世界超深井岩心物理性质的温压实验结果综述（2）

本文阐述了独联体乌克兰地盾中部克里沃罗日铁矿盆地上超深井岩心标本的温压实验，（１）研究岩石弹性纵波速度（Ｖｐ）和横波速率（Ｖｓ）及其各向异性系数，杨氏模量（Ｅ）剪切模量（Ｇ），压缩率（β）泊松系数（σ）与流体静压力，正常温压和高温高压的关系。（２）研究了岩石导热率（λ）和导温率（α）和热容量（ｃ）与温压的关系；（３）随着压力的增大，岩石弹性波速度及其各向异性分别是增大和减小的，在不同方向上弹性汉事     

不同温压条件下声发射应变能释放特征——加速模型参数物理含义的初步讨论

利用不同温、压条件下的花岗岩变形实验数据,研究声发射（AE）事件应变释放特征,探讨加速模型参数m值与温压环境的关系.常温条件下,声发射应变显示一定的加速释放特征,但m值随围压增加未显示出趋势性的变化,表明常温条件下m值与岩石强度关系不密切.围压固定时,m值随温度升高逐渐变大,声发射应变从加速释放逐渐过渡到匀速释放,这意味着不同温度条件下岩石变形过程中内部微破裂形式的差异,可能导致应变释放类型的较大差异（即m值的较大差异）.在浅表地层的温压条件下,岩石破坏前显示一定的加速释放特征,m小于1;在渐进式破坏区段,应变释放呈逐渐减弱的减速释放态势,m明显大于1;在深部温压条件下,应变释放加速特征明显,m值明显较低.此外,完整岩样破裂前声发射应变加速释放特征显著,而宏观剪裂面的黏滑之前,声发射应变基本上匀速释放.     

温压条件下岩石破坏前后的力学性质与波速

在温压条件下，对大理岩和砂岩进行了全过程应力应变试验，研究了温压条件对岩石的极限强度，残余强度，剪切破裂角的影响，以及岩石破坏前后的弹性模量与波速的变化。得到了在温压条件下，岩石变形全过程中有关弹性参数和力学性质的变化规律，并进行了简要分析。     

世界超深井岩心物理性质的温压实验结果综述（1）

综述了独联体乌克兰地盾中部克里沃罗日铁矿盆地上超深井岩以标本的电学性质和磁学性质的温压实验。（１）研究了岩石电阻率（ρ）和介电常数（ε）以及它们的和向异性系数与矿和成分，湿度，矿化度，温度，压力以及温压作用因素之间的关系；（２）研究了岩石的矫顽磁力，磁化率，天然剩余磁化率和饱和剩余磁化率及它们的稳定性与成分，结果，温度，压力以及温压同时作用因素之间的关系，（３）岩石电阻率和介电常数是构造灵敏度参数     

地壳温压条件下迁安石英岩的非弹性变形

本文通过研究地壳温压条件下迁安石英岩非弹性变形特征和机制,着重阐述了这类岩石产生非弹性变形的能力和温度压力之间的关系,以及对岩石宏观失稳型式的影响。研究表明,温度和压力的升高将导致岩石中石英晶粒逐步转化为塑性组分,转化过程中伴随着岩石宏观非弹性变形的增强。宏观非弹性变形增强幅度和微观转化为塑性组分的石英晶粒含量满足一定的统计关系。当转化的塑性组分达到一定量级时,岩石的宏观力性和失稳型式将产生明显变化,变化的趋势是易于产生非弹性变形而渐进失稳     

致密砂岩波速各向异性及弹性参数随围压变化规律的实验研究

为研究致密砂岩储层弹性波速度各向异性及弹性参数随围压的变化规律,应用地质力学研究所从美国New England Reaearch Inc引进的Autolab2000岩石物性实验设备,对采自长庆油田延长组储层的3组典型致密砂岩,对其X、Y、Z三个方向分别取样,进行了不同孔隙介质(干燥、饱水及饱油)条件下弹性波速度随围压(5~180 MPa)变化规律的实验研究工作,得到了X、Y、Z三个方向分别在干燥、饱水及饱油时的弹性波速度,并对X、Y、Z三个方向的各向异性进行计算和对比分析.同时根据测得的弹性波平均速度得到样品的弹性参数随围压的变化规律,对实验曲线进行拟合,获得不同孔隙介质条件下弹性波速度、各向异性、弹性参数随围压的变化规律及其拟合公式.结果表明,垂直方向速度值最低,横波各向异性指数小于纵波各向异性指数;随着围压的增加,致密砂岩波速增大,其各向异性以幂函数形式减小,体模量、弹性模量、剪切模量和拉梅常数以对数函数形式有不同程度的增加,泊松比因所含介质不同而有不同的变化趋势,除个别线外,拟合系数皆在0.956以上.在围压高于140 MPa时,干燥、饱水和饱油状态下的泊松比皆在0.24左右.     

