Land use effects on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and salinity in saline-alkaline wetland

Land-use and soil management affects soil organic carbon （SOC） pools, nitrogen, salinity and the depth distribution. The objective of this study was to estimate land-use effects on the distribution of SOC, labile fractions C, nitrogen （N） and salinity in saline-alkaline wetlands in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin. Three land-use types were selected： intact saline-alkaline meadow wetland, artificial shrubbery （planting Tamarix） and farmland （cultivated for 18 years） of soils previously under meadow wetland. SOC, easily oxidized carbon, microbial biomass carbon, total N, NO3--N and salinity concentrations were measured. The results show that SOC and labile fraction carbon contents decreased significantly with increasing soil depth in the three land-use wetlands. The labile fraction carbon contents in the topsoil （0-20cm） in cultivated soils were significantly higher than that in intact meadow wetland and artificial shrubbery soil. The aboveground biomass and soil permeability were the primary influencing factors on the contents of SOC and the labile carbon in the intact meadow wetland and artificial shrubbery soil, however, the farming practice was a factor in cultivated soil. Agricultural measures can effectively reduce the salinity contents; however, it caused a significant increase of NO 3--N concentrations which posed a threat to groundwater quality in the study area.     

沼泽湿地垦殖对土壤碳动态的影响

在中国科学院三江平原湿地生态试验站选取相邻的、土壤类型相同的小叶章沼泽化草甸以及不同开垦殖年限的已垦湿地农田,综合运用多种微生物指标,全面地评价沼泽湿地垦殖后土壤有机碳的动态。结果表明,沼泽湿地垦殖初期(1~3年),土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物商以及基础呼吸(BR)都迅速降低,而代谢商(qCO₂)、PR/BR和PR/MBC比值却不断升高。表明湿地垦殖后,有机碳的可利用性下降,微生物对碳源的利用效率降低,造成土壤有机碳的大量损失。各种微生物指标之间有密切的相关关系,综合这些微生物指标能够全面地、准确地评价沼泽湿地垦殖后土壤有机碳的动态。     

开垦对内蒙古温带草地土壤不同有机碳组分的影响(英文)

Cultivation is one of the most important human activities affecting the grassland ecosystem besides grazing, but its impacts on soil total organic carbon (C), especially on the liable organic C fractions have not been fully understood yet. In this paper, the role of cropping in soil organic C pool of different fractions was investigated in a meadow steppe region in Inner Mongolia of China, and the relationships between different C fractions were also discussed. The results indicated that the concentrations of different C fractions at steppe and cultivated land all decreased progressively with soil depth. After the conversion from steppe to spring wheat field for 36 years, total organic carbon (TOC) concentration at the 0 to 100 cm soil depth has decreased by 12.3% to 28.2%, and TOC of the surface soil horizon, especially those of 0-30 cm decreased more significantly (p<0.01). The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) at the depth of 0-40 cm were found to have decreased by 66.7% to 77.1% and 36.5% to 42.4%, respectively. In the S.baicalensis steppe, the ratios of soil DOC to TOC varied between 0.52% and 0.60%, and those in the spring wheat field were only in the range of 0.18%-0.20%. The microbial quotients (qMBs) in the spring wheat field, varying from 1.11% to 1.40%, were also lower than those in the S. baicalensis steppe, which were in the range of 1.50%-1.63%. The change of DOC was much more sensitive to cultivation disturbance. Soil TOC, DOC, and MBC were significantly positive correlated with each other in the S. baicalensis steppe, but in the spring wheat field, the correlativity between DOC and TOC and that between DOC and MBC did not reach the significance level of 0.05.     

黄河三角洲滨海湿地不同盐分质量浓度下土壤微生物死亡残体的差异

利用微生物生物标识物（氨基糖）,探讨盐分对黄河三角洲滨海湿地土壤微生物残体以及微生物残体对土壤有机碳（SOC）库贡献的影响。在滨海湿地生态系统中,随着土壤盐分增加,微生物死亡残体及其对SOC的贡献显著降低,表明高盐滨海湿地不利于土壤微生物死亡残体的积累及其对SOC的贡献。增加的盐分降低了土壤真菌死亡残体与细菌死亡残体的比值。线性回归分析指出土壤含水量、SOC、总氮（N）、交换性钙离子以及真菌死亡残体/细菌死亡残体与微生物死亡残体对SOC的贡献显著正相关。在低盐滨海湿地,良好的土壤条件（如高的水分、SOC和N）通过增加微生物死亡残体的积累和稳定性,促进了SOC的存储;而在高盐滨海湿地,低的可利用碳抑制了微生物死亡残体对SOC的贡献。另外,从低盐到高盐滨海湿地,真菌死亡残体对SOC的贡献逐渐下降,而细菌死亡残体对SOC的贡献没有变化,表明真菌死亡残体的积累对SOC的存储具有较大的影响。     

