惠民凹陷中央隆起带沙四上亚段滩坝与风暴岩组合沉积

惠民凹陷沙四上亚段沉积时期,盆地边缘发育三角洲和扇三角洲沉积,受波浪和沿岸流的影响,在中央隆起带滨浅湖区形成了与岸线走向平行或斜交的滩坝砂体和风暴沉积。滩坝沉积成熟度较高,泥质含量少,岩性以中细砂岩和粉砂岩为主,也有少量砾石,砂岩中常见含双壳类化石、生物碎屑和炭屑。滩坝沉积可分为砂坝、砂滩和滩坝间微相,平面上该区滩坝砂体可分为近岸砂滩、近岸砂坝、坝间砂滩、远岸砂坝、远岸砂滩、水下隆起处砂坝和水下隆起处砂滩。此外,受风暴浪的影响,在浪基面和风暴浪基面之间的地带形成风暴沉积,主要由块状层理段、递变层理段、丘状交错层理段、平行层理段和块状泥岩段构成。该组合沉积体系的形成主要受古地形、物源性质、湖平面变化等方面的影响。     

下印度河盆地K油田白垩系开阔海岸相沿岸砂坝沉积特征

根据岩心、测井、地震及区域地质背景资料,综合矿物岩石学、沉积构造、测井相及地震相等各类相标志,巴基斯坦下印度河盆地K油田白垩系上砂岩组为典型的开阔海岸相的沿岸砂坝沉积,其相标志包括:储层以高成熟度的石英砂岩为主,含有海绿石、鲕海绿石等海相指示矿物,呈分散状分布;发育平行-低角度交错层理或块状层理及潮汐层理类型,岩心中见丰富的生物介壳,具有大量的生物潜穴和强烈的生物扰动现象;测井相多呈漏斗型或箱型,以反旋回为主;地震相以平行-亚平行席状为主;陆棚风暴沉积与之伴生。分析认为,沿岸砂坝平面上多呈条带状平行于海岸线分布,纵向上多期沿岸砂坝叠置,砂体连通性好,构成该油田最为重要的有利储集层。但砂体内部具有强烈的非均质性特征,据此进一步划分为坝中、坝缘及坝间沉积微相类型,其中,坝中微相以细-中砂岩为主,孔隙类型包括原生粒间孔、铸模孔和次生加大孔,孔、渗性较高,储层物性良好;坝缘微相以细砂岩和粉砂质砂岩为主,孔隙多被胶结物充填,储层物性中等;坝间微相以粉砂岩或粉砂质泥岩为主,孔隙类型以微孔隙为主,储集性能差。不同微相类型的砂岩相互叠置形成砂坝复合体,加剧了储层平面非均质性和层间非均质性。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组沉积体系和层序特征

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组沉积体系类型形成于不同的地质背景，物源方向和沉积环境也不同，因此沉积特征和分布规律差异较大。以主力含油层段长8油组为例，辫状河三角洲体系主要位于盆地西南缘较陡坡带，砂体为长石砂岩，以槽状层理构造发育、前三角洲中有重力流沉积为特征；重力流沉积主要分布在盆地南部渭北地区的长7油层段，以岩屑砂岩为主，形成于深湖环境中，发育的鲍玛组合层序有ABCE、ADE、AE和BCE型序列；东北方向水系形成了曲流河三角洲体系，主要位于盆地东北缓坡带上，三角洲分流河道伸展距离长，朵体规模大，以长石细砂岩为主，河口砂坝发育。     

西湖凹陷渐新统花港组大型沿岸砂坝沉积特征及主控因素*

西湖凹陷位于东海陆架盆地东部坳陷带,是该盆地最大的富生烃凹陷,其主力储集层渐新统花港组的沉积环境与沉积体系类型一直存在较大争议。以岩心为基础,结合测井响应与地震反射特征,识别出西湖凹陷中东部花港组厚层砂岩主要有块状含砾中砂岩、冲洗层理中细砂岩、沙纹层理粉细砂岩共3种典型岩石类型,并通过统计分析沉积构造参数,明确花港组厚层砂岩主要发育在岸线附近的冲洗带,水动力强,波浪作用明显;该厚层砂岩在伽马测井曲线上整体表现为下部低幅锯齿箱状、顶部逐渐过渡为高幅锯齿状特征,地震上主要为中等振幅与连续性的、底平顶凸的丘状反射,为大型沿岸砂坝沉积。最后结合测井曲线样式、地震属性与含砂率拟合,刻画了沿岸砂坝的叠置样式与空间展布,确定西湖凹陷花港组大型沿岸砂坝主要分布在研究区东部三角洲前缘外侧,是由于基准面下降、水体变浅,早期形成的辫状河三角洲前缘受波浪作用改造而成。     

西湖凹陷渐新统花港组大型沿岸砂坝沉积特征及主控因素

西湖凹陷位于东海陆架盆地东部坳陷带,是该盆地最大的富生烃凹陷,其主力储集层渐新统花港组的沉积环境与沉积体系类型一直存在较大争议。以岩心为基础,结合测井响应与地震反射特征,识别出西湖凹陷中东部花港组厚层砂岩主要有块状含砾中砂岩、冲洗层理中细砂岩、沙纹层理粉细砂岩共3种典型岩石类型,并通过统计分析沉积构造参数,明确花港组厚层砂岩主要发育在岸线附近的冲洗带,水动力强,波浪作用明显;该厚层砂岩在伽马测井曲线上整体表现为下部低幅锯齿箱状、顶部逐渐过渡为高幅锯齿状特征,地震上主要为中等振幅与连续性的、底平顶凸的丘状反射,为大型沿岸砂坝沉积。最后结合测井曲线样式、地震属性与含砂率拟合,刻画了沿岸砂坝的叠置样式与空间展布,确定西湖凹陷花港组大型沿岸砂坝主要分布在研究区东部三角洲前缘外侧,是由于基准面下降、水体变浅,早期形成的辫状河三角洲前缘受波浪作用改造而成。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部盒8致密砂岩沉积特征及沉积模式