应力诱导饱和流体岩石弹性波各向异性

各向同性岩石中裂隙随机分布,施加单轴方向的压应力后,与压应力方向垂直的缝隙会优先闭合.应力作用下裂隙的闭合导致岩石呈现出横向各向异性的特征,进而影响弹性波的传播特征.前人对干燥岩石中应力引起的弹性波速度各向异性开展了大量研究,但未考虑充填流体对于应力诱导各向异性和弹性波传播的影响.弹性波通过应力作用的岩石时会诱导微孔隙结构上的"挤喷流"效应,从而造成弹性波显著的频散和衰减.在本文中,我们分析应力诱导各向异性岩石中挤喷流对弹性波传播的影响.利用硬币型裂隙模型,同时考虑挤喷流和应力诱导各向异性的影响,我们建立了应力作用下含流体岩石各向异性模型.基于本文的模型,我们研究了裂隙介质中单轴应力和充填流体对弹性波传播的影响.我们的模型成功预测了弹性波速度随应力的增加,同时表明了挤喷流造成纵波的各向异性频散更显著.     

压力及流体对岩石孔隙结构与黏弹性的影响规律研究:理论模型及实验观测

地质成因和构造/热应力导致地壳岩石中的孔隙结构（裂隙和粒间孔）的变化.影响岩石黏弹性的因素包括压力、孔隙度、孔隙中包含的流体和孔隙几何形状等.相对于岩石中的硬孔隙,岩石黏弹性（衰减和频散）受软孔隙（裂隙）的影响更大.本文选取三块白云岩样本,进行了不同围压和流体条件下的超声波实验测量.利用CPEM（Cracks and Pores Effective Medium,裂隙和孔隙有效介质）模型获得了岩石高、低频极限的弹性模量,并通过Zener体（标准线性体）模型将CPEM模型拓展到全频带而得到CPEM-Zener模型,用该模型拟合岩石松弛和非松弛状态下的实验数据,本文得到平均裂隙纵横比和裂隙孔隙度以及纵波速度和品质因子随频率的变化关系.结果表明,饱水岩石的平均裂隙纵横比和裂隙孔隙度均高于饱油岩石,随着压差（围压和孔隙压力的差值）的增加,饱油岩石中的裂隙首先闭合.并且压差在70 MPa以内时,随着压差增大,岩石的平均裂隙纵横比和裂隙孔隙度在饱水和饱油时的差值增大,此时流体类型对于岩石裂隙的影响越来越显著,此外,对饱水岩石,平均裂隙纵横比随压差增加而增大,这可能是由于岩石中纵横比较小的裂隙会随压差增大而逐渐趋于闭合.在饱水和饱油岩石中,裂隙孔隙度和裂隙密度都随着压差增加而减小.通过对裂隙密度和压差的关系进行指数拟合,本文获得压差趋于0时的裂隙密度,且裂隙密度随孔隙度增大而增大,增大速率随压差增加而降低.针对饱水和饱油的白云岩样本,CPEM-Zener模型预测的纵波频散随压差增大而减小,此变化趋势和实验测得的逆品质因子随压差的变化关系基本一致,由此进一步验证了模型的实用性.本研究对岩石的孔隙结构和黏弹性分析以及声波测井、地震勘探的现场应用有指导意义.     

横向各向同性(VTI)介质中非线性地震波场模拟

数值计算方法是考察非线性弹性波在介质中（如岩石）传播特征的重要手段.非线性弹性波的数值模拟存在陡峭间断面（点）、数值振荡以及误差的指数级增长等现象而破坏数值解的稳定性、收敛性，能否消减上述现象的不利影响成为制约数值方法有效与否的重要因素.文中同时引入了FCT算子和幅值限制器，采用中心差分格式对具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性（VTI）介质中的二维非线性弹性波进行数值模拟，从而克服了上述困难；介绍了适用于非线性弹性波的吸收边界条件，给出了差分方程的稳定性条件.在验证了方法的有效性后成功地获取了二维VTI介质中非线性弹性波的三分量地震正演记录，表明非线性波在传播过程中会发生波形畸变等现象.     