土地利用方式对土壤有机碳和团聚体组分特征的影响

以广东省内第四纪红色黏土、玄武岩和花岗岩母质发育的土壤为研究对象,采集不同土地利用方式（水田、旱地、林地、果园/草地）下表层（0~15 cm）和亚表层（15~30 cm）土壤,研究土壤有机碳及其组分（腐殖质碳、易氧化有机碳）、土壤团聚体及其稳定性,分析土壤有机碳及其组分与土壤团聚体及其稳定性之间的相互关系。结果表明：土地利用类型、成土母质等影响土壤有机碳及其组分。3种母质发育的土壤中,各腐殖质组分占有机碳的比例是胡敏酸碳（HAC）＜富里酸碳（FAC）＜胡敏素碳（HMC）,第四纪红色黏土母质发育土壤腐殖酸碳（HAC＋FAC）以草地最高、水田最低;玄武岩、花岗岩母质发育土壤腐殖酸碳以果园最高。土壤中易氧化有机碳所占比例均高于惰性态,第四纪红色黏土母质发育土壤易氧化有机碳占有机碳比例以草地最高、旱地最低;玄武岩、花岗岩为果园最高、林地最低。3种母质发育土壤团聚体（湿筛）主要以＜0.25 mm微团聚体为主,表层土壤＞0.25 mm团聚体所占比例、团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）、团聚体破坏率（PAD）大于亚表层。土壤有机碳各组分均随着有机碳质量分数的增加而增加,＞0.25 mm团聚体质量分数和团聚体MWD随着土壤有机碳及其组分质量分数的增加而增大;PAD随着土壤易氧化碳组分质量分数增加而降低,易氧化有机碳组分有利于土壤中形成较大的团聚体,并增加团聚体水稳性。     

荒漠土壤微生物碳垂直分布规律对有机碳库的表征作用

以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘原始盐漠为研究对象,测定不同深度的土壤有机碳和土壤微生物碳含量,以分析它们之间的响应关系。结果表明:(1)在土壤垂直剖面上,土壤微生物碳（SMC）含量与有机碳（SOC）含量呈现极显著正线性相关（R2=0.63,p=0.0003）。（2）SMC出现了2个明显的改变界面（20 cm,80 cm）,0~20、20~80、80~500 cm值分别为:2.24~3.06、0.19~0.72、0.0017~0.0097 mg·kg-1;0~20 cm和20~80 cm的SMC差异极显著（p<0.0001）,20~80 cm和80~500 cm的SMC差异显著（p<0.05）。（3）对应于SMC的土壤层划分,SOC在0~20 cm、20~80 cm和80~500 cm同样具有一定的分层性。（4）我们把具有不同微生物活性的有机碳层分别定义为活性、惰性、稳定性有机碳库,土壤垂直剖面上微生物碳的分布很好地表征了土壤中活性、惰性、稳定性有机碳库的分布;通过对这3种碳库所在土层进行合理划分,可以定量分析土壤中3种有机碳库的储量。     

艾比湖湿地土壤活性有机碳及其对厌氧条件下碳分解的影响

揭示土壤活性有机碳的特征及其与碳释放的关系对研究全球气候变化具有重要意义.本研究对艾比湖湿地不同生境土壤活性有机碳及厌氧条件下碳分解过程进行测定与分析.研究结果表明:1)不同生境土壤DOC、MBC和EOC含量分别为43.41～151.30 mg.kg-1、8.23～417.83 mg.kg-1、69.63～2376.08 mg.kg-1,平均含量分别为81.18 mg.kg-1、112.20mg.kg-1、768.59 mg.kg-1,变异系数为40.8%、91.9%和88.0%;2)不同组分土壤活性有机碳之间呈现出极显著正相关(P<0.01);3)土壤氮含量和黏粒含量是影响DOC、MBC和EOC的重要因子;4)土壤EOC是指示不同生境土壤厌氧条件下碳分解潜力的主要碳源.     

