汉南古隆起周缘下寒武统(陕南地1井)发现海相页岩气

正1研究目的(Objective)近几年来随着我国页岩气勘探开发的不断推进,志留系五峰—龙马溪组页岩气在四川盆地已基本实现页岩气商业开发。而寒武系牛蹄塘组是另一套重要页岩层系,但由于构造活动强、整体热演化程度高,目前仅在威远、鄂西、城口等个别地区获得突破和发现。陕南地区寒武系牛蹄塘组页岩围绕汉南古隆起     

黔南坳陷下寒武统牛蹄塘组泥页岩埋藏史与热史研究——以贵都地1井为例

下寒武统牛蹄塘组是黔南坳陷最重要的页岩气目标层之一。为探究牛蹄塘组泥页岩的生烃演化史,文章以黔南坳陷贵都地1井为研究对象,通过对该区油气地质、地球化学分析,运用盆地模拟技术等方法,对贵都地1井牛蹄塘组埋藏史与热史进行重建。结果表明:牛蹄塘组泥页岩具有较高的有机质丰度,有机质类型为I型,已达到过成熟阶段,整体具有一定的生烃潜力;牛蹄塘组泥页岩经历了中寒武世早期—中奥陶世（466~508 Ma）的生油期和中奥陶世—中三叠世（236~466 Ma）的生气期,在中三叠世晚期（约230 Ma）达到最大埋深5 740 m,最高温度约215 ℃;具有“短暂生油,持续 生气”的特征;高热演化背景下的生烃过程为页岩气富集提供较好的基础条件,但印支期以来的构造抬升剥蚀对页岩气保存具有较强的破坏作用,保存条件是页岩气富集最重要的控制因素。     

川东南—鄂西渝东地区下古生界页岩气勘探前景

中上扬子地台发育2套重要的海相深灰色—黑色页岩,分别为下寒武统牛蹄塘组和上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组,主要由富含黄铁矿、有机质或生物化石的黑色炭质页岩组成,厚度大、分布广。牛蹄塘组页岩有机质演化程度高、埋藏相对较深、钻井无天然气显示; 龙马溪组页岩有机质演化程度相对中等、埋藏深度适度、钻井天然气显示丰度高,特别是志留系其它粉砂岩层段可产工业性气流。因此,下志留统页岩更有利于研究区页岩气的勘探和开发,更加适合作为中国南方页岩气战略先导区的重点目标勘探层位。总体上,两套页岩在川东南—鄂西渝东地区出露范围广,有利于针对页岩展开相关研究,特别是背斜和向斜的翼部区是页岩气勘探最为有利的地区。     

四川盆地下古生界筇竹寺组与龙马溪组页岩气勘探优选区预测

四川盆地下寒武统筇竹寺组和下志留统龙马溪组为盆地内重要的气源岩,在常规气田勘探中发现广泛的油气显示,表明其具有页岩气勘探的良好前景。在页岩气勘探初期,应该先进行优先层段优先区块的深入研究。目前,多名学者对筇竹寺组、龙马溪组的特征和页岩气发育的有利区位做出了预测,但使用方法不完善、不统一,评价指标比较混乱。在系统分析Fort Worth盆地Barnett页岩优选区块特征的基础上,参照美国地质调查局对Barnett页岩的选区原则,结合四川盆地自身的特征,选取页岩层总厚度、TOC、Ro、埋藏深度4个指标确定了2套岩层的页岩气优选区与延展区。研究认为,筇竹寺组有利区与外围延展区均在成都—乐山—资阳—内江为界的区域内部,龙马溪组有利区与外围延展区均在自贡—宜宾一带。     

