅海环境的含煤建造型和以孤峰组、大隆组为代表的含硅质建造型。本文通过大量页岩气富集评价参数资料对比和综合评价，得出两种层系富有机质页岩具有“有机质含量高、热演化适中、含气量高、孔隙度高”等特点，可与四川盆地已经开发的志留系龙马溪组海相页岩参数相媲美。按照页岩气形成富集成藏“岩相控碳、成岩控烃、构造控藏”的三大主控因素，综合评价和优选了鄂尔多斯盆地东缘、沁水盆地、南华北盆地、开江-梁平裂陷槽、城口-鄂西裂陷槽、皖江裂陷槽及湘中、川南-黔西等页岩气勘查远景区，期待对我国二叠系海陆交互相页岩气勘查开发提供支持。     

黔西南地区龙潭组页岩气储层特征

随着南方海相页岩气开发的突破,黔西南地区煤系泥页岩研究工作迫在眉睫。通过系统实验测试分析,以黔西南地区二叠系龙潭组页岩为主要研究目标,对该区页岩气成藏条件进行分析研究。结果表明,黔西南地区龙潭组含煤地层自北西向南东逐渐由陆相、海陆交互相演变为海相沉积,其内发育多段富含有机质泥页岩。有机质丰度相对较高,为0.60%～22.30%,平均4.37%;储层矿物成分以黏土矿物为主,为9.83%～95.23%,平均48.56%;等温吸附测试结果显示,龙潭组泥页岩最大吸附量为6.13m~3/t,含气潜力好。综上所示,基于黔西南地区泥页岩储层特征并结合构造保存条件分析,认为关岭岗乌—花江、普安地瓜—青山、兴仁巴铃—安龙龙山为页岩气成藏的有利区。本研究成果同时也可为中国南方地区龙潭组页岩气勘探提供借鉴。     

湘中涟源凹陷下二叠统梁山组页岩气勘探前景

基于涟源凹陷二叠系梁山组泥页岩野外露头、钻井等资料,通过有机地化分析测试、X-衍射分析、扫描电镜观察、等温吸附等实验测试分析,系统研究了梁山组泥页岩的地质及地化特征、矿物组成、孔隙结构及吸附性能等。研究结果表明,梁山组有效泥页岩单层厚度为6.15～35.18m;有机质丰度较高,多数大于1%,平均为1.77%;有机质类型主要为I型,岩石热解峰温Tmax(450～533℃)和镜质体反射率(1.51%～1.83%)表明泥页岩属于高成熟阶段富有机质泥页岩。泥页岩矿物组成以石英为主,黏土矿物含量次之,黏土矿物以伊利石为主,有利于改善泥页岩储集性能。孔隙类型多样,有机质孔、粒间孔、粒内孔及微裂缝为页岩气赋存提供空间。页岩吸附气含量达0.65m3/t,具有一定的气体吸附能力。总体上梁山组泥页岩在涟源凹陷普遍发育且规模较大,特别是向斜区南部是页岩气有利勘探区。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.