浅析国家深海活动能力建设及其构成要素

深海能力建设是海洋强国建设的重要组成部分,是国家有效利用深海、保障海洋权益综合国力的体现。广袤的深海区域赋存着人类社会可持续发展的战略资源,同时深海区域还是科学家开展宇宙起源、生命起源、气候变化等研究的天然实验室。文章从论述资源勘探开发和科学研究对国家深海活动能力的需求出发,分析了我国深海技术装备研发、应用现状和存在的问题,最后提出国家深海活动能力构成三要素:完善的深海技术装备体系、健全的深海装备应用平台、有效的深海装备应用体制和机制。     

深海法视域下的深海资源调查装备发展研究

辽阔的海洋是人类资源的宝库,尤其是海洋深处蕴含极为丰富的矿产和生物资源。随着人类对资源的需求与日俱增以及陆地资源的开采耗竭,深海海底这一特殊区域无疑具有十分重大的战略意义。为有效保护和利用深海海底资源,2016年我国颁布实施《中华人民共和国深海海底区域资源勘探开发法》,这是我国积极践行担保国义务的重要举措,为深海资源的合理调查开发提供法律基础。文章分析深海资源调查的必要性和我国深海资源调查的主要成果,梳理《中华人民共和国深海海底区域资源勘探开发法》等一系列涉及深海资源调查的法律规范,重点分析我国深海资源调查装备的发展,并对深海资源调查装备促进深海资源可持续利用进行展望。     

深海能源开发现状和前景研究

走向深海大洋、探测深海环境和获取深海能源对未来国家能源战略开发至关重要。文章借助相关历史数据,回顾包括石油和天然气、天然气水合物以及可再生能源在内的深海能源的开发历史;阐述在技术、投资和全球经济环境驱动下的深海能源开发现状,即技术和产业不断发展、合作和投资亮点频出以及开发重点随全球经济变化而调整;在此基础上,分别对主要深海能源的发展前景进行展望,即石油开发步伐放缓、天然气迎来发展高峰、天然气水合物规模化商业开采有待观察以及可再生能源获得更多关注和投资。     

挪威深海矿产资源开采战略路径分析及启示

挪威近年来大力推动深海采矿,在地质科研勘探、技术装备研制、环保政策制定等领域已经走在世界前列,率先为深海采矿商业化提供了实现可能。挪威政府凭借其过硬的工程装备基础与深厚的法律政策积淀,因时制宜积极转变深海采矿路径,目前已在商业化开发与环境保护中找到平衡点,形成了完备的深海开发战略路径。文章通过中国和挪威两国深海资源开展战略对比分析,提出4点建议：加快深海产学研深度合作,带动新兴产业发展;以《深海法》为基石,构建深海采矿产业政策;加强深海环境保护研究,打造环境友好的深海开发路线;把握深海国际机制,争取深海国际规则主动权。多角度提升深海实力,以尽快实现“深海开发”。     

基于深海海洋能开发的海洋命运共同体构建路径思考

为践行海洋命运共同体理念和加快推动海洋强国建设,文章从深海海洋能开发的战略意义和价值出发,综述深海温差能开发的研究现状和应用前景,进而提出深海温差能的全球开发构想和开发路径。研究结果表明：深海海洋能开发在应对全球气候变化、捍卫国家能源安全、加快进入氢能源时代、支撑深海矿产资源开发以及推动构建海洋命运共同体方面均具有重要...     

数字深海“一张图”综合可视分析系统构建与运行

经过多年建设发展,中国大洋资料中心基于深海大洋综合数据库,实现了对大洋航次调查数据和相关研究成果资料的综合管理。面向高效、可视、在线的“一张图”综合分析应用需求,以国内外多来源深海大洋数据资源为基础,面向深海空间数据管理和应用需求,紧密衔接综合数据库,对现有深海大洋数据进行必要的空间化矢量化改造,利用Java+SpringBoot、基于WebGL的Cesium等技术,开发了基于GIS的深海空间数据管理系统、综合展示与可视分析系统,研发了深海空间数据资源地图、深海态势分析、工作规划部署、资源潜力评估、装备效能分析和数据评估检验等专题应用分析功能,架构起数字深海“一张图”综合可视分析系统。该系统已部署在国家海洋通信专网并投入业务化试运行,为我国深海大洋矿产资源勘探、环境影响评价和相关科学研究活动提供数据和信息技术支撑。     

21世纪深海资源开发利用的展望

针对当前人类面临的陆地资源和能源日趋严峻的危机,讨论了深海资源和能源开发利用的前景,认为深海资源和能源是２１世纪的资源储备,要保持世界经济的可持续性发展,就必须运用海洋高新科学技术开发利用深海资源,并强调了在开发利用深海资源的同时要注重环境效应,只有科学、合理、有序地开发利用海洋资源,才能使人类实现可持续性发展。     