小叶章湿地土壤酶活性分布特征及其与活性有机碳表征指标的关系

选取三江平原小叶章（Calamagrostis angustifolia）沼泽湿地,研究了沼泽湿地土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性及土壤活性有机碳表征指标（土壤微生物量碳MBC,微生物量氮MBN、溶解有机碳DOC）在近表土层（0～30cm）的分布特征,及其内在相关性,探讨酶活性与土壤活性有机碳库的关系。结果表明：表层土壤的酶活性和活性有机碳表征指标含量最高,随着土壤深度增加,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性及MBC、MBN、DOC均显著降低。经相关分析表明,土壤酶活性与土壤活性有机碳表征指标间呈极显著正相关关系,其中蔗糖酶与MBC、DOC相关系数最高,过氧化氢酶活性与MBN的相关系数最高。表明不同土壤酶对湿地土壤活性碳表征指标转化循环的贡献不同,土壤酶活性对土壤活性有机碳库有显著的影响,以蔗糖酶对活性有机碳库影响最为显著。     

开封市不同功能区城市土壤有机碳含量与密度分析

研究开封城市土壤有机碳,发现不同功能区类型间及城区与郊区间的有机碳特性存在差异:土壤表层有机碳含量为工业区>休闲区>交通区>文教区>行政/居民区;表层有机碳密度为休闲区>工业区>交通区>文教>行政/居民区;土壤剖面有机碳密度为文教区>交通区>工业区>休闲区>行政/居民区.城市土壤表层有机碳密度和剖面有机碳密度均沿城郊剖面线呈下降式梯度变化,城区分别是郊区的2.53和1.56倍.城市土壤有机碳积累主要在地表之下0～30 cm范围内.     

腾格里沙漠南缘植被恢复过程中土壤理化性状的变化

土壤有机碳是土壤质量的关键指标,也是评估陆地生态系统碳库对大气CO2源、汇效应转变的基础。本文分析了腾格里沙漠南缘植被恢复过程中土壤物理性质、有机碳含量及其组分特征。结果表明:在围封后,土壤容重随着植被恢复年限的延长呈指数级减小,孔隙度、黏粒含量和田间持水量则表现出随年限延长而显著增大的趋势;土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、轻组有机碳和重组有机碳含量随着围封抚育年限的延长而显著增加,轻组有机碳占总有机碳的比例随植被恢复年限的延长而增大,而重组碳所占比例则随时间变化显著下降。土壤有机碳与容重呈显著负相关,而与其他参数呈显著正相关,说明其变化受多种因素影响,且对土壤物理性质的变化有重要意义。     

Latitudinal patterns and influencing factors of soil humic carbon fractions from tropical to temperate forests

Soil humic carbon is an important component of soil organic carbon (SOC) in terrestrial ecosystems. However, no study to date has investigated its geographical patterns and the main factors that influence it at a large scale, despite the fact that it is critical for exploring the influence of climate change on soil C storage and turnover. We measured levels of SOC, humic acid carbon (HAC), fulvic acid carbon (FAC), humin carbon (HUC), and extractable humus carbon (HEC) in the 0–10 cm soil layer in nine typical forests along the 3800-km North-South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC) to elucidate the latitudinal patterns of soil humic carbon fractions and their main influencing factors. SOC, HAC, FAC, HUC, and HEC increased with increasing latitude (all P<0.001), and exhibited a general trend of tropical < subtropical < temperate. The ratios of humic C fractions to SOC were 9.48%–12.27% (HAC), 20.68%–29.31% (FAC), and 59.37%–61.38% (HUC). Climate, soil texture, and soil microbes jointly explained more than 90% of the latitudinal variation in SOC, HAC, FAC, HEC, and HUC, and interactive effects were important. These findings elucidate latitudinal patterns of soil humic C fractions in forests at a large scale, and may improve models of soil C turnover and storage.     