野外露头剖面和井下岩心的岩石学与岩相组合、沉积特征与岩相标志、室内砂岩碎屑矿物组成及其平面分布规律的研究结果表明,鄂尔多斯盆地东部盒8致密砂岩以岩屑砂岩为主,其次为岩屑石英砂岩,主要为深灰色、灰色、灰白色中砂岩和粗砂岩。研究区从北到南依次为冲积扇、辫状河及辫状河三角洲沉积体系。冲积扇以扇中和扇端为主,主要由冲积水道块状构造含砾粗砂岩组成。往南演化为辫状河沉积,主要包括河道砂坝和泛滥平原微相,其中河道砂坝为其骨架相,由大型交错层理和平行层理发育的粗砂岩和含砾粗砂岩组成。南部发育辫状河三角洲平原和前缘沉积,进一步划分出分流河道、泛滥平原、水下分流河道和分流间湾微相,其中分流河道及水下分流河道为其骨架相,类似于河道砂坝沉积,主要由板状、槽状交错层理粗砂岩及中-细砂岩组成,纵向上多期砂体叠置,横向上叠合成片,成为盒8致密砂岩气藏的良好储集层。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部旬邑地区延长组长7段深水牵引流的发现及其意义

鄂尔多斯盆地南部地区延长组长7段主要发育以浊流及砂质碎屑流为主的深水重力流沉积。通过对盆地南部旬邑地区延长组长7段野外剖面露头进行详细考察时发现,该组砂岩中发育大量类似浅水环境的沉积构造,如交错层理、波状层理、平行层理、透镜状层理及波痕等。在综合研究区古构造、沉积背景的基础上,通过对野外露头进行详细的描述与刻画,认为盆地南部旬邑地区延长组长7段发育以等深流、内波、内潮汐为主要类型的深水牵引流沉积,上述类似浅水环境中的沉积构造为深水牵引流对先期形成的重力流沉积再作用的结果。总体上,研究区主要发育5种类型的深水牵引流岩相:(1)具双向交错层理粉细砂岩;(2)具单向交错层理粉砂岩;(3)具波状层理泥质粉砂岩、粉砂岩;(4)具平行层理细砂岩;(5)具大型交错层理中细砂岩。在此基础上探讨了研究区深水牵引流沉积模式。     

福建省三明地区早二叠世晚期潮坪沉积特征及其对聚煤作用的影响

童子岩组的潮坪、潮道沉积常与泻湖相沉积伴生形成为潮坪泻湖相沉积体系。其潮坪相沉积可以划分为:1泥坪相,由泥岩或砂质泥岩为主组成,具水平层理,分布有痕迹化石和动物扰动构造。2砂泥坪混合相,由细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩互层组成,常见波状层理、透镜状层理,分布有海相动物化石和斜交或垂直层面的营状痕迹化石。3砂坪相,发育透镜状层理,压扁层理和小型斜交层理,在一些砂岩中也常见由于潮汐作用形成的双面粘土层和潮汐作用产生的周期层序。4潮沟相,主要见于各含煤段底部,潮沟相的砂岩厚度一般较大,层位一般相对稳定。透镜状态理、波状层理常见,动物扰动构造发育,有浪成波痕。     

青海湖东南岸现代滩坝沉积模式与识别标志

青海湖是研究湖泊滩坝的有利区域。通过对青海湖现代滩坝的实地考察和精细解剖,对滩坝的沉积特征、形成机制、沉积序列、沉积模式、识别标志等方面进行了系统研究。青海湖滩坝发育3种岩相,即块状砾质砂岩相、块状砾岩相和递变砂砾岩相。结合岩相分布和现代湖岸水动力观测,将青海湖波浪带划分为对称浪带、歪浪带、破浪带和冲洗浪带,并据此建立了青海湖滩坝沉积模式。提出滩坝相较于河口坝的4点关键识别标志:(1)岩性底界面接触关系差异,滩坝与下伏半深湖泥质沉积总是突变接触,有明显的突变面,而河口坝则是渐变接触;(2)滩坝垂向上发育典型的“ABC”序列,沉积物自底至顶呈细-粗-细的变化;(3)滩坝普遍发育冲洗层理,以及向陆倾斜的漫越层,而河口坝主要发育槽状交错层理;(4)砂体走向差异,滩坝砂体走向总体平行于湖岸,而河口坝砂体走向总体垂直于湖岸。     

滇中中元古代昆阳群因民组碎屑风暴岩及其意义

滇中地区中元古代昆阳群因民组以碎屑岩为主,内发育典型的风暴沉积构造 (包括渠铸型、丘状交错层理和洼状交错层理、递变层理等 )。风暴沉积主要包括 4种岩相类型 :A -具口袋构造的递变层理砂岩段。B -具丘状或洼状交错层理的砂岩段。C -具均质层理的粉砂岩、泥质岩段。D -具水平层理的泥质岩段。上述岩相A、B、C分别代表风暴流作用 -风暴浪作用 -风暴后期的快速悬浮沉积 (事件沉积 ),D代表风暴过后缓慢悬浮沉积 (背景沉积 ),它们组合成不同的风暴沉积序列。滇中地区昆阳群风暴沉积的发现表明中元古代大气圈、水圈及其相互作用与现今近似;中元古代滇中地区位于低纬度 (5 - 30°)的风暴作用带。该沉积对于解释因民组递变层砂岩的成因、证实昆阳群的地层层序也具有重要意义。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.