不同围压和流体饱和状态下致密砂岩弹性各向异性特征

为研究致密砂岩声波速度及其各向异性随围压的变化规律以及不同流体饱和状态下的弹性各向异性特征,钻取了不同方向的岩心并在实验室超声波频率下对致密砂岩的声学特性进行了测量,分别给出干燥和饱和水状态下,不同方向样品纵横波速度、刚性系数以及各向异性系数随围压的变化规律,并对实验结果进行了分析讨论.实验结果表明致密砂岩纵横波速度、纵横波速度比以及刚性系数均随围压增加而增加,但其在不同饱和状态下的变化率却截然不同;纵横波速度比、各向异性系数在饱和水状态下变化规律不明显,表明孔隙流体的存在对于岩石物理性质有着非常重要的影响.这方面的实验工作不但对于考察不同流体性质对致密岩石弹性各向异性影响是必要的,而且有助于致密砂岩油水和气层的识别.     

哀牢山变质带元江──墨江剖面岩石的纵波波速特征及其地质意义

依据研究区的地热梯度（25℃／km）,在高温高压（最高温度为1050℃,最高压力为1.2GPa）条件下系统测量了横穿红河-哀牢山断裂带的元江-墨江地质剖面上的哀牢山岩群各类变质岩（千枚岩、片岩、浅粒岩、变粒岩、大理岩和片麻岩）的纵波速度．实验结果表明,不同岩类的纵波速度随温度压力变化的趋势不同．在相当于衷牢山岩群变质岩峰期变质温度和压力条件下（P=0．4-0.8GPa,T=35-700℃）,测得大部分岩石的纵波速度为5．50－5．80km／s,这一纵波速度值与区域地球物理测深揭示的中地壳低速层的纵波速度相当因此,结合该区变质岩、地壳内热状态及地球物理测深研究成果可初步认为：组成哀牢山岩群的浅粒岩、变粒岩、酸性片麻岩以及部分千枚岩、片岩为该地区中地壳低速层的主要岩石类型．     

汶川地震破裂带断层岩纵波速度与孔隙度关系的实验研究

分布于地震破裂带上的断层岩具有高孔隙度的特征.该特点造成了其弹性波速度与结晶岩石和沉积岩存在明显的差异.确定断层岩的弹性波速度与孔隙度和矿物组成的关系对于利用地震资料探测深部断层和测井资料的解释至关重要.在10~600 MPa条件下,本文对地震断层岩的纵波波速（V_p）和总孔隙度（φ_t）进行了测量,并深入分析了V_p与孔隙度的关系.结果表明在10~600 MPa的压力范围内,V_p（p）随着压力的增高呈现对数增加,其增长率随着压力的上升而逐渐减小,遵从∂V_p（p）/∂p=a_v/p的变化规律.断层岩中的孔隙度随着压力的增高呈对数减小.与传统的认识不同,实验发现在压力高达600 MPa以上,大多数断层岩中仍然可以残留可观的孔隙量.分析显示V_p与总孔隙度及总粘土含量呈负线性相关.该发现有助于认识深部流体的活动通道特征,有助于理解断层带中存在大量粘土矿物、断层带内的物质可被大量带出、围陷波的形成等地质和地球物理现象.     

Comparative experimental study on several methods for measuring elastic wave velocities in rocks at high pressure

To measure elastic wave velocities in rocks at high temperature and high pressure is an important way to acquire the mechanics and thermodynamics data of rocks in the earth's interior and also a substantial approach to studying the structure and composition of materials there. In recent years, a rapid progress has been made in methodology pertaining to the measurements of elastic wave velocities in rocks at high temperature and high pressure with solids as the pressure-transfer media. However, no strict comparisons have been made of the elastic wave velocity data of rocks measured at high temperature and high pressure by various laboratories. In order to compare the experimental results from various laboratories, we have conducted a comparative experimental study on three measuring methods and made a strict comparison with the results obtained by using the transmission method with fluid as the pressure-transfer medium. Our experimental results have shown that the measurements obtained by the three methods are comparable in the pressure ranges of their application. The cubic sample pulse transmission method used by Kern is applicable to measuring elastic wave velocities in crustal rocks at lower temperature and lower pressure. The prism sample pulse reflection-transmission method has some advantages in pressure range, heating temperature and measuring precision. Although the measurements obtained under relatively low pressure conditions by the prism sample pulse transmission method are relatively low in precision, the samples are large in length and their assemblage is simple. So this method is suitable to the experiments that require large quantities of samples and higher pressures. Therefore, in practical application the latter two methods are usually recommended because their measurements can be mutually corrected and supplemented.     