川西高寒山地土壤有机碳与铁、铝矿物复合体分布特征

为了量化川西高寒山地土壤与铁、铝矿物相关的有机碳含量以及探讨川西高寒山地土壤铁、铝矿物对有机碳稳定性和累积方式的影响,采用选择性提取法研究了川西高寒山地的山地灰化土（MP)和高山草甸土（AM）中土壤有机碳与晶质金属氧化物（DH）提取、短程有序（HH）提取、矿物复合体以及有机—金属配合物（PP）提取中的有机碳和铁、铝的分布。结果表明,MP中DH,HH和PP提取的碳含量分别为(10.91±6.23) g/kg、(5.92±1.66) g/kg和(8.76±2.29) g/kg,分别占有机碳的20.92%,12.07%和19.93%;而AM中DH、HH和PP提取的碳含量分别为(9.05±1.33) g/kg、(5.52±1.02) g/kg和(9.12±3.21) g/kg,分别占有机碳的21.04%、12.47%和19.34%。3种提取剂提取的碳含量以及其占有机碳的百分比在MP和AW的A层土壤中均表现为PP > DH > HH,而在B层土壤中则表现为DH > PP ≈ HH。随着土壤深度的增加,深层土壤中次级矿物和晶体矿物丰度的显著增加,导致有机碳与铁、铝矿物复合体由有机—金属配合物主导转变为有机碳与晶质金属氧化物形成的复合体主导。PP提取的碳和其所占有机碳的百分比表现为A层高于B层,而DH和HH提取的碳含量和其所占有机碳的百分比大体表现为A层低于B层。由于MP特殊的土壤性质,这种差异在MP中更为明显。3种提取剂提取的金属（Al+Fe）含量在两种土壤中均表现为DH > HH > PP。而其提取的碳与金属的摩尔比表现为DH < HH < PP,说明随着铁、铝矿物的结晶度增加,其与有机质的作用从共沉淀、络合而向吸附作用转变。DH,HH和PP提取的碳与SOC的相关分析表明,MP中土壤有机碳的累积在一定程度上受晶质铁、铝矿物与有机质的相互作用而驱动;AM中土壤有机碳的累积在一定程度上受短程有序矿物与有机质的相互作用以及有机—金属配合物的驱动。本文研究表明,土壤中的铁、铝矿物与有机碳形成的复合体在一定程度上驱动着川西高寒山地土壤有机碳的积累,不同土壤类型中,与矿物相关的有机碳的分布不同,其有机碳的积累方式也不同。     

杭州湾湿地土壤酶活性分布特征及其与活性有机碳组分的关系

选取了杭州湾滨海湿地芦苇Phragmites australis湿地、互花米草Spartina alterniflora湿地、海三棱藨草Scirpus mariqueter湿地以及光滩湿地,研究了土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶活性及土壤溶解性碳(DOC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)在0～20cm土层的分布特征及其内在相关性,探讨酶活性与土壤有机碳及其组分的关系。结果表明,表层(0～5cm)土壤的酶活性和有机碳含量最高,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤酶活性和土壤有机碳含量呈下降趋势。相关分析表明,土壤碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶与总有机碳呈显著正相关,土壤脲酶与土壤溶解性有机碳呈显著正相关,蔗糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶以及碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤微生物量碳或溶解性碳呈负相关,表明不同的土壤酶对湿地土壤有机碳库组成的贡献不同。     

松辽平原黑土有机碳含量时空分异规律

松辽平原典型黑土分布区土壤有机碳的空间分异规律及不同开垦年限土壤有机碳含量变化的研究结果表明:随着纬度的增加,黑土总有机碳平均含量由11.43g/kg增加至20.83g/kg,有机碳组分含量和HA/FA比值均表现出增加的趋势。随着土壤剖面加深,黑土总有机碳及其组分含量均呈下降的趋势,土壤中的HA-C逐步被FA-C和HU-C所替代。土壤开垦前50年,黑土总有机碳及其组分含量下降迅速,以后下降趋于缓慢,至开垦130年后,有机碳含量水平基本处于相对稳定状态,变化不明显。     

黄土高原弃耕地自然恢复过程中微生物碳的大小和活性的动态

耕地弃耕后植被次生演替过程中土壤微生物碳的大小和活性的研究结果表明,与耕地相比,各种演替阶段的弃耕地均有较高的有机碳和微生物碳含量,在26 a限弃耕地中,有机碳和微生物碳的含量达到天然植被的64.56%和48.69%,而且有机碳和微生物碳与演替的时间表现为显著正相关（P<0.01）,而微生物碳和有机碳的比值却随着演替没有显示明显的变化趋势。有机碳和微生物碳的大小顺序为：自然植被>各种演替阶段的弃耕地>小麦地。代谢熵（qCO2）随着演替的进程没有明显的变化趋势。与各种弃耕地和耕地相比,自然植被有较低的qCO2。这说明耕地弃耕后植被的自然演替有利于提高土壤微生物碳,改善土壤肥力。     