黔中隆起及周缘地区牛蹄塘组含氮页岩气分布特征及有利勘探方向

黔中隆起及周缘地区位于四川盆地以南的复杂构造改造区,广泛发育的下古生界海相牛蹄塘组页岩具有分布面积广、厚度大和有机质类型好等特点,页岩气资源潜力巨大。但是,该区页岩气勘探效果不佳,多口井揭示N2含量高。为揭示四川盆地外牛蹄塘组页岩气高氮低烃的原因,本次研究选取牛蹄塘组高N2含量与低N2含量的页岩样品,对比其地质与地球化学特征,初步分析牛蹄塘组N2的成因,并结合气体组分的区域分布特征,阐明了不同地区页岩气气体组成差异的原因。结果表明,牛蹄塘组页岩解吸气中N2可能来源于有机质高成熟氨化作用或过成熟热解作用。牛蹄塘组早期生成的烃类气受通天断层的影响可能发生了散失,而当等效镜质组反射率大于3.5%时,N2的产率显著增加, N2相对含量也相应增加,导致牛蹄塘组页岩气具有高氮低烃的组成特征。综合研究认为,黔中古隆起金沙、大方一带,雪峰古隆起松桃、岑巩、黄平和麻江一带为复杂构造改造区过成熟牛蹄塘组页岩气有利勘探区域。     

四川盆地及周缘下古生界海相页岩气富集高产主控因素——以焦石坝地区五峰组—龙马溪组为例

利用钻井、地震及样品实验数据资料,首先对焦石坝地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气的形成条件进行了评价,然后探讨了四川盆地及周缘下古生界海相页岩气富集高产主控因素。研究认为:焦石坝地区五峰组—龙马溪组泥页岩具有厚度大、有机质丰度高、类型好、热演化程度较高、储集物性以及含气性好、以及良好保存条件和可压性等特点;四川盆地及周缘下古生界海相页岩气富集高产主控因素是富有机质泥页岩的发育程度、保存条件、天然裂缝的发育和泥页岩的可压裂性等,因为富有机质泥页岩的发育为页岩气的生成和储集提供了丰富的物质基础,良好的保存条件是页岩气富集的关键,天然裂缝和可压裂性是高产的重要保证。     

黔北下古生界烃源层系特征与页岩气成藏初探

为详细查明黔北及邻区牛蹄塘组、五峰组—龙马溪组烃源层系分布规律及有机地球化学特征,进行了详细的野外地质调查,结合前人已有研究成果分析表明,牛蹄塘组烃源层系分布受控于早寒武世沉积洼陷或裂陷槽,黔北地区发育两个生烃洼陷,分别位于在大方—黔西—清镇及桐梓—绥阳—湄潭以东地区,烃源岩(TOC1.0%)厚度80~110 m,黔北牛蹄塘组平均有机碳1.36%~10.01%,有机碳同位素-34.90‰~-28.19‰,Ⅰ型有机质,Ro为1.77%~4.53%。五峰组—龙马溪组烃源岩厚度大于20 m区域主要分布于桐梓—仁怀—椒园—下水以北区域,平均有机碳3.0%~5.0%,有机碳同位素-31.92‰~28.97‰,Ⅰ-Ⅱ1型有机质,Ro为1.73%~2.38%。综合分析表明五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气受控于富有机质页岩的分布及一定的保存条件,具有中等埋藏深度的正向构造及宽缓的向斜区是五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气勘探的有利区域。牛蹄塘组页岩气成藏受控于烃源岩层系厚度,震旦系晚期古岩溶发育部位、灯影组岩石物性的好坏、牛蹄塘组页理缝及保存条件等因素,黔西坳陷若干背斜牛蹄塘组烃源岩厚度大于80 m,埋藏深度为1500~2000 m,背斜两翼地层产状平缓,断裂普遍不发育,具有一定的保存条件,为牛蹄塘组页岩气勘探的有利目标区。     

扬子地区下寒武统与下志留统黑色页岩孔隙度与有机碳关系差异性及原因

下寒武统牛蹄塘组与下志留统龙马溪组页岩是扬子地区发育的两套富有机质黑色页岩,由于其分布面积广、厚度大、有机质丰度高而成为页岩气勘探的重点层位.然而牛蹄塘组孔隙度表现出了与龙马溪组截然不同的规律,两套页岩的孔隙结构、有机碳含量、密度也存在显著差异.结合测井、埋深（上覆压力）、孔隙度、有机碳及成熟度测试数据进行了对比分析.结果显示,牛蹄塘组过高的有机碳含量和热演化程度严重影响了页岩的孔隙结构,使有机质碳化,有机质孔发生坍塌和充填;牛蹄塘组埋深大、上覆压力也大,导致无机孔被压实,因此其总孔隙度明显小于龙马溪组.      