重视海洋开发战略研究 强化海洋装备创新发展

基于我国严峻的资源供应形势和海洋资源开发面临的挑战态势,揭示了我国海洋开发的重要性;结合对发展海洋经济与管理机制体制的突出矛盾以及深远海装备技术创新研究投入力度等层面存在问题的探讨,从海洋开发的法律法规和机制体制、宏观战略研究和顶层指导、自主创新、资源开发利用及安全保障建设等层面阐述了加强海洋开发战略研究的目的意义。基于当前国际海洋装备的现状及发展趋势,分析了我国海洋装备在发展水平、设计建造能力、基础科学研究与自主创新和前沿技术研究等方面与国际先进水平的差距;阐述了加快海洋工程装备创新发展的必要性和重要意义。提出并阐明了创新发展深海工作站和海上浮动基地对于维护国家海洋资源权益、尤其是提升南海深水资源开发国际竞争力方面具有的重要战略意义。     

重视海洋开发战略研究 强化海洋装备创新发展

基于我国严峻的资源供应形势和海洋资源开发面临的挑战态势,揭示了我国海洋开发的重要性;结合对发展海洋经济与管理机制体制的突出矛盾以及深远海装备技术创新研究投入力度等层面存在问题的探讨,从海洋开发的法律法规和机制体制、宏观战略研究和顶层指导、自主创新、资源开发利用及安全保障建设等层面阐述了加强海洋开发战略研究的目的意义。基于当前国际海洋装备的现状及发展趋势,分析了我国海洋装备在发展水平、设计建造能力、基础科学研究与自主创新和前沿技术研究等方面与国际先进水平的差距;阐述了加快海洋工程装备创新发展的必要性和重要意义。提出并阐明了创新发展深海工作站和海上浮动基地对于维护国家海洋资源权益、尤其是提升南海深水资源开发国际竞争力方面具有的重要战略意义。     

探海深潜器发展史料

<正>深海载人潜水器是运载科学家、工程技术人员和各种电子装置、特种设备快速、精确地到达各种深海复杂环境,进行高效勘探、科学考察和近海底作业的装备,是和平开发和利用深海资源的重要技术手段。??载人潜水器是最早开始发展的一种深海运载     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺的检测方法初步研究

研究的目的是探索一种检测双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺含量的方法。以栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)为实验对象,研究了取样、抗氧化剂、氧化铝用量以及Tris缓冲液用量等对实验结果的影响。结果表明,高效液相色谱电化学检测器法(HPLC-ECD)可以灵敏高效地对双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺进行定性、定量检测。实验表明,取样时间最长不超过1.5min;还原性谷胱甘肽作抗氧化剂效果较好;前处理各试剂与血样量的最适配比为血样量1.5mL,Tris缓冲液(1.5mol/L,pH8.6)1mL和氧化铝25mg;水洗后离心并尽可能吸干氧化铝中的水分。去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的回收率分别为53%~69%、47%~73%和48%~56%。     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km²,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km²;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。     

The influence of the bottom contour on the deformed state of the ice cover due to the motion of the submarine

The authors have previously determined that the effectiveness and failure pattern of the ice cover caused by flexural-gravity waves generated by a submerged body motion near the bottom ice can greatly depend on the depth of the water area. In its turn, the presence of a ledge on the ice surface may affect a wave propagation pattern. This paper presents an experimental study of the bottom contour influence on the deflection and length of flexural-gravity waves. The authors describe a numerical model for the analysis of the deformed state of ice caused by hydrodynamic loads due to a submarine motion, taking into account the bottom contour. The experiments are carried out in the ice tank. The results of calculations and experiments are compared.     

国产XBT海上比测方法研究及结果分析

随着国产投弃式温深仪(XBT)性能的提高,其使用范围和规模也逐步扩大,受某专项办的委托,厦门大学在南海东北部开展了"海洋监测设备适用性检验规范及海上试验研究(国家863计划)"项目,针对海洋技术领域研发的技术较为成熟、具备产品化条件的XBT开展检验与验证,对国产XBT的性能和实际使用情况进行分析和总结。试验中,在不同站点进行温盐深仪(CTD)现场测量,以此数据为真值对国产和进口XBT精度做评估。在较高速度走航测量时,则以进口XBT数据为参照,对国产XBT进行评估。试验结果表明,国产XBT整体上表现良好,成功率大概为80%,有些型号的国产XBT精度与进口XBT精度接近,但国产XBT无效剖面较多。同时也发现,进口XBT的精度无法满足预期比测的要求,不能准确计算出国产XBT精度,但结果仍然具有参考价值。本次试验可以为国产XBT的规模化应用和推广提供数据支持,也可为其他型号XBT/XCTD/CTD等仪器的比测提供借鉴。     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.