高温高压下岩石弹性波速特征及其在深部地质研究中的意义

本文收集、整理、研究了７０年代以来的高温高压下岩石的Ｖｐ，Ｖｓ，Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ，Ｖｐ各向异性等实验资料后得出：（１）低压下岩石Ｖｐ的急剧变化是由岩石中裂纹与孔隙等引起的；（２）温度升高可增大由岩石组构引起的Ｖｐ各向异性的变化率；（３）同种岩石在不同的大地构造环境中具有不同的波速值与变化规律；（４）Ｖｐ在高地温区随温度先降低而后升高，其原因是由矿物相变造成的，与地壳中低速带的性质相当。文章最后讨论了实测波速转换为岩石类型时实验研究岩石波速的意义。     

POROSITY AND PORE STRUCTURE FROM ACOUSTIC WELL LOGGING DATA1

Wyllie's time-average equation and subsequent refinements have been used for over 20 years to estimate the porosity of reservoir rocks from compressional (P)-wave velocity (or its reciprocal, transit time) recorded on a sonic log. This model, while simple, needs to be more convincingly explained in theory and improved in practice, particularly by making use of shear (S)-wave velocity. One of the most important, although often ignored, factors affecting elastic velocities in a rock is pore structure, which is also a controlling factor for transport properties of a rock. Now that S-wave information can be obtained from the sonic log, it may be used with P-waves to provide a better understanding of pore structure. A new acoustic velocities-to-porosity transform based on an elastic velocity model developed by Kuster and Toksöz is proposed. Employing an approximation to an equivalent pore aspect ratio spectrum, pore structure for reservoir rocks is taken into account, in addition to total pore volume. Equidimensional pores are approximated by spheres and rounded spheroids, while grain boundary pores and flat pores are approximated by low aspect ratio cracks. An equivalent pore aspect ratio spectrum is characterized by a power function which is determined by compressional-and shear-wave velocities, as well as by matrix and inclusion properties. As a result of this more sophisticated elastic model of porous rocks and a stricter theory of elastic wave propagation, the new method leads to a more satisfactory interpretation and fuller use of seismic and sonic log data. Calculations using the new transform on data for sedimentary rocks, obtained from published literature and laboratory measurements, are presented and compared at atmospheric pressure with those estimated from the time-average equation. Results demonstrate that, to compensate for additional complexity, the new method provides more detailed information on pore volume and pore structure of reservoir rocks. Examples are presented using a realistic self-consistent averaging scheme to consider interactions between pores, and the possibility of extending the method to complex lithologies and shaly rocks is discussed.     

华北北部克拉通地壳岩石的波速特征与地壳物质组成

在高温高压条件下对华北北部太古宙变质岩做了波速（ＶＰ）测定,经拟合公式处理后划分出代表岩石酸性程度的波速级数,结合地质、地震测深资料,认为这种变质岩现时期的上地壳组成为“克拉通岩石组合”,其成分为ＴＴＧ变质岩＋孔兹岩系＋花岗岩＋少量基性变质岩和含石榴石基性岩;下地壳由三部分物质组成：“克拉通岩石组合”物质,太古代后幔源基性和超基性物质,地幔岩浆侵入时“克拉通岩石组合”围岩部分熔融留下的残余基性物质,后两种物质的生成使原“克拉通岩石组合”地壳基性化;中地壳为“克拉通岩石组合”物质＋幔源基性物质     