川东南-鄂西渝东地区下古生界页岩气勘探前景

中上扬子地台发育2套重要的海相深灰色-黑色页岩,分别为下寒武统牛蹄塘组和上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组,主要由富含黄铁矿、有机质或生物化石的黑色炭质页岩组成,厚度大、分布广.牛蹄塘组页岩有机质演化程度高、埋藏相对较深、钻井无天然气显示;龙马溪组页岩有机质演化程度相对中等、埋藏深度适度、钻井天然气显示丰度高,特别是志留系其它粉砂岩层段可产工业性气流.因此,下志留统页岩更有利于研究区页岩气的勘探和开发,更加适合作为中国南方页岩气战略先导区的重点目标勘探层位.总体上,两套页岩在川东南-鄂西渝东地区出露范围广,有利于针对页岩展开相关研究,特别是背斜和向斜的翼部区是页岩气勘探最为有利的地区.     

滇黔北下古生界海相页岩气藏赋存条件评价

页岩气区域地质调查和钻探成果表明,滇黔北坳陷属于改造残留型构造坳陷,海相下志留统龙马溪组和下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩发育,单层厚度达50m以上.评价区页岩的厚度、埋深、TOC、含气性、力学性质、物性和矿物成分等评价参数与北美已商业开发页岩气田的具有一定相似性,具备形成页岩气藏的有利地质条件,是现实的页岩气勘探开发重要目的...     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.     

共和盆地层状地貌系统与青藏高原隆升及黄河发育

利用卫星遥感影像,结合实地调查和测年结果,对共和盆地层状地貌系统进行了解译、分析。研究表明,共和盆地层状地貌系统由山麓剥蚀面、洪积扇面、盆地面以及黄河阶地面构成,其空间结构、物质组成对发生于早更新世早期的青藏运动C幕和中更新世末期的共和运动反映清晰。青藏运动C幕使青藏高原主夷平面在高原差异性隆升中彻底解体,垂直变形量高达1700m。共和运动使黄河在0.11Ma进入共和盆地,其后黄河平均以3.5mm/a的侵蚀速率下切盆地,同时在盆地边部的山前古冲洪积扇以大致相近的速率被抬升,最终导致高差在2000m左右的层状地貌系统的出现。     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Palaeoecology and the origin of the coconut

While botanists, archaeologists, historians and linguists have contributed to the debate on the origin of the coconut pollen analysts have been silent. This article attempts to integrate the results of recent palaeoecological research with findings from the other disciplines.     

Evolution of the paleogeodynamic settings of the formation of the Lower and Middle Riphean sedimentary sequences of the Uchur-Maya region and the Bashkir meganticlinorium

The possibility to use some widely known standard discrimination diagrams such as the K₂O/Na₂O-SiO₂/Al₂O₃, SiO₂-K₂O/Na₂O, (Fe₂O₃* + MgO)-TiO₂, F1-F2, Th-La-Sc, Sc-Th-Zr/10, and Sc/Cr-La/Y for deciphering the paleogeodynamic settings of sedimentary sequences is considered with reference to the Lower and Middle Riphean (Mesoproterozoic) deposits of the Uchur-Maya region (Far East) and the Bashkir meganticlinorium (South Urals). It was shown that only some of them can be used with a certain degree of confidence for reconstructing the settings of the platform sedimentary sequences made up of both sandstones and fine-grained terrigenous rocks.