深层土壤有机碳的来源、特征与稳定性

深层土壤有机碳占土壤剖面总有机碳的一半以上．最近发现表层和深层土壤有机碳动态及其调控因素并不相同,这对准确评估土壤固碳潜力具有重要影响．深层土壤有机碳主要来源午根系、根系分泌物、可溶性有机碳、土壤微生物及生物扰动作用,这些来源的相对重要性可能取决于气候、土壤、植被类型和土地利用方式;与表层土壤相比,深层土壤有机碳一般具有较高的稳定性同位素C／N、平均驻留时间长、矿化速率低和高稳定性．深层土壤有机碳的生物化学稳定性、化学稳定性和物理保护三种稳定性机制的相对贡献并不清楚．未来应加强环境变化和人类干扰对深层土壤有机碳动态及稳定性影响的研究．     

Effects of afforestation on soil carbon turnover in China’s subtropical region

Afforestation in China’s subtropics plays an important role in sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere and in storage of soil carbon (C). Compared with natural forests, plantation forests have lower soil organic carbon (SOC) content and great potential to store more C. To better evaluate the effects of afforestation on soil C turnover, we investigated SOC and its stable C isotope (δ13C) composition in three planted forests at Qianyanzhou Ecological Experimental Station in southern China. Litter and soil samples were collected and analyzed for total organic C, δ13C and total nitrogen. Similarly to the vertical distribution of SOC in natural forests, SOC concentrations decrease exponentially with depth. The land cover type (grassland) before plantation had a significant influence on the vertical distribution of SOC. The SOC δ13C composition of the upper soil layer of two plantation forests has been mainly affected by the grass biomass 13C composition. Soil profiles with a change in photosynthetic pathway had a more complex 13C isotope composition distribution. During the 20 years after plantation establishment, the soil organic matter sources influenced both the δ13C distribution with depth, and C replacement. The upper soil layer SOC turnover in masson pine (a mean 34% of replacement in the 10 cm after 20 years) was more than twice as fast as that of slash pine (16% of replacement) under subtropical conditions. The results demonstrate that masson pine and slash pine plantations cannot rapidly sequester SOC into long-term storage pools in subtropical China.     

盐度对滨海湿地土壤碳库组分及稳定性的影响

从土壤有机碳含量和活性组分出发,分析了湿地土壤碳库组分对盐度变化的响应特征。同时分析了土壤有机碳3种稳定机制,评述了土壤碳稳定性与盐分中主要离子的博弈。并在基于研究滨海湿地碳固定与稳定的基础上,提出了土壤碳稳定与营养元素循环的相互作用机制研究、土壤碳稳定与微生物及酶学机制的关系研究、借助稳定同位素技术多要素多过程耦合研究等科学问题展望。以期为了解未来中国海平面上升背景下湿地碳截获潜力的可能演变趋势及其应对策略,为发展和完善中国湿地土壤碳循环理论奠定科学基础。     

Cold-season soil respiration in response to grazing and warming in High-Arctic Svalbard

The influence of goose grazing intensity and open-topped chambers (OTCs) on near-surface quantities and qualities of soil organic carbon (SOC) was evaluated in wet and mesic ecosystems in Svalbard. This study followed up a field experiment carried out in 2003–05 (part of the project Fragility of Arctic Goose Habitat: Impacts of Land Use, Conservation and Elevated Temperatures). New measurements of soil CO₂ effluxes, temperatures and water contents were regularly made from July to November 2007. SOC stocks were quantified, and the reactivity and composition measured by basal soil respiration (BSR) and solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results reveal variations in soil carbon cycling, with significant seasonal trends controlled by temperature, water content and snow. Experimental warming (OTCs) increased near-surface temperatures in the growing season, resulting in significantly higher CO₂ effluxes. Different grazing intensities had no significant effects on observed soil respiration, but BSR rates at the mesic site (13–23 µg CO₂ g soil-C⁻¹ h⁻¹) were highest with moderate grazing and lowest in the absence of grazing. A limited effect of grazing on microbial respiration is consistent with a lack of significant differences in SOC quantity and quality. NMR data show that the composition of A-horizon SOC is dominated by O-N-alkyl C and alkyl C groups, and less by carboxyl C and aromatic C groups: but again no marked variation in response to grazing was evident. It can be concluded that two years after a goose grazing experiment, SOC cycling was less than the natural variation within contrasting vegetation types.     

Effects of land-use changes on organic carbon in bulk soil and associated physical fractions in China's Horqin Sandy Grassland

The Horqin Sandy Grassland is one of the most seriously desertified areas in China's agro-pastoral ecotone due to its fragile ecology, combined with improper and unsustainable land management. We inves...