The effect of clay distribution on the elastic properties of sandstones

The shape and location of clay within sandstones have a large impact on the P‐wave and S‐wave velocities of the rock. They also have a large effect on reservoir properties and the interpretation of those properties from seismic data and well logs. Numerical models of different distributions of clay – structural, laminar and dispersed clay – can lead to an understanding of these effects. Clay which is located between quartz grains, structural clay, will reduce the P‐wave and S‐wave velocities of the rock. If the clay particles become aligned or form layers, the velocities perpendicular to the alignment will be reduced further. S‐wave velocities decrease more rapidly than P‐wave velocities with increasing clay content, and therefore Poisson's ratios will increase as the velocities decrease. These effects are more pronounced for compacted sandstones. Small amounts of clay that are located in the pore space will have little effect on the P‐wave velocity due to the competing influence of the density effect and pore‐fluid stiffening. The S‐wave velocity will decrease due to the density effect and thus the Poisson's ratio will increase. When there is sufficient clay to bridge the gaps between the quartz grains, P‐wave and S‐wave velocities rise rapidly and the Poisson's ratios decrease. These effects are more pronounced for under‐compacted sandstones. These general results are only slightly modified when the intrinsic anisotropy of the clay material is taken into account. Numerical models indicate that there is a strong, nearly linear relationship between P‐wave and S‐wave velocity which is almost independent of clay distribution. S‐wave velocities can be predicted reasonably accurately from P‐wave velocities based on empirical relationships. However, this does not provide any connection between the elastic and petrophysical properties of the rocks. Numerical modelling offers this connection but requires the inclusion of clay distribution and anisotropy to provide a model that is consistent with both the elastic and petrophysical properties. If clay distribution is ignored, predicting porosities from P‐wave or S‐wave data, for example, can result in large errors. Estimation of the clay distribution from P‐wave and S‐wave velocities requires good estimates of the porosity and clay volume and verification from petrographic analyses of core or cuttings. For a real data example, numerical models of the elastic properties suggest the predominance of dispersed clay in a fluvial sand from matching P‐wave and S‐wave velocity well log data using log‐based estimates of the clay volume and porosity. This is consistent with an interpretation of other log data.     

10.6～1.5GPa、室温～1 200℃条件下青藏高原地壳岩石弹性波速特征

通过对采自青藏高原的六种地壳岩石，包括花岗闪长岩、混合岩、片麻岩、玄武岩、辉橄岩及斜长角闪岩等，进行高温高压纵波速度测量，发现绝大多数地壳岩石其纵波速度在压力高于0.2-0.3GPa时基本上随压力线性增加。在固定压力下随温度升高而降低，但在温度较低时这一现象并不明显，随温度的程式高波速出现明显降低。通过对实验后的样品进行显微薄片分析，发现含水矿物的脱水和部分熔融是造成岩石波迅速降低的主要原因。在实验过程中还发现高压下温度较高时，接收到的超声波振幅会增大。对实验中发现的这些现象本文进行了初步的分析和讨论。     

华北地壳岩石波速类型及其地质意义

根据结晶岩的矿物成分、成因类型与高压室温下波速绝对值的关系,以及高温高压下岩石波速与物相变化的关系,把岩石分为７种波速类型。在一定的构造条件下,根据岩石波速随地壳深度的变化关系,提出了岩石级数的定量概念,它反映了岩石的酸性（或基性）程度,并可根据地震测深值获得相应深度下综合岩石的平均级数。在此基础上,对华北地壳的组成,角闪岩在壳内的生成和存在条件,地壳内石英岩的相和壳内低速层的成因等问题进行了讨论     

EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF SOME FACTORS AFFECTING ELASTIC WAVE VELOCITIES IN CARBONATE ROCKS *

Continuous velocity log data from the Upper Cretaceous section of about 65 wells from NW. Germany have been studied in order to find some factors which affect the behaviour of elastic wave velocities in carbonate rocks. It could be assumed for these particular rocks that the velocities they exhibit may be subject predominantly to their state of compaction and their lithology (shale-carbonate ratio). Considering the behaviour of the VL-curve, several types could be distinguished: The basic type r for which the shale-carbonate ratio remains almost invariable over a large depth range (as suggested i.a. by a constant degree of radiation in the accompanying Gamma Ray log) discloses a clear relationship between interval velocity (measured as travel time per meter) and overburden pressure. Velocity profiles of log type r and also “peak” velocities from “pure” limestones, plotted versus depth indicate an increase rate almost identical to that of Jurassic shales. It is shown that the lithologic constant can be extracted from the Velocity Log data and then used for mapping fades changes in an area with sufficient well control. In certain cases it is even possible to determine the rate of uplifting (or the original maximum burial position) for a carbonate rock which has an anomalous high velocity in respect to its